Chapter 4 Transfer Processes

4.1 Conduction
A Conduction in solids, liquids and gases
1 Conduction is the transfer of heat from the __________ part to the __________ part of

an object, or from a __________ object to a __________ object in ____________ with

each other.

2
air
Some of the ways of conducting
heat:
bowl
steamed egg (a) from the egg to the ________.

(b) from the egg to the ________.

(c) from the bowl to the _______.

hand

3 A demonstration of conduction of heat:

Procedures:

(a) Stick several drawing pins along a copper rod with wax.

(b) Heat one end of the rod.

Result and explanation:

Heat is gradually transferred from the heated end (________ part) to the other end (________ part)
along the rod. As a result, the pins drop one by one starting with the one ______________ to the
heat source.

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4 Metal are good ________________ of heat. They conduct heat much ____________
than non-metals. Non-metallic solids, liquids and gases are poor conductors, or good

________________.

5 Air is a very poor ________________ of heat. Foam has a lot of small holes that trap

_________ and therefore is also a very poor _______________.

6 The ______________ contains no matter. Conduction cannot take place in it.

B Examples of conduction and insulation

1 Good conductors (e.g. metals) ______________ heat transfer while good insulators

(e.g. air and plastic foam) ______________ heat transfer from or to a body. Good
insulators can be used to maintain the _________________ of a body.
(a)

Foam box can reduce the heat

___________ from the hot food due
to conduction.
foam
box

(b)

__________ is trapped in the fur of

a polar bear to reduce heat loss to
the surroundings due to conduction.
This explains why the fur can
polar
bear _____________ body temperature.

(c)
the walls of some
buildings are lined
with foam boards The foam boards can reduce the
heat __________ in summer or the
heat __________ in winter due to
conduction.

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 (d)
vacuum
flask

The flask has a layer of vacuum to

prevent heat __________ (for cold
drink) or heat __________ (for hot
drink) by conduction.

(e)
handle The body of the pan is made of
__________ conductor. It transfers
heat to the food efficiently. The

pan handle is made of __________

conductor. They _____________
heat transfer to our hands when
holding them.

2 When bodies of the same temperature are touched, a good conductor conducts energy

to or from our hands ____________ than a poor conductor does. This gives us a

______________ of different hotness of the bodies.

fringe compartment

A can of cold drink feels much

____________ than a bottle of cold
drink at the same temperature.

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C Conduction and particle motion
1 An atom consists of some ______________ moving around a nucleus.

electrons

nucleus

2 The atoms in the hot part of a solid vibrate more ______________.

3 Explaining conduction of heat in solids:

(a) Non-metallic solid

Atoms in the ___________ part vibrate rapidly.

They hit the ________________ atoms to
make them vibrate faster. This results in a
higher temperature of the neighbouring parts.
heating The process continues and heat is transferred
along the solid.

(b) Metal

Metals contain ____________________ which

are loosely held and can move freely among
the atoms. The free electrons in the heated
part move quickly and collide with the
neighbouring atoms and electrons. Heat is
heating
therefore transferred more efficiently.

4 Liquid molecules are closely / loosely packed in a regular / an irregular manner.

Molecules in the heat part cannot induce vibration of neighbouring molecules

effectively. Therefore, liquids have a very __________ rate of conduction.

5 Gas molecules are very far apart and therefore __________ likely to collide with other
molecules. Therefore, the conduction of heat in gas is the ____________ efficient.

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 4.2 Convection
A Convection in liquids and gases
1 Convection is the process of heat transfer through a fluid (a ________ or a ________)

by the flow of the fluid itself. The flow of the fluid is called the __________________.

2 Demonstrations of convection of heat:

(a)

Procedures:

Put a purple crystal aside in a beaker of water. Gently

warm the water near the crystal with a Bunsen flame.

Result and explanation:

Heated water ___________ and becomes

_________________ than the surrounding region.

Hot water ___________ due to its ____________

density.

The cooler water in the surrounding region moves

in to replace the hot water.

A convection current is formed.

(b)

Procedures:

Arrange candle, a beaker and

cardboard as shown. Light the candle
and hold a burning incense stick on
the other side of the cardboard.

Result and explanation:

The hot gases (air and smoke)

around the candle expand and
____________.

The cooler gases on the other

side of the cardboard move in to
replace the hot gases.

A convection current is formed.

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B Examples of convection
1 A candle flame always points ____________ due to the convection current of air.

2 As hot fluid ________ and cool fluid ________, heaters are usually placed at the
top / bottom while coolers are usually placed at the top / bottom.

