Programme Project Report (PPR)

of
Master of Science (Mathematics)
M.Sc. (Mathematics)

International Centre for Distance Education and Open Learning

Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla-171005

1
(i) Programme’s Mission and Objectives:

Mission: The M.Sc. (Mathematics) programme was started in earlier seventies

through Directorate of Correspondence Courses (renamed as ICDEOL) in Himachal
Pradesh University, Shimla with the objectives to impart the higher education to the
students who do not get the regular admission due to one or more reasons. Since its
inception the Directorate is continuously imparting education to this deprived group.

Focusing on the rural economy, tribal region, tough terrain is one of the
missions of the ICDEOL and it tries to encourage student enrolment from among
weaker sections even beyond the reservation limit. Regular mode of education is not
sufficient enough to reach this goal. By introducing U.G and P.G. courses in
Mathematics through distance mode of education, we can reach to the unreached.

Objectives: ICDEOL aims to continue PG course in Mathematics under open and

distance learning mode of education with a view to promote the holistic development
of learners through academic excellence, employability, acquisition of analytical skills
and higher research. Keeping in view the industrial requirement and the learner’s
demand, ICDEOL wishes to continue the above said programme to achieve the
objectives of the programme.

(ii) Relevance of the Programme with HEI’s Mission and Goals:

The planning of this programmethrough ODL mode is compatible with the

programme already run by the Department of Mathematics, HIimachal Pradesh
University, Shimla. The syllabus of this programme is prepared through regular
department which is duly approved by different academic bodies (Department
Council; Board of Studies; Faculty of Physical Sciences; Academic Council;
Executive Council) and which proves as a major contribution in achieving the goals
relevant to the HEI’ mission and goals.

(iii) Nature of Prospective Target Group of Learners:

Since the target group of learners of ODL mode of ICDEOL comprise students from
remote areas of Himachal Pradesh in particular; women, minorities, disabled

2
persons, students having low level of family income, the curriculum and fee structure
is prepared according to their need.

(iv) Appropriateness of Programme to be conducted in Open and Distance

Learning Mode to Acquire Specific Skills and Competence:

Students who complete their UG programme and are interested to take up their
further study in the field of Mathematics through ODL mode, ICDEOL provides a
platform to enhance their skills and competence to serve the society in a better way
along with their professional upgradation in the field of Mathematics. Besides their
professional/academic developments this programme also reflects their occupational
standard as they get jobs/promotions through this programme.

(v) Instructional Design:

(a) Curriculum Design and Detailed Syllabus:

Semester I Semester II

M101 Real Analysis-I M201 Real Analysis-II

M102 Advanced Algebra-I M202 Advanced Algebra-II
M103 Ordinary Differential Equations M203 Partial Differential Equations
M104 Operation Research-I M204 Classical Mechanics
M105 Fluid Dynamics M205 Solid Mechanics
Semester III Semester IV
M301 Complex Analysis-I M401 Complex Analysis-II
M302 Topology M402 Functional Analysis
M303 Analytical Number Theory M403 Advanced Discrete Mathematics
M304 Operation Research-II M404 Differential Geometry
M305 Mathematical Statistics M405 Magneto Fluid Dynamics
Note:

1. M.Sc. (Mathematics) is a Two Years Post-Graduate degree course divided into

Four
Semesters.MaximumMarksforeachpaperwillbeof100marks(writtenexamination 80
marks plus internal assessment 20marks).

2. Each paper will be divided into three sections. Nine questions will be set in all.
Each section will contain three questions. The candidates will be required to
attempt five

3
questionsinallselectingatleastonequestion(butnotmorethantwoquestions)fromeach
section.

(Detailed Syllabus attached as per Annexure-I).

(b) Duration of Programme: M.Sc. (Mathematics): Two Years

(c) Faculty and Support Requirement

1. Prof. Hari Mohan 2. Prof. Pardeep Kumar
Besides, the University has 7 experienced faculties (6 Professors and 1
Assistant Professor) in the Department of Mathematics and Statistics, PG
Centre, HPU. The students who are admitted in this course also get help from
this faculty. PCPs are conducted with the support of these experienced faculty
members to maintain the quality of the education.
Further, the supporting staffs dealing with PG programme are 01-Sudt., 01-
Section Officer and 01-Deputy Registrar.

(d) Instructional Delivery Mechanism

ICDEOL follows the following Instructional Delivery Mechanism:

 Printed Material: ICDEOLprovides the course material in printed form to the

learner which is supplied to the students well in time.

 Personal Contact Programme (PCP): Personal contact Programmes (PCP)

isconducted well in advance in each semester. Students utilize this facility
fully and go for examinations well prepared. As a very important strategy of
face to face classroom teaching, the interactions during Personal Contact
Programmes benefit the students immensely.

 In addition to above,online queries of the students are seriously taken up and

responses are sent online to their satisfaction.

(e) Students Support Service Systems:ICDEOL on 17-12-2020 created the

following Learning Support Centres within the territorial jurisdiction of Himachal
Pradesh as perguidelines issued in UGC (ODL) Regulations 2017 in order to
facilitate the students enrolled in various UG/PG and Diploma courses of ICDEOL by
providing counseling, vocational guidance, hands on experience, Library services,

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interface between the teachers and the learners and any other related services and
assistance:

1. For UG/PG Courses:

(a) Regional Centre, Himachal Pradesh University, Dharamshala, Distt.
Kangra (HP).
(b) Vallabh Govt. College Mandi, Distt. Mandi (HP)
(c) Govt. College Rampur Bushehar, Distt. Shimla (HP).

