Unit 2: Data Collection and Sampling Techniques

Unit 2: Data Collection and Sampling Techniques

Introduction
In unit 1, Statistics has been defined as a science that deals with the collection,
presentation, analysis and interpretation of data. In this unit, you will learn the
types of data collection method to be used in different studies or researches. Also,
you learn in unit 1 the importance of determining a sample size in a population. In
this unit, you will learn the different sampling techniques both probability and
non-probability. It is necessary to learn these two (2) concepts to make your
future researches scientific particularly in gathering your data and determining the
samples of your study.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this unit, you are expected to:
1. Identify the type of data collection method to be used in different studies
or researches
2. Apply the appropriate sampling technique during data collection

Activating Prior Knowledge

Given the following research studies, determine the possible respondents of the
study and possible ways how/where to gather the data needed. Write your answers
on the box provided.
Possible How/Where to gather
Research studies
Respondents the data
Data inconsistencies in
Filipinos’ birth certificate
Common violations of
motorcycle riders and
tricycle drivers
Favorite foreign movie of
CSU students
Study Habits of teacher
education students in CSU
Crime rates in Tuguegarao
City, Cagayan
Licensure examination
performance of teacher
education students in CSU
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 Unit 2: Data Collection and Sampling Techniques

Topic 1. Data Collection

Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
1. Define, differentiate and cite examples of the sources of data
2. Determine the most appropriate way of collecting data given a research
problem

Presentation of Content
Sources of Data
In conducting a study or research, collection of data is the first step. Data may be
gathered from primary or secondary sources.
The difference between primary and secondary data in Statistics is that primary
data is collected firsthand by a researcher through experiments, surveys,
questionnaires, focus group discussions, and conducting interviews while the
secondary data is readily available to the public through publications, journals and
newspapers.
Primary Sources of Data
Primary data are raw data (data without fabrication/not tailored) which has just
been collected from the source and has not gone any kind of statistical treatment
like sorting and tabulation. Primary data are firsthand information.
Example: Information derived from personal interview and survey questionnaires
Secondary Sources of Data
Secondary data are obtained through the use of existing records or data collected
by other entities for certain purposes.
Example: Data derived from government agencies, administrative records, news
articles, books, encyclopedia, journals, magazines, and research or studies
conducted by other individuals.
Reminder: When you use existing data in your research, make sure that you use a
quality data (know how the data were gathered). In addition, remember to ask
permission and acknowledge the source of data you use in your study.

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 Unit 2: Data Collection and Sampling Techniques

Different Ways of Collecting Data

The Direct or Interview Method
In this method, the researcher has a direct contact with the interviewee. The
researcher obtains the information needed by asking questions and inquiries from
the interviewee. This method is usually used in business research.
For example, a business firm would interview residents of a certain barangay
regarding their favorite brand of toothpaste, soap or shoes. TV personnel would
ask televiewers about their favorite noontime show. Even political analysts use
this method to determine public opinion or preferences for candidates in
upcoming elections.
Using this method, the researcher can get more accurate answers on responses
since clarifications can be made if the interviewee or respondent does not
understand the question. However, this method is costly and time-consuming.
The Indirect or Questionnaire Method
This method makes use of written questionnaire. The researcher gives or
distributes the questionnaire to the respondents either by personal delivery or by
mail. Using this method, the researcher can save a lot of time and money in
gathering the information needed because questionnaires can be given to a large
number of respondents at the same time.
However, the researcher cannot expect that all distributed questionnaire will be
retrieved because some respondents simply ignore the questionnaires. In addition,
clarifications cannot be made if the respondent does not understand the question.
The Registration Method
This method of collecting data is govern by laws. For example, birth and death
rates are registered in the National Statistics Office for records and future use. The
number of registered cars can be found at the Land Transportation Office (LTO).
The list of registered voter in the Philippines is found in the Commission on
Elections (COMELEC). This method of gathering data is perhaps the most
reliable because this is enforced by law.
The Experimental Method
This method is usually used to find out the cause and effect relationships.
Scientific researchers often use this method. For example, agriculturists would
like to know the effect of a new brand of fertilizers on the growth of plants. The
new kind of fertilizers will be applied to ten sets of plants.

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 Unit 2: Data Collection and Sampling Techniques

Application
Identify the source of data (primary or secondary) used in the different ways of
collecting data. Then, enumerate at least 3 advantages and 3 disadvantages in the
different ways of collecting data. Write your answers on the given table.
Ways of
Advantages Disadvantages
Collecting Data
Direct or Interview
Method

Source of Data:
______________
Indirect or
Questionnaire
Method

Source of Data:
______________
Registration
Method

Source of Data:
______________

Experimental
Method

Source of Data:
______________

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 Unit 2: Data Collection and Sampling Techniques

Feedback
Identify the data collection method used by determining the source of data and
most appropriate way of collecting the data.
Way of
Source of
Data collection Procedure collecting
data
the data
A researcher wanted to determine common
violations of motorcycle riders and tricycle drivers
in Tuguegarao City. The data needed was reqested
to the Land Transportation Office (LTO) of
Cagayan.
A teacher determined the effectiveness of a new
teaching style on the performance of students. In one
class (control group), he applied traditional way of
teaching which is lecture method while on the other
class (experiment group) he used the new teaching
style. The performance of the two groups was then
compared.
The website of Cagayan State University provided a
questionnaire instrument about anxiety level during
COVID 19 pandemic that can be answered
electronically by students and employess of CSU.
The Dean of the College of Teacher of Education of
CSU would like to determine the performance of
their graduates in the Licensure Examination for
Teacher (LET) along General Education,
Professional Education, and Major. The data needed
were provided by the Professional Regulation
Commisssion (PRC).
Students recorded the number of minutes to travel
from their houses to CSU during peak and off-peak
hours.
CSU enumerators are conducting a Tracer study so
they go around the province to interview graduates
on employment-related variables.