Draw the convection currents for the following cases:

(a) Side view of a room

air
An air conditioner installed high on
conditioner
the wall can cool the whole room by
convection.

floor

(b)

The heating element of an electric

kettle is usually installed at the
water
______________ of the kettle.

heating
element

3 The heat transfer by convection can be reduced by limiting the flow of the fluid.

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 lid

The lid limits the flow of _________

inside the cup. This reduces the

convection in air and hence reduces
the heat loss.

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4 Wind (sea breezes and land breezes) in the coastal area is caused by convection.
In the diagram, draw how air flows to form a sea breeze in summer.

land
sea

Formation of sea breezes:

During the day in summer, the temperature of water rises more ______________

than that of the land due to the high ______________________________ of water.

As a result, the hotter air above the land __________ and the cooler air above the

sea moves in to ______________ the hotter air. This results in sea breezes.

Checkpoint 1
A smoke detector can sense smoke from a fire and trigger an alarm. Where should a smoke
detector be fixed in a room? Explain your answer.

Solution
The smoke detector should be fixed to the floor / wall / ceiling as hot smoke produced by a
fire flows ________________ and accumulates at the __________ of a room.

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 4.3 Radiation
A Radiation with and without medium
1 Radiation is a process of heat transfer which does not require any ______________ or

particles. It takes place in _______________ direction.

The heater emits radiation

( _________________ radiation)
in all directions.

Radiation travels through the air.

The hand ______________ the

radiation directly and gains
energy to get warm.

3 The type of radiation emitted by an object depends on its ____________________.

4 Everything is both an absorber and a ______________ of radiation.

Our body absorbs radiation from

the surroundings and emits
radiation to the surroundings at the
same time.

B Factors affecting the emission and absorption of radiation

1 The rate of emission and absorption of radiation depends on:

(a) the temperature difference between the object and the ____________________

(b) ______________ of the surface

(c) ______________ area

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2 (a) Consider an object at temperature T being put in surroundings at temperature Ts.

Comparing T and Ts Net flow of energy of the object

T Ts net __________

T = Ts net flow = ______

T _____ Ts net gain

(b) Temperature difference _______ rate of net energy radiated or absorbed

3 Dull black surfaces are _______ absorbers and ________ radiators of radiation. Shiny
and light coloured surfaces are _______ absorbers and _______ radiators of radiation.
4 Surface area _______ rate of energy radiated or absorbed

Checkpoint 2
The following flasks contain the same amount of boiling water initially. One of the flasks is
painted dull black and the other silvery.
thermometer A thermometer B

stopper

boiling
flask painted water flask painted
dull black silvery

(a) Explain which thermometer measures a lower temperature after 10 minutes.

(b) If the water is removed and two identical ice cubes are put into the flasks, which ice
cube will melt first?
Solution
(a) Thermometer ______. This is because ________________ surface __________
radiation more effectively than ________________ surface. As a result, the water in the
flask painted ________________ loses more energy during the time period.
(b) The ice cube in the flask painted ________________ will melt first.

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C Examples of heat transfer by radiation
1 Surfaces in shiny and ____________ colour can help maintain a stable temperature.

Foam container in white colour Polar bear

2 Surface in dull and ____________ colour can help dissipate heat to cooler
surroundings. It can also help absorb heat from hotter surroundings or from the sun.

Heat sink painted black Solar panel painted dark blue

heat sink

3 A vacuum flask keeps food at a stable temperature. It has different components which
reduce heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation.

(a) Plastic stopper

- reduces heat loss by ____________________________

(b) Stainless steel walls (a)

- reduce heat loss by _____________________________

(c) Vacuum between walls

(b)
- prevent heat loss by ____________________________
(c)

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4 A greenhouse keeps its interior warm for growing plants.

________________________ from the sun cannot pass through the glass of the greenhouse.

Other radiation can partially enter the greenhouse. The objects inside ______________ the
radiation and become warm.

The warm objects radiate energy, mostly in form of ________________________.

The infra-red radiation can / cannot pass through the glass and is ______________.

Checkpoint 3
The figure shows a solar cooker. It is designed to heat up food by sunlight. What kind of
material should the cover and the case be made of? What should be the colours of the cover
and the outer wall of the case?

cover

case

food

Solution

Material Colour

Cover

Case

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cover

Checkpoint 4
Explain how the bag shown in the figure helps keep ice-skin mooncakes (冰皮月餅) cool in
the outdoors.
Bag designed for carrying
Ice-skin mooncakes
ice-skin mooncakes

Solution

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