(vi) Procedures for Admissions, Curriculum transaction and Evaluation

 Admission Policy/Criteria for the Programme

The educational system in India has been changing from time to time, taking into
consideration the socio-political needs and economic conditions of the society.
Although the contribution of the conventional educational system cannot be under
estimated, the fact remains that education through the formal mode has been
accessible only to a few. The distance and open education system as an alternative
mode of imparting instruction has, over the years, been meeting the demand for
education of millions of people at different levels.

 Intake: No Limit
 Minimum Eligibility:M.Sc. (Mathematics):The minimum eligibility for
M.Sc. (Mathematics)through ICDEOL is BA/B.Sc. with mathematics as
an elective subject. OR

A Bachelor's Degree of University established by Law in India (with the

subject of study of M.A. as one of the subjects) with a minimum of 48 credits in Major
subjects, 48 credits in two minor subjects, 9 credits in compulsory, 1 credit in Gl&
hobby with aggregate of 106 credits for the award of pass degree. In addition to this
the minimum eligibility for admission to Postgraduate Course will be 20-24 credits in
the subject concerned in the Undergraduate Degree.

 Fee Structure:

Course/Class Fee for Students Fee for Students Fee for student
passing from H.P already registered coming from
Board & to be with H.P other university /
registered with University Board & not regd.

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 H.P University With H.P
University

M.Sc. (Semester Rs. 4500/ Rs. 4300/ Rs. 4600/

System)

 Financial Assistance:

The candidates belonging to SC/ST category of Himachal Pradesh and

women candidates of Himachal Pradesh will be allowed to enroll with ICDEOL in
B.A. only by paying a fee of Rs. 500/ as ICDEOL registration fee and a fee of
Rs.500/ for the hard copy of course material. Such candidates shall be the students
of ICDEOL for all purposes.

Further, as per order of the Hon'ble High Court CWPIL No.30g 2011, the
student with special needs with more than 40% disability admitted to any course of
study running in the H. P. University, Shimla -5 will not be charged any fee.

 Curriculum Transaction:

ICDEOL imparts instructions mainly through printed material and PCP’s are
conducted regularly.

 Academic Calendar of the Course:

Prospectus: January / Feb, July/August

Admissions: January/Feb, July/August

PCP: October/ November and March for semester system.

Examination: In November / December and June for semester system.

 Medium of Instruction and Examination, Evaluation Procedure

Medium of Instruction:P.G Level: The medium of instruction at post graduate level

is in English. The study material is made available to the student in English
language. However, students can write their answer in examinations either in English
or Hindi.

Examination/Evaluation Procedure: ICDEOL is an institution owned and controlled

by the authority of Himachal Pradesh University. The examination in respect of
ICDEOL students is conducted by the Himachal Pradesh University. All matters

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relating to the examinations, i.e. result mark sheet, degree etc. are dealt with the
controller of the examination.
(vii) Requirement of the Laboratory Support and Library Resources:

In the present syllabus of M.Sc. (Mathematics) there are no courses which

include laboratory support. Further, in ICDEOL we have a well-established library
with all kinds of text/reference books.

(viii) Cost estimate of the Programme and the Provisions:

Sr. Type of Head Expendit Expenditure Proposed Cost

ure (Session 2019- Estimation (Hike
(Session 2020) @10%)
2018-
2019)
1. Programme
Development
i. Development 1,70,108/-
and Printing Cost 1,19,432/-
of Self LearningMaterial1,31,376/-

ii. Purchase of 1,43,77/- (For all 1,81959/- (For all Courses) 2,00155/- (For all
Books for Courses) Courses)
Library
iii. Stationary 47,497/- (For all 1,91,479/- (For all Courses) 2,10,627/- (For all
Courses) Courses)
2. Delivery
i. Advertisement 5,55,479/- (For all 30,38,012/- (For all 33,41,813/- (For all
Courses) Courses) Courses)
ii. Telegram & 14,72,121/- (For all 13,78,641/- (For all 15,16505/- (For all
Postage Courses) Courses) Courses)
Charges of Self
Learning
Material
iii. Expenditure on 24,000/- 53,000/- 58,300/-
the Conduct of
PCP
3. Maintenance
i. Maintenance and Repairs
6254/- (For of
all Laboratory
Nil Computers & SmartClassrooms
6879/- (For all
Courses) Courses)

(ix) Quality Assurance Mechanism and Expected Programme Outcomes:

ICDEOL has its own centre for Internal Quality Assurance (CIQA) whose objectives
is to develop and put in place a comprehensive and dynamic internal quality
assurance system to provide high quality programmes of higher education. The
functions of this CIQA are in lines with the regulations of the UGC.

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The PPR is prepared by the following faculty members

(Prof. Hari Mohan) (Prof. Pardeep Kumar)

Centre for Internal Quality Assurance (CIQA)

(Dr. Joginder Singh Saklani) (Dr. ChamanLal) (Dr. AshwaniRana)

(Member) (Member) (Member)

(Prof. Hari Mohan) (Porf.Sanju Karol) (Prof. P. K. Vaid)

(Member) (Member) (Member)

(Sh. Amar Singh) (Prof. Kulwant Singh Pathania)

(Convener) (Director)

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Annexure-I
M.Sc. (Mathematics) First Semester Course

