Chapter-2 Environmental Corrections

Cased
Hole
The simplified radial profile:
Open Hole
Chapter-2
Environment where logs are run
By
Dr. Jorge Salgado Gomes

9/21/2011
Chap-2
Duration of this chapter: 4 classes1(180)
Educational Outcomes
Review the environment where we run logs
Borehole corrections to be applied to the
measurements
Logs more sensitive to the environment
corrections
How to detect borehole anomalies
9/21/2011
Chap-2
Environmental corrections
Tool responses are affected by:
9/21/2011
Mud Invasion (resistivity)

Borehole shape (sonic)
Borehole deviation (resistivity, sonic)
Borehole diameter (resistivity, density, neutron)
Mud salinity (resistivity)
Mud properties (density, neutron)
Bed thickness (resistivity)
Bed resistivities (resistivity)
Borehole Temperature (neutron)
Mud cake thickness (resistivity, neutron)
Tool design
Tool position in hole - standoff
Chap-2
The Borehole and its environment

The simplified radial profile:
Mud (m)
Mud cake
(mc)
Invasion
(flushed) zone
Virgin zone
also models with a transition zone are used

9/21/2011
Chap-2
Use of Mud System
Pressure control
Formation control
Bit life extension
Hole cleaning
Hole maintenance
Drilling power (torque)
Telemetry (MWD/LWD)
9/21/2011
Chap-2
Mud Damages and Invades Formation

Formation Damage
Invasion Process
PISTON DISPLACEMENT
MIGRATION
Shale swelling & alteration

Pore Blockage
Clay swelling
Channel Blockage
Mechanical damage
9/21/2011
Type and characteristics of

filtrate
Rate of continuing invasion
Formation permeability
Permeability distribution
Formation fluid type
Formation fluid properties
Chap-2
Review: Types of Logging Effects

Cased
Hole
Borehole cased/completed
Mud
Casing/Tubing
Cement
limitations for
some methods
Open hole
Mud
Caliper
Invasion
non
homogeneous
situation
Open Hole
9/21/2011
Chap-2
by Lecturer
Some Considerations
The well itself originates an inhomogeneity
effect. Therefore caliper and mud properties
influence the measured property. This effect
must be corrected if we will determine
formation properties.
Invasion creates additional inhomogeneity in
radial direction.
The vertical inhomogeneity is (depending on
the vertical resolution) originated by the
thickness of layers.
9/21/2011
Chap-2
Additional Information
Tools average over a volume of the well +
formation this effect depends on the
response of the individual tool
Tools have a specific depth or radius of
investigation - it describes the contribution of
sections with different distance from the tool
axis to the measured value.
Tools have a specific vertical resolution - it
describes the ability to detect and separate
thin layers individually.
9/21/2011
Chap-2
Invasion with Different Resistivity Profiles
Rw<Rmf
Rw<<Rmf
Water in well/reservoir
Oil in well/reservoir
9/21/2011
Chap-2
10
Resistivity over time as a function of

invasion
9/21/2011
Chap-2
11
Borehole environment and the invasion

mud
mud cake
rock
Invasion stops if mud cake is impermeable
1 inch = 2.54 cm
1 cm = 0.39 inch
depth of infiltration in cm
1
10
100
1000
Porosity in %
18
borehole
diameter
8 20
20 30
8.5 inch
12.25 inch
> 30
17.5 inch
depth of invasion is controlled by porosity

9/21/2011
Chap-2
12
Depth of Invasion
Asquith and Krygowky, 2004 give the following rules:
High porosity
dj/dh = 2
Intermediate porosity
dj/dh = 5
Low porosity
dj/dh = 10
where
dj = diameter of invaded zone (outer boundary)
dh = borehole diameter
9/21/2011
Chap-2
13
Environmental Problems and Solutions

The Problem:
In most cases the non-invaded, virgin zone is of interest,

Most logs are influenced by the mud, mud cake, flushed zone,
shoulder beds, thickness of layer, ...
Solutions:
Tool design (hardware)
Dual spacing tools

Focusing tools
Pad tools
Data processing (software)
Correction charts (Tornado charts)

Data inversion
9/21/2011
Chap-2
by Lecturer
14
Log Quality Control (LQC)

LQC is a set of methods that identifies and analyzes data deviations from
established standards and allows the design of remedy (Ph. Theys, 1999)
Quality evidences such as:

repeat sections, relogged intervals
quality control curves

calibration tails
confirm the validity of the formation-related data,
but - in most cases do not add directly the information about the formation.
Log analyst interpret the logs, keeping in mind the performance and
limitations of the tool and the log quality control reports originating from the
wellsite or the field location (Theys, 1999).
9/21/2011
Chap-2
15
Example of a Log Quality Form
Source: Theys, 1999)

9/21/2011
Chap-2
16
Logging The General Workflow

1- Logging
measured data from
various tools/methods
Rxo Rt
Sxo Sw
2- Data processing, corrections, inversion,

....
3- Radial/spatial distribution of
corresponding physical parameters,
e.g. resistivity
4- Interpretation
Additional
information, models
etc.
5 - Distribution of properties (reservoir

properties, e.g. saturation, porosity)
9/21/2011
Chap-2
17
The workflow for a proper QA/QC and

interpretation
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Measurement
Processing, corrections,
filtering, inversion etc.
Interpretation, joint
inversion etc.
corrected physical data

in geometrical
distribution
corresponding to
individual methods
reservoir information in
geometrical distribution
physical data
corresponding to
individual methods
the result
Example:
resistivity log
resistivity profile
saturation
porosity and density log
caliper corrected log
porosity
9/21/2011
Chap-2
18
BACKUP MATERIAL
9/21/2011
Chap-2
19
Different Resistivity Profiles
9/21/2011
Chap-2
20
Invasion Profiles
Step profile
Idealized, abrupt boundary between
invaded and virgin zone
Transition profile
More realistic with transition (mixture of
mud filtrate and formation water
(+residual hydrocarbon)
Annulus profile
Temporary fluid distribution; formation

water is pushed ahead by the mud
filtrate.
(Asquith and Krygovski, 2004)
9/21/2011
Chap-2
21
Depth of Investigation and vertical

resolution
a
1,0
G(r)
detector
0,5
Source
g(r)
r
dr
d
1,0
G(z)
z
detector
0,5
g(z)
dz
source
9/21/2011
zr
Chap-2
22

Chapter-2 Environmental Corrections

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Cased

The simplified radial profile:

Dr. Jorge Salgado Gomes

Duration of this chapter: 4 classes1(180)

Mud Invasion (resistivity)

The Borehole and its environment

also models with a transition zone are used

Use of Mud System

Mud Damages and Invades Formation

Shale swelling & alteration

Type and characteristics of

Review: Types of Logging Effects

Invasion with Different Resistivity Profiles

Resistivity over time as a function of

Borehole environment and the invasion

Invasion stops if mud cake is impermeable

depth of invasion is controlled by porosity

Environmental Problems and Solutions

In most cases the non-invaded, virgin zone is of interest,

Dual spacing tools

Data processing (software)

Correction charts (Tornado charts)

Log Quality Control (LQC)

Quality evidences such as:

quality control curves

Example of a Log Quality Form

Source: Theys, 1999)

Logging The General Workflow

2- Data processing, corrections, inversion,

5 - Distribution of properties (reservoir

The workflow for a proper QA/QC and

corrected physical data

porosity and density log

caliper corrected log

Different Resistivity Profiles

Temporary fluid distribution; formation

Depth of Investigation and vertical

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