Well Logging PE 2204

Year 2019/2020

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12. Well Log Interpretation

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Interpretation of Logs
• Quick look interpretation for a first scanning of logs and information about zones of interest
• Method of quantitative interpretation (determination of lithology/shale content, porosity, and
mineral composition, and fluid saturation)

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The goals of interpretation is to detemine
• Lithological profile and the detection and characterization of the potential reservoir zones
with exact depth
• Shale content and shale type (example: laminated, or dispersed shale)
• Porosity and mineral composition
• Fluid saturation, water saturation, hydrocarbon saturation, movable hydrocarbons, type of
hydrocarbon (oil, gas)
• Permeability

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Scanning to Identify Zone of
Interests
• Look for clean formations, separate
the shaly zones
• Identify wether it is clastic
(sandstone) or carbonate formation

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1. Permeable Bed Identification
• Log SP: the diffusion potential (deflection from shale baseline) directly indicates a
permeable formation
• Positive deflection; Rmf < Rw
• Negative deflection; Rmf > Rw
• Mud filtrate invasion detected by multiple resistivity measurements
• Presence of mudcake indicated by Caliper Log

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1. Permeable Bed Identification

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2. Shale Content
• Volume of shale is calculated from gamma ray log (or SP log).
• The calculated shale content is used for:
• General reservoir description
• Volumetric rock model
• Various shale correction
• Type of shale distribution:

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Laminated Shale Model

• Porosity as measured by the density tool:

• Porosity as measured by the neutron tool:

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Dispersed Shale Model

• Porosity as measured by the density tool:

• Porosity as measured by the neutron tool:

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Structural Shale Physical Model

• Porosity as measured by the density tool:

• Porosity as measured by the neutron tool:

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3. Lithology and Porosity Determination
• There are 3 available porosity values from porosity log.
• Three things must be determined before reading porosity log:
• The type of curve recorded (e.g., bulk density, ρb, or apparent porosity, ФD)
• The scale (e.g., 45 to −15% or 60 to 0% on a neutron log)
• The actual lithology of the formation and the nature of the fluid occupying the pore
space.

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Porosity and Mineral Composition

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Matrix properties can be determined from:
• Known lithology/mineral composition

• Core laboratory measurement

• Cross plot technique

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Density Porosity

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Neutron Porosity

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Sonic Porosity

• For unconsolidated formation

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 Neutron-Density Crossplot

Schlumberger Chartbook page 238-239 18

Neutron-Density
Crossplot
• Simple rule:

• Example:
• Corrected apparent neutron
limestone porosity=16.5 pu
and bulk density =2.38 gr/cm3
• Answer:
• Porosity = 19 p.u
• Lithology: 40% Quartz
(sandstone) and 60% calcite
(limestone)

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Neutron-Sonic Crossplot
• If ∆t = 79 μs/ft and ФN(Lime) = 18%, use the chart
on the right to compute a crossplot porosity and
determine the lithology.

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Hydrocarbon Effect to Porosity
• If gas or light oil presence in the formation: • To quantify the effects of light
• The neutron log indicates less than hydrocarbons, two items must be known:
true porosity. • The volume of the pore space
• The density log indicates more than containing hydrocarbons in the
true porosity. annular volume of the formation in
• The sonic log indicates more than true which the tool makes its
porosity. measurement,
• The response of the tool to
hydrocarbons.

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Hydrocarbon Effect to Porosity
• Hydrocarbon porosity in neutron log: • Hydrocarbon porosity in density log:

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Hydrocarbon Effect to Porosity
• Rules for single porosity measurement are
available:

• Gaymard Equation for gas bearing:

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Exercises
• Determine density of hydrocarbon when neutron porosity = 12.5%, density
porosity=33%, and Sxo=55%.
• Solution:
∅𝑁
• Find ratio
∅𝐷
• Calculate Shy = (1-Sxo)
• Plot at the previous chart to get hydrocarbon density.

• Calculate true porosity in the formation.

• Solution:
• Calculate hydrocarbon density  Calculate true porosity from density log

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Density-Sonic Crossplot
Schlumberger Chartbook page 251-252

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Density-Photoelectron
Crossplot
Schlumberger Chartbook page 209-210

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13. Well Log Interpretation
Part II

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Rw (Water Resistivity)
• Rw from water catalog
• Water catalogs have been published that list of resistivity data for many formation waters
collected from different fields and different producing horizons of the region. Water sample
obtained from production, a production test, or from drillstem test.

• Rw from chemical analysis

• Methods to estimate electrical resistivity based on solution from its chemical analysis.
Using Gen 4 and Gen Gen 6 in Schlumberger Chartbook

• Rw from SP Log.
• (See SP Log Course Material)

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Sw (Water Saturation)
• Knowing a zone's water saturation (Sw) will not provide enough information to completely
evaluate a zone's potential productivity.
• But we have to know:
• water saturation is low enough for a water-free completion
• hydrocarbons are moveable
• the zone is permeable
• whether (volumetrically) there are economic, recoverable hydrocarbon reserves
• Sw can be calculated by Archie’s equation, ratio method and Pickett Plot

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ARCHIE LAW Sw Water Saturation
𝒂 𝑹𝒘 Φ Porosity
𝑺𝒘𝒏 = ( 𝒎. ) Rw Resistivity of Formation Water
∅ 𝑹𝒕
Rt Log Resistivity
• Fractional Porosity:
a Turtuosity constant
𝑅𝑥𝑜 𝑎 𝒂
= or known as Formation Factor (𝑭) = m Cementation Exponent
𝑅𝑤 ∅𝑚 ∅𝒎
n Saturation Exponent

• Fractional Water Saturation:

𝑅𝑡 1 𝑅𝑥𝑜
= or 𝑆𝑤 𝑛 =
𝑅𝑥𝑜 𝑆𝑤 𝑛 𝑅𝑡

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 Water Saturation
Step Find Use… If… Then…
1 n • 2.0 for Archie porosity Not sure of rock type Use 2.0
• 1.8 or less for rock with clayey matrix or fractures
• 4.0 for very strongly oil-wet rocks
2 Rw • Value calculated from SP log Thin beds, hydrocarbons in zone, Use thin-bed correction or another
• Estimated from Rw catalogs or fresh waters make SP method
• Estimated from wet-zone Ro value calculation uncertain
• Measured from water sample
3 Ф Value derived from cores, density, density-neutron, Density-neutron log matrix setting Use density-neutron crossplot
or sonic logs does not match formation matrix
4 m • 2.0 for Archie porosity Not sure of rock type or pore Use 2.0
• 1.7 – 2.0 for shaly sandstone geometry
• 2.0 – 2.5 for porosity with connected vugs
• 2.5 – 3.0 for nonconnected moldic porosity
• ~1.0 for fractured rocks
5 Rt Value derived from deep resistivity log such as RILD Beds are thin, invasion occurred Use chartbook corrections
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LogAn-31
or RLLD or borehole has washouts
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EXERCISE
• Using graph on the left, determine
Sw if Porosity is 20%, Rw=0.1
ohm.m and Rt=60 ohm.m

• Check the result with Archie’s

Equation

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Ratio Methods
• Sxo = 1- Smf (saturation mud filtrate)
• Water saturation in univanded zone:
𝐹𝑅𝑤 • Moveable oil saturation (MOS):
𝑛
𝑆𝑤 = 𝑀𝑂𝑆 = 𝑆𝑥𝑜 − 𝑆𝑤
𝑅𝑡 • Pore fraction occupied by MOS
• Water saturation in flushed zone: 𝑀𝑂𝑆 = ∅(𝑆𝑥𝑜 − 𝑆𝑤 )
𝑛
𝐹𝑅𝑚𝑓 • Average residual hydrocarbon sayuration
𝑆𝑥𝑜 = in flushed zone:
𝑅𝑥𝑜
𝑆𝑥𝑜 = (𝑆𝑤 )1/5
• Water saturation ratio method:
0.625
𝑅𝑥𝑜 /𝑅𝑡
𝑆𝑤 =
𝑅𝑚𝑓 /𝑅𝑤
•
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PICKETT PLOT
• The Pickett Plot (Pickett, 1973) is a visual representation of the Archie equation
• Powerful graphic technique for estimating Sw ranges within a reservoir
• Data needed: a set of porosities and corresponding resistivities taken from well logs and
2x4 cycle log-log paper

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PICKETT PLOT

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PICKETT PLOT
Exercise: Constructing Pickett Plot

Depth Point Rt Porosity Rw = 0.018

5054 1 8 18
5062 2 6 21
5079 3 5 18
5085 4 4 14
5099 5 2.25 10
5113 6 0.5 22
5122 7 0.7 18

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PICKETT PLOT

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PICKETT PLOT

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PICKETT PLOT

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PICKETT PLOT

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PICKETT PLOT

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Exercise
• There are data from sonic and induction logs at various points
throughout an interval of interest. Assumed fluid travel time is 188
us/ft and matrix travel time is 44 us/ft.
• Using Pickett Plot, calculate Rw and Sw in the pay
• Calculate BVW for each depth. What kind of conclusion that you
can make?

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Bulk Volume Water (BVW)
𝐵𝑉𝑊 = 𝑆𝑤 𝑥 ∅
• If BVW are constant or very close to constant, indicate that the zone is homogeneous and
at irreducible water saturation
• Swirr (irreducable water saturation): water calculated in the univanded zone will not move
because it held on grains by capillary pressure

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The Ordovician Red River B-zone, Beaver Creek Field, North Dakota

𝐽𝑢𝑚𝑙𝑎ℎ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑖 ↑, 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑎 𝑢𝑘𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑟 ↓, 𝐵𝑉𝑊 ↑

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BVW as a Function of Grain Size and Lithology

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PERMEABILITY FROM LOG
• The Wyllie and Rose (1950) method for determining permeability

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EXAMPLE

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QUICK LOOK
• Shale zone from top to 8745 ft; bad hole
• 8784-8795 ft is characterized by correct
caliper, low GR, PEF about 5, extremely high
resistivity, very low NPHI and extremely high
RHOB, and low DT. All this indications are
anhydrite.
• 8795-8910 ft is sandstone, confirm with PEF
1.8 p/e. There are shaly/silty interlayers at
8822-88826 ft, 8876-8879 ft.
• The following zone is shaly sand with increase
of GR.
• Calculate shale content in interest zones.

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RESISTIVITY
• Rt below 8855 ft is very low (0.02 ohm.m), this
indicates a very high salinity and a strong
contrast to mud filtrate resistivity.
• From depth 8800 ft upwards, Rt increases by
factor 10. Rt is still bellow Rxo. This increase
Rt must be caused by a decrease of water
saturation. This part is probably transition
zone.
• 8834-8795 ft is the reservoir.
• Calculate Rw at 8880-8900 ft. Because free-
shale and Rt is low (0.3 ohm.m)

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QUANTITATIVE
INTERPRETATION
DEPTH 8804 8820 8839 8859
GR 18.5 26.7 20.7 16.7
DT 79.6 84.9 74.7 76.9
RHOB 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.3
NPHI_SS 0.19 0.23 0.16 0.19
RT 3.8 1.2 0.6 0.3
RXO 6.8 6.0 6.7 5.3

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• Do the same thing for
another depths.

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SUMMARY

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