M101 Real Analysis-I

Section –I
Numerical Sequences and Series
Convergent Sequences.Sub-sequences. Cauchy Sequences (in metric spaces). Absolute
Convergence.Addition and Multiplication of Series.Rearrangements of Series of Real
Number.
Power series
Uniqueness Theorem for Power Series.Abel’s and Taylor’s Theorems.
Continuity
Limits of Functions (in Metric Spaces).Continuous Functions, Continuity, Uniform
Continuity and Compactness. Limit Inferior and Limit Superior. Integral Test. Comparison
Test.
Section – II
The Riemann-Stieltjes Integral
Definition and Existence of Riemann-Stieltjes Integral. Properties of The Integral. Integration
and Differentiation.The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.Change of Variable.Rectifiable
Curves.
Section-III
Sequences and Series of Functions
Problem of Interchange of Limit Processes for Sequences of Functions, Pointwise and
Uniform Convergence, Cauchy Criterion for Uniform Convergence.Weierstrass M-Test.
Abel’s and Dirichlet’s Tests for Uniform Convergence.Uniform Convergence and Continuity.
Uniform Convergence and Riemann – Stieltjes Integration. Uniform Convergence and
Differentiation. The Weierstrass ApproximationTheorem.
Text Book
1.WalterRudin, Principles of Mathematical Analysis (3rd Edition), McGraw-Hill, Kogakusha,
1976, International Student Edition, (Chapter 6: §§ 6.1 to 6.27, Chapter 7: §§ 7.1 to 7.18,
7.26 – 7.32, Chapter 3 § 3.1-3.25, 3.45-3.55 Chapter 4§ 4.1-4.20, Chapter 8§8.1-8.5
Reference Books
1. T.M. Apostol, “Mathematical Analysis”, Narosa publishing House, New Delhi,1985.
2. S. Lang, Analysis-I, Addison – Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.1969
3. Robert G. Bartle, Donald R. Sherbest, “Introduction to Real Analysis (Fourth Edition-
(2015)”, John Wiley & Sons,Inc.
4. S.C. Malik, SavitaArora, “Mathematical Analysis (Third edition-2008)”, New Age
International (P) Ltd., New Delhi.

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 M.Sc. (Mathematics) First Semester Course

M102 Advanced Algebra-I

Section –I
Conjugacy and G-Sets. Normal Series, Solvable Groups, Nilpotent Groups, Direct Products,
Finitely Generated Abelian Groups, Invariants of a Finite abelian Groups, Sylow Theorems,
Groups of Orders p2, pq.
Section – II
Definition and Examples of Rings, Some Special Classes of Rings, Homomorphisms, Ideals
and Quotient Rings, More Ideals and Quotient Rings and The Field of Quotients of an
Integral Domain.
Euclidean Rings, a Particular Euclidean Ring, Polynomial Rings, Polynomials over the
Rational Field, Polynomial Rings over Commutative Rings.
Section –III
Definition and examples, Submodules and direct sums, homomorphisms and quotient
modules, Completely reducible modules, Freemodules.
Text Books
P.B. Bhattacharya, S.K. Jain & S.R. Nagpal, Basic Abstract Algebra, 2ndEdition, Cambridge
University Press(§§107-152).
I.N. Herstein, ‘Topics in Algebra’, Second Edition), John Wiley & Sons, New York (§§ 3.1
to3.11).
Kenneth Hoffman & Ray Kunze, ‘Linear Algebra’, Second Edition, Prentice-Hall of India
Private Limited, New Delhi (§§ 8.4, 8.5, 9.1 to9.5).

M.Sc. (Mathematics) First Semester Course

M103 Ordinary Differential Equations

Section –I
Existence and Uniqueness Theory
Some Concepts from Real Function Theory.The Fundamental Existence and
Uniqueness Theorem.Dependence of Solutions on Initial Conditions and on the Funcition f.
Existence and Uniqueness Theorems for Systems and Higher-Order equations.
The Theory of Linear Differential Equations
Introduction.Basic Theory of the Homogeneous Linear System.Further Theory of the
Homogeneous Linear System.The Nonhomogeneous Linear System.Basic Theory of the nth-
Order Homogeneous Linear Differential Equation.The nth-Order Nonhomogeneous Linear
equation.
Section – II
Sturm-Liouville Boundary-Value Problems
Sturm-Liouville Problems.Orthogonality of Characteristic Functions.The Expansion
of a Function in a Series of Orthonormal Functions.
Sturmian Theory
The separation theorem, Sturm’s fundamental theorem Modification due to Picone,
Conditions for Oscillatory or non-oscillatory solution, First and Second comparison
theorems.Sturm’s Oscillation theorems.Application to Sturm Liouville System.
Section – III
Nonlinear Differential Equations

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 Phase Plane, Paths, and Critical Points. Critical Points and paths of Linear
Systems.Critical Points and Paths of Nonlinear Systems. Limit Cycles and Periodic
Solutions. The Method of Kryloff and Bogoliuboff.
Text Books
1.S.L. Ross, Differential Equations, Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., (Chapter 10: §§
10.1 to 10.4; Chapter 11: §§ 11.1 to 11.8; Chapter 12: §§ 12.1 to 12.3; Chapter 13: §§ 13.1 to
13.5).
2.E.L. Ince, Ordinary Differential Equations,, Dover Publication Inc. 1956 (Chapter X: §§
10.1 to 10.6.1)

Reference
1.W. Boyce and R. Diprima, Elementry Differential Equations and Boundary value Problems,
3rd Ed. New York, (1977).
2.E.A. Coddington, An Introduction to Ordinary Differential Equations, 2 nd Ed. Prentice Hall
of India Pvt. Ltd., Delhi, (1974).
M.Sc. (Mathematics) First Semester Course

M104 Operations Research-I

Section –I
Hyperplane and hyperspheres, Convex sets and their properties, convex functions. Linear
Programming Problem (LPP): Formulation and examples, Feasible, Basic feasible and
optimal solutions, Extreme points. Graphical Methods to solve L.P.P., Simplex Method,
Charnes Big M Method, Two phase Method, Degeneracy, Unrestricted variables, unbounded
solutions, Duality theory, Dual LPP, fundamental properties of Dual problems,
Complementary slackness, Dual simplex algorithin, Sensivity analysis.
Section – II
Integer programming: Gomory’s Method, Branch and Bound Method.
Transportation Problem (TP): Mathematical formulation, Basic feasible solutions of T.Ps
by North – West corner method, Least cost-Method, Vogel’s approximation method.
Unbalanced TP, optimality test of Basic Feasible Solution (BFS) by U-V method, Stepping
Stone method, degeneracy in TP.
Assignment Problem (AP): Mathematical formulation, assignment methods, Hungarian
method, Unbalanced AP.
Section – III
Goal programming Problem (GPP): formulation of G.P. Graphical Goal attainment
method, simplex method for GPP.
Game theory: Two-person, zero-sum games, The maximin – minimax principle, pure
strategies, mixed strategies, Graphical solution of 2xn and mx2 games, Dominance property,
General solution of m x n rectangular games, Linear programming problem of GP.

Network Techniques
Shortest path model, Dijkastra algorithm, Floyd’s algorithm, Minimal Spanning tree,
Maximal flow problem.
Text Books
1.S.D. Sharma, Operations Research, KedarNath Ram Nath& Co. 14 th Edition 2004 (Scope
as in relevant sections of Chapters 3 to 13 and 19).
2.Kanti Swarup, P.K. Gupta and Manmohan, Operations Research, Sultan Chand & Sons 12 th
Edition, 2004 (Scope as in relevant sections of Chapters 0, 02 to 08 & 10, 11 & 17).

11
3.R. Panneerselvam, Operations Research, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., 2004 (Chapters 5:
§§ 5.1 to 5.4).

Reference Books
1.G. Hadley, Linear Programming, Narosa Publishing House (2002).
2.H.A. Taha, Operations Research: An Introduction, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., 7 th
Edition, 2004.
3.J.K. Sharma, Operations Research, Macmillan India Pvt. Ltd. 2003.
M.Sc. (Mathematics) First Semester Course

M105 Fluid Dynamics

Section-I
Type of fluids, Lagrangian and Eulerian method of describing fluidmotion Motion of the
fluid element: Translation, rotation anddeformation
Stream lines path lines and streak lines, Material derivative, Acceleration Components of
fluid particle in Cartesian, Cylindrical and Spherical polar coordinates (without proof).
Vorticity vector, Vortex Lines, rotational and irrotational motion. Velocity, Potential
boundary surface, Boundary condition.
Irrational Motion in two-dimensional, Stream function, Physical significance of stream
function, Complex velocity potential, Sources, sinks, doublets, and their images in two
dimensional.
Section-II
Continuum hypothesis, Newton’s law of viscosity, Some Cartesian tensor notations. General
analysis of fluid motion, Thermal conductivity, Generalized law of heat conduction.
Fundamental equations of motion of viscous fluid.
Equation of State, Equation of continuity, Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations of motion.Equation
of energy, Vorticity and circulation (Kelvin’s circulation theorem).
Section-III
Dynamical similarity (Reynolds law), Inspection analysis, Dimensional analysis,
Buckingham π theorem and its application, π product and coefficients, non-dimensional
parameter and their physical importance. Exact solution of the N-S Equations, Steady motion
between the parallel plates (a) velocity distribution, (b) Temperature distribution, Plane
couette flow, Plane Poiseuille flow, Generalized plane Couetteflow.Flow in a circular pipe
(Hagen-Poiseuille flow), (a) Velocity distribution, (b) temperature distribution.
Text-Books:
1.J.L. Bansal, Viscous fluid dynamics, Oxford and IBH Publishing Company Pvt. Ltd.,
(1977).
2.F. Chorlton, Text book of fluid dynamics, CBS Publishers and distribution(2000).

Reference Books:
1.G.K. Batchelor, An introduction to fluid dynamics, Cambridge University press, (1970).
2.C.S. Yih, Fluid Mechanics, McGraw-Hill Book Company.
3.S.W. Yuan, Foundation of Fluid Mechanics, PHI Pvt Ltd. New Delhi (1969).
M.Sc. (Mathematics) Second Semester Course

M201 Real Analysis-II

Section-I

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Functions of Several Variables
Linear Transformation.The Space of Linear Transformations on R n to Rm as a Metric
Space.Differentiation of Vector-valued Functions.Differentiation of a Vector-valued Function
of Several Variables.Partial Derivatives.The Contraction Principle.The Inverse Function
Theorem.The Implicit Function Theorem.
Differentiation and Integration
Introduction on Differentiation of Monotone Functions.Functions of BoundedVariation.
Differentiation of an Integral.Absolute Continuity.Convex Functions.
Section –II
Lebesgue Measure
Introduction.Outer measure.Measurable sets and Lebesgue measure.A nonmeasurable
set. Measurable functions. Littlewood’s three principles.
Section – III
The Lebesgue Integral
The Riemann integral.The Lebesgue integral of a bounded function over a set of finite
measure.The integral of a nonnegative function.The general Lebesgue integral.Convergence
in measure.
Text Book
1. H.L. Royden, Real Analysis, Third Edition, Prentice-Hall of India, Private Limited, New
Delhi – 110 001 (1995), (Chapter 3 to 5)
2. Walter Rudin, Chapter 5: § 5.16 to 5.19, Chapter 9: § 9.7, 9.8, 9.10-9.15, 9.22-9.29
Reference Books
1. S. Lang, Analysis-I, Addison-Weslely Publishing Company, Inc.1969
2. T.M. Apostal, “Mathematical Analysis- A modern approach to Advanced Calculus,
Addison- Wesley Publishing Company, Inc 1957 (Indian Edition by Narosa Publishing
House New Delhi alsoavailable).
3. R.R. Goldberg, “Methods of Real Analysis”, Oxford and IHB Publishing Company, New
Delhi.
M.Sc. (Mathematics) Second Semester Course

M202 Advanced Algebra-II

Section –I
Field Theory
Irreducible polynomials and Eisenstein criterion, Adjunction of roots, Algebraic extensions,
algebraically closed fields, Splitting fields, Normal extensions, Multiple roots.
Section – II
Finite Fields
Prime Fields, Finite fields, Roots of Irreducible Polynomials, Roots of unity and cyclotomic
polynomials, Representation of Elements of Finite Fields, Order of Polynomials and
Primitive Polynomials, Irreducible Polynomials.

Section – III
Galois Theory and its Applications
Separable extensions, Automorphism groups and fixed fields, Fundamental theorem of Galois
theory, Fundamental theorem of algebra.
Text Book

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1. P.B. Bhattacharya, S.K. Jain & S.R. Nagpaul, ‘Basic Abstract Algebra’, Second Edition,
Cambridge University Press, (Chapter 15 to Chapter18).
2.RudolfLidl&HaraldNiederreiter, “Finite Fields”, Cambridge University Press, Chapter 2 (§
2.2 to 2.4) Chapter 3 (§ 3.1 &3.2
M.Sc. (Mathematics) Second Semester Course

M203 Partial Differential Equations

Section – I
Fundamental Concepts
Classification of Second Order Partial Differential Equations. Canonical Forms:
Canonical Form for Hyperbolic Equation, Canonical Form for Parabolic Equation, Canonical
form for elliptic equation. Adjoint Operators.
Elliptic Differential Equations
Occurrence of the Laplace and Poisson Equations: Derivation of Laplace Equation,
Derivation of Poisson Equation. Boundary Value Problems (BVPs).Some Important
Mathematical Tools.Properties of Harmonic Functions.Separation of Variables.
Section – II
Parabolic Differential Equations
Occurrence of the Diffusion Equation.Boundary Conditions.Elementary Solutions of
the Diffusion Equation. Dirac Delta Function. Separation of Variables Method.Solution of
Diffusion Equation in Cylindrical Coordinates.Solution of Diffusion Equation in Spherical
Coordinates.Maximum-Minimum Principle and its Consequences.
Section – III
Hyperbolic Differential Equations
Occurrence of the Wave Equation.Derivation of One-dimensional Wave
Equation.Solution of One-dimensional Wave Equation by Canonical Reduction.The Initial
Value Problem; D’Alemberts Solution.Vibrating String – Variables Separable
Solution.Forced Vibrations – Solution of Nonhomogeneous Equation.Boundary and Initial
Value Problem for Two-dimensional Wave Equation – Method of Eigenfunction.Periodic
Solution of One-dimensional Wave Equation in Cylindrical Coordinates.Periodic Solution of
One-dimensional Wave Equation in Spherical Polar Coordinates.
Text Book
1.K. SankaraRao, Introduction to Partial Differential Equations, Prentice Hall of India Private
Limited, New Delhi, 1997 (Scope as in relevant sections of Chapters 1 to 4).
M.Sc. (Mathematics) Second Semester Course

M204 Classical Mechanics

Section-I
Generalized Coordinates.Constraints.Work and potential energy.Generalized forces.The
Principle of virtual work.Introduction to Lagrange’s equations.Lagrange’s Equations for a
particle in a plane.The Classification of Dynamical Systems.Lagrange’s equations for any
simple Dynamical system.Lagrange’s equations for Non-holonomic systems with moving
constraints.Lagrange’s equations for impulsive motion.
Section-II
Hamilton’s Principle. Stationary Values of a function. Constrained stationary
values.Stationary Value of a definite integral.The Brachistochrone problem.Hamilton’s
equations.Derivation of Hamilton’s equations. Ignorable coordinates. The Routhian function.
Section-III

14
The form of Hamiltonian function.Modified Hamilton’s principle.Principle of least
action.The Hamiton-Jacobi equation.Lagrange and Poission Brackets.Calculus of
Variation.Invariance of Lagrange and Poission Brackets under canonical transformation.
Text Books
1.Principle of Mechanics, John L. Synge and Byron A. Griffith, McGraw Hill, International
Edition (§§ 10.6, 10.7, 15.1 & 15.2), Third Edition.
2.Classical Dynamics, Donald. T. Green – Wood, Prentice – Hall of India, 1979, (§§ 4.2, 4.3,
5.2 & 6.3).
3.Classical Mechanics, K. SankaraRao, Prentice-Hall of India, 2005 (§§ 6.7, 6.8, 7.5 & 7.6).

M.Sc. (Mathematics) Second Semester Course

M205 Solid Mechanics

Section-I
Analysis of Strain – Affine transformation, Infinitesimal Affine deformations, Geometrical
interpretation of the components of Strain.Strain Quadric of Cauchy, Principal
Strains.Invariants.General Infinitesimal Deformation.Equation of compatibility.Finite
deformation.
Analysis of Stress – Stress Tensor.Equations of Equilibrium.Transformation of
coordinates.Stress Quadric of Cauchy.Principal stress and Invariants. Maximum normal and
shear stresses, Mohr’s circle Diagram.
Section – II
Equations of Elasticity – Generalized Hooke’s law. Stress – Strain relations for a medium
having one plane elastic symmetry, three orthogonal planes symmetry and for homogeneous
isotropic media. Elastic-moduli for isotropic media. Equilibrium and Dynamic equations for
an isotropic solids. Strain energy function and its connection with Hooke’s law. Unique
solution of Boundary value problem.Derivation of Navier’s equations and Beltrami-Michal
compatibility equations.
Section – III
Statement of problem.Extension of beams by longitudinal forces. Beam stretched by its own
weight. Bending of beams by terminal couples.Torsion of a circular shaft.Plane stress.Plane
strain.
Text Book
1. I.S. Sokolnikoff, Mathematical Theory of Elasticity, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing
Company Ltd, 1977, (Chapter I, II, III, IV: §§29 – 33 and Chapter V: §§ 65-67).
Reference Books
1.S. Timoshenko and N.Goodier, Theory of Elasticity, McGraw-Hill, New York 1970.
2.A.E. Love, A Treatise on the Mathematical Theory of Elasticity, Cambridge University
Press, London, 1963.
3.Y.C. Fung, Foundations of Solid Mechanics, Prentice-Hall, New Delhi , 1965.
4.I.H. Shames, Introduction to Solid Mechanics, Prentice-Hall, New Delhi , 1975.
5.S.Valliappan, Continuum Mechanics, Oxford and IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi,
1981.

M.Sc. (Mathematics) Third Semester Course

15
M301 Complex Analysis-I
Section – I
The algebra and the geometric representation of complex numbers.Limits and continuity.
Analytic functions. Polynomials and rational functions.The exponential and the trignometric
functions.The periodicity.The logarithm.Sets and elements. Arcs and closed curves, Analytic
functions in region.
Conformal mapping, length and area. The linear group, the cross ratio, symmetry, oriented
circles, family of circles. The use of level curves, a survey of elementary mappings,
elementary Riemann surfaces.
Section- II
Line integrals, rectifiable arcs, line integral as function of arcs, Cauchy’s theorem for a
rectangle, Cauchy’s theorem in a disk. The index of a point with respect to a closed
curve.The integral formula.Higher derivatives.
Sequences, Series, Uniform convergence, Power series and Abel’s limit theorem.
Weierstrass’s theorem, the Taylor’s series and the Laurent series.
Removable singularities.Taylor’s theorem, zeros and poles.The local mapping and the
maximum principle.
Section – III
Chains and cycles, simple connectivity, Homology, the general statement of Cauchy’s
theorem.Proof of Cauchy’s theorem. Locally exact differentials and multiply connected
regions. The residue theorem, the argument principle and evaluation of definite integral.

Text Book
1.Lars V. Ahlfors, Complex Analysis, McGraw Hill Int. Ed. (1979).
Section-I: Chapter-1 §§ 1.1 - 1.5 and §§ 2.1 – 2.4. Chapter-2 §§ 1.1 – 1.4, 3.1 – 3.4.
Chapter-3 §§ 1.1, 2.1 – 2.4, 3.1 – 3.5 and 4.1 – 4.3.Section-II: Chapter-4 §§ 1.1 – 1.5, 2.1 –
2.3, 3.1 – 3.4. Chapter – 2 §§ 2.1 – 2.5. Chapter – 5 §§ 1.1 – 1.3 and Section-III: Chapter- 4
§§ 4.1 – 4.7 , 5.1 – 5.3.
Reference Book
1.John B. Conway, Function of One Complex Variable, (Second Edition), Narosa Publishers.

M.Sc. (Mathematics) Third Semester Course

M302 Topology
Section - I
Elementary Set Theory
Partial ordered sets and lattices.
Metric Spaces
Open sets, closed sets, convergence, completeness, Baire’s category theorem, continuity.
Topological Spaces
The definition and some examples, elementary concepts, Open bases and open
subbases, weak topologies, the function algebras C (X, R) and C (X, C).
Section - II
Compactness
Compact spaces, products of spaces, Tychonoff’s theorem and locally compact
spaces, compactness for metric spaces, Ascoli’s theorem.
Separation

16
 T1-spaces and Hausdorff spaces, completely regular spaces and normal spaces,
Urysohn’s lemma and Tietze’s extension theorem, the Urysohn imbedding theorem, the
Stone-Cechcompactification.
Section - III
Connectedness
Connected spaces, the components of a space, totally disconnected spaces, locally
connected spaces.
Aproximation
The Weierstrass approximation theorem.
Text Book
1.G.F. Simmons, Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis, International Student
Edition, McGraw Hill Book Company, Inc. 1963, Chapter1: §§ 8; Chapter 2: §§ 9-15;
Chapter3: §§ 16-20; Chapter 4: §§ 21-25; Chapter 5: §§ 26-30); Chapter 6: §§ 31-34 and
Chapter 7: 35.
M.Sc. (Mathematics) Third Semester Course

M303 Analytic Number Theory

Section – I
Divisibility Theory in the Integers
The Division Algorithm, The Greatest Common Divisor, The Euclidean Algorithm,
and The Diophantine Equation ax + by = c.
Primes and their Distribution
The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic. The Sieve of Eratosthenes and
TheGoldbach Conjecture.
The Theory of Congruences
Basic Properties of Congruence, Special Divisibility Tests and Linear Congruences.
Section – II
Fermat’s Theorem
Fermat’s Factorization Method, The Little Theorem and Wilson’s Theorem.
Number – Theoretic Functions
The Functions τ and σ, TheMöbius Inversion Formula, The Greatest Integer Function
and An Application to the Calendar.
Euler’s Generalization of Fermat’s Theorem
Euler’s Phi-Function, Euler’s Theorem and Some properties of the Phi-Function, An
Application to Cryptography.
Section – III
Primitive Roots and Indices
The Order of an Integer Modulo n, Primitive Roots for Primes, Composite Numbers
Having Primitive Roots and The Theory of Indices.
The Quadratic Reciprocity Law
Euler’s Criterion, The Legendre Symbol and Its Properties, Quadratic Reciprocity and
Quadratic Congruences with Composite Moduli.

Text Book
1.David M. Burton, “Elementary Number Theory”, (Fifth Edition) International Edition,
McGraw Hill, (Chapter 2nd to 9th).
M.Sc. (Mathematics) Third Semester Course

17
M304 Operations Research-II
Section – I
Queueing Theory
Queueing systems, Queueing problem, Transient and steady states, Probability
Distributions in Queueing systems. Poisson process (pure birth process), Properties of
possions arrivals, Exponential process, Markovian property, Pure death process, Service time
distribution, Erlang service time distribution, Solution of Queueing Models.
Dynamic Programming
Decision Tree and Bellman’s principle of optimality, Concept of dynamic
programming, minimum path problem, Mathematical formulation of Multistage Model,
Backward & Forward Recursive approach, Application in linear programming.
Section – II
Non-Linear Programming Problems (NLPP): Formulation of a NLPP, General non-linear
NLPP, Constrained optimization with equality constraint, Necessary and sufficient condition
for a general NLPP (with one constraint), with m(<n) constraints, constrained optimization
with inequality constraints (Kuhn – Tucker conditions), Saddle point problem, saddle point
and NLPP, Graphical solution of NLPP, Verification of Kuhn – Tucker conditions, Kuhn –
Tucker conditions with Non-negative constraints.
Section – III
Quadratic programming
Quadratic programming; Wolfe’s Modified Simplex method, Beale’s Method.
Separable Programming
Separable Programming, Piecewise linear approximation, Separable programming
algorithm.
Simulation
Definition, Types of simulation, Event type simulation, Generation of random
numbers, Monte – Carlo Simulation.

Text Books
1.S.D. Sharma, Operations Research, KedarNath Ram Nath& Co. 14 th Edition 2004 (Scope
as in relevant sections of Chapters 17,23, 27 to 30 and 33).
2.Kanti Swarup, P.K. Gupta and Manmohan, Operations Research, Sultan Chand & Sons 12th
Edition, 2004 (Scope as in relevant sections of Chapters 13,20,23,24 and 25).
Reference Books
1.J.K. Sharma, Operations Research, Macmillan India Pvt. Ltd. 2003.
2.M.S. Bazara, H.D. Sherali and C.M. Shetty, Non-Linear Programming, Theory and
Algorethms, 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
M.Sc. (Mathematics) Third Semester Course

M305 Mathematical Statistics

Section – I
Distributions of Random Variables
The probability set Function, random variables, The probability density Function, the
distribution function, Certain probability Models, Mathematical Expectation, Some special
Mathematical expectations, Chebyshev’s Inequality, conditional probability, Marginal and
conditional distributions, the correlation coefficient, Stochastic Independence.
Section – II
Some Special Distributions

18
The Binomial, trinomial, and Multinomial Distributions, the Poisson Distribution, The
Gamma and Chi-square Distributions, the normal distribution, and the bivariate normal
distribution.
Sampling theory, Transformations of variables of the Discrete type, Transformations
of the variables of the continuous type. The t and F distributions.
Section- III
Extensions of the change-of-variable Technique, Distributions of order statistics, the
moment generating function Technique, The distribution of  and nS2/σ2, Expectations of
Functions of Random variables, Limiting Distributions, Stochastic Convergence, Limiting
Moment Generating Functions, The Central limit Theorem, some theorems on limiting
Distributions.
Test Book
1.Robert V. Hogg and Allen T. Craig, Introduction to Mathematical Statistics, Forth Edition,
Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., New York, 1989, (Chapter 1 to 5).
ReferenceBook
1.Feller, W.: Introduction to Probability and its Applications, Wiley Eastem Pvt. Ltd. Vol. 1,
(1972).
M.Sc. (Mathematics) Fourth Semester Course

M401 Complex Analysis-II

Section –I
Harmonic functions
Definition and basic properties of harmonic function, The mean value property, Hadamard’s
three circle theorem, Poisson’s formula, Schwarz’s theorem, The reflection principle. A
closer look at Harmonic functions, Functions with the mean value property, Harnack’s
principle. The Dirichlet’s problem; Subharmonic functions, Solution of Dirichlet’s problem.
Section – II
Partial fractions and factorization
Partial fractions, infinite products, canonical products, the Gamma functions, Stirling’s
formula.Entire functions; Jensen’s formula, Hadmard’s theorem. The Riemann zeta
functions; The product development. Extension of  s  to the whole plane.The functional
equation. The zeros of the zeta function.
Section – III
Simply periodic functions, Representation by exponentials, The Fourier development,
Functions of finite order. Doubly periodic functions, The period module, unimodular
transformations, The canonical basis, General properties of elliptical functions. Analytic
continuations, The Weierstrass theory, germs and sheaves, Sections and Riemann surfaces,
Analytic continuations along arcs, Homotopic curves, The Monodromy theorem, Branch
points. Algebraic functions, The resultant of two polynomials, Definition and properties of
algebraic functions, Behaviour at the critical points. Picard’s theorem.
Text Book
1.Lars V. Ahlfors, Complex Analysis, Int. Ed. McGraw-Hill Book Co. (Third Edition),
(1979).
Section I: Chapter 4: §§ 6.1 - 6.5; Chapter 5: §§ 2.2 to 2.4, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1 & 4.2. Section II:
Chapter: 6 §§ 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1-5.3.
Section III: Chapter- 7: §§ 1.1 – 1.3, 2.1-2.4, & Chapter 8: §§ 1.1-1.7, 2.1-2.3,3.1.

19
 Reference Book
1.John B. Conway, Function of One Complex Variable, (Second Edition), Narosa Publishers.
M.Sc. (Mathematics) Fourth Semester Course

M402 Functional Analysis

Section - I
Banach Spaces
The definition and some examples, continuous linear transformations. TheHahn-
Banach Theorem, the Open Mapping Theorem, the Closed Graph Theorem, the Uniform
Boundedness Theorem, the natural embedding of N in N**, reflexivity.
Section - II
Hilbert Spaces
The definition and some simple properties, orthogonal complements, orthonormal
sets, the conjugate space H*, the adjoint of an operator, self-adjoint normal and unitary
operators, projections.
Section - III
Spectral Theory of Linear Operators in Normed Spaces
Spectral Theory in Finite Dimensional Normed Spaces.Basic Concepts.Spectral
Properties of Bounded Linear Operators.Further Properties of Resolvent and Spectrum.Use of
Complex Analysis in Spectral Theory.Banach Algebras.Further Properties of Banach
Algebras.

Text Books
1.G.F. Simmons, Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis, International Student
Edition, McGraw Hill Book Company, Inc. 1963, (Chapter 9: §§ 46-51 and Chapter10: §§
52-59).
2.E. Kreyszig, Introductory Functional Analysis with Applications, John, Wiley and Sons,
Wiley Classics Library Edition Published, 1989 (Chapter 7).

M.Sc. (Mathematics) Fourth Semester Course

M403 Advanced Discrete Mathematics

Section –I
Boolean Algebras
Logic, Propositional Equivalences, Predicates and Quantifiers. Partial Ordered Sets,
Lattices and Algebraic Systems, Principle of Duality, Basic Properties of Algebraic Systems
defined by Lattices, Distributive and Complemented Lattices, Boolean Lattices and Boolean
Algebras, Uniqueness of Finite Boolean Algebras, Boolean Functions and Boolean
Expressions, Propositional Calculus, Switching Circuits.
The Pigeonhole Principle
Pigeonhole principle: Simple form, Pigeonhole principle: Strong form, A theorem of Ramsey.
Permutations and Combinations
Two basic counting principles, Permutations of sets, Combinations of Sets,
Permutations of multisets, Combinations of multisets.
Section – II
Generating Permutations and Combinations

20
 Generating permutations, Inversions in permutations, Generating combinations,
Partial orders and equivalence relations.
The Binomial Coefficients
Pascal’s formula, The binomial theorem, Identities, Unimodality of binomial
coefficients, The multinomial theorem, Newton’s binomial theorem.
The Inclusion-Exclusion Principle and Applications
The inclusion-exclusion principle, Combinations with repetition, Derangements,
Permutations with forbidden positions.
Recurrence Relations and Generating Functions
Some number sequences, Linear homogeneous recurrence relations, Non-
homogeneous recurrence relations, Generating functions, Recurrences and generating
functions, Exponential generating functions.

Section – III
Introduction to Graph Theory
Basic properties, Eulerian trails, Hamilton chains and cycles, Bipartitemultigraphs,
Trees, The Shannon switching game.
Digraphs and Networks
Digraphs and Networks.
More on Graph Theory
Chromatic number, Plane and planar graphs, A 5-color theorem, Independence
number and clique number, Connectivity.
Text Books
1.C.L. Liu, ‘Elements of Discrete Mathematics’, Tata McGraw-Hill, Second Edition, (§§ 12.1
to 12.8 & 12.10)
2.Richard A. Brualdi, Introductory Combinatorics, third Edition, (Chapter 2 to 7 and Chapter
11 to 13).

Reference Book
1.Kenneth H. Rosen, “Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications”, Tata McGraw-Hill,
Fourth Edition.
M.Sc. (Mathematics) Fourth Semester Course

M404 Differential Geometry

Section –I
Tangent, Principal normal, Curvature, Binormal, Torsion, SerretFrenet formulae,
Locus of center of curvature, Spherical curvature, Locus of center of spherical curvature.
Theorem: Curve determined by its intrinsic equations, Helices, Involutes &Evolutes.
Section – II
Surfaces, Tangent plane, Normal, Curvilinear co-ordinates First order magnitudes,
Directions on a surface, The normal, second order magnitudes, Derivatives of n, Curvature of
normal section. Meunier’s theorem, Principal directions and curvatures, first and second
curvatures, Euler’s theorem.Surface of revolution.
Section – III
  
Gauss’s formulae for r11 , r12 , r22 , Gauss characteristic equation, Mainardi – Codazzi
relations, Derivalives of angle  , Geodesic property, Equations of geodesics, Surface of
revolution, Torsion of Geodesic, Bonnet’s theorem, vector curvature, Geodesic curvature,  g

21
 Text Book
1.Differential Geometry of Three Dimension, C.E. Weatherburn, Khosla Publishing House,
2003 (§§ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 34, 41, 42,
43, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53).
Reference Book
1.Introduction to Differential Geometry, T.J. Willmore, Oxford University.
M.Sc. (Mathematics) Fourth Semester Course

M405 Magneto Fluid Dynamics

Section – I
Fundamental Equations
Maxwell’s electromagnetic field equations, Magnetic induction equation and
magnetic Reynold’s number. Alfven’s Theorem and its consequences. Magnetic energy
equation.Mechanical equations and effects.
Magnetohydrostatics
Magnetohydrostatic, Force Free magnetic fluids (Basic equations, boundary
conditions & magnetic energy, general solution when α is constant).
Section – II
Steady States
Pressurep balanced magnetohydrostatic configurations. Toroidal magnetic field.
Steady laminar motion. General solution of a vector wave equation.
Magnetohydrodynamic Waves
Aflven waves, Magnetohydrodynamic waves in compressible fluid. Reflection and refraction
of Alfven waves.Dissipative effects.
Section – III
Stability
Indroduction.Linear Pinch.Method of small Oscillations.Energy principle.Virial
Theorem. Marginal stability – Bénard problem with a magnetic field.
Turbulence
Introduction, spectral analysis.Homogeneity and Isotropy.Kolmogorff’s
principle.Hydromagnetic turbulence.Inhibition of trubulence by a magnetic field.

Text Book
1. An Introduction to Magneto Fluid Dynamics by V.C.A. Ferraro & C. Plumpton. Clarendon
Press, Oxford 2nd Edition, 1966, (Chapter 1: §§ 1.1 to 1.7, Chapter 2: §§ 2.1, 2.1 (1, 2, 3), 2.3,
2.4; Chapter 4: §§ 5.1 to 5.6, Chapter 6: §§ 6.1, 6.3 to 6.7).

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