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 Unit 2: Data Collection and Sampling Techniques

Topic 2. Sampling Techniques

Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
1. Define sampling and determine its importance
2. Differentiate the sampling techniques both probability and non-probability
3. Determine the most appropriate sampling technique to use given a
research situation

Presentation of Content

Sampling is defined as measuring a small portion of something and then making a

general statement about the whole thing (Bradfield & Moredock, 1957).

Why do we need sampling?

Sampling makes possible the study of a large, heterogeneous population.
Sampling is for economy, speed, and accuracy.
Sampling saves the sources of data from being all consumed.

General Types of Sampling

Probability Sampling
Non-probability Sampling
Probability Sampling
The sample is a proportion (a certain percent) of the population and such sample
is selected from the population by means of some systematic way in which every
element of the population has a chance of being included in the sample.
Types of Probability Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
Systematic Sampling
Stratified Sampling
Cluster Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
Simple Random Sampling is a sampling technique where members of the
population are selected in such a way that each member has an equal chance of
being selected. It is also called the lottery or raffle type of sampling.

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 Unit 2: Data Collection and Sampling Techniques

Systematic Sampling
In systematic sampling, one chooses a starting point and then select every kth
(such as every 5th) element in the population.
Stratified Sampling
With stratified sampling, the population is subdivided into at least two different
subpopulations (or strata) that share the same characteristics (such as gender), and
then a sample is drawn from each stratum.
Cluster Sampling
In cluster sampling, the population area is divided into sections (or clusters), a
few of those sections are randomly selected, and then all the members from the
selected sections are chosen as samples.

Non-probability Sampling
The sample is not a proportion of the population and there is no system in
selecting the sample. The selection is dependent on the situation from which the
sample is taken. This technique lacks objectivity of the selection. It is sometimes
called subjective sampling.
Types of Non-Probability Sampling
Convenience Sampling
Quota Sampling
Purposive Sampling
Snowball Sampling
Convenience Sampling
This is used because of the convenience it offers to the researchers.
Example: The researcher wishes to investigate the most popular noontime show
may just interview the respondents through the telephone.
Quota Sampling
In this type of sampling, the proportions of the various subgroups in the
population are determined and the sample is drawn to have the same percentage in
it.
Example: Suppose we want to determine the teenager’s most favorite brand of t –
shirt. If there are 1000 female and 1000 male teenagers and we want to draw 150
members for our sample, we can select 75 female and 75 male teenagers from the
population without using randomization.

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 Unit 2: Data Collection and Sampling Techniques

Purposive Sampling
This is based on certain criteria laid down by the researcher. People who satisfy
the criteria are interviewed. In purposive sampling, the respondents are chosen on
the basis of their knowledge of the information desired.
Examples: If a research is to be conducted on the history of a place, the old people
of the place must be consulted and included in the sample.
Suppose the target is to find out the effectiveness of a certain kind of shampoo. Of
course bald fellows will not be included in the sample.
Snowball Sampling
In this type of sampling, research participants recruit other members for the study.
This method is particularly useful when participants might be hard to find.
For example, a study on working prostitutes or current heroin users.

Application
Determine the boons and banes of the different sampling techniques. Write your
answers on the given table.
Sampling
Boons Banes
Techniques
Simple Random
Sampling
Systematic
Sampling
Stratified Sampling

Cluster Sampling
Convenience
Sampling
Quota Sampling

Purposive Sampling

Snowball Sampling

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 Unit 2: Data Collection and Sampling Techniques

Feedback
Read the following researches published in refereed journals. Determine the
sampling technique/s used and explain why the researchers used such sampling
technique.

Published Researches Sampling Reasons for using

Technique/s the sampling
used technique
Instructional leadership beliefs of
Filipino pre-service teachers
Rudolf T. Vecaldo, Cagayan State
University
International Journal of Evaluation and
Research in Education (IJERE)
Vol. 8, No. 4, December 2019, pp.
596~603
http://ijere.iaescore.com/index.php/IJER
E/article/view/20275
Extent of Readiness of Grade 10
Students for
General Mathematics of Senior High
School
in Sorsogon City, Philippines
Cesar Del Ayre Herrera, Jr. and Ryan V.
Dio, Sorsogon State College
Asia Pacific Journal of Education, Arts
and Sciences, Vol. 3 No. 4, October 2016
http://apjeas.apjmr.com/wp-
content/uploads/2016/10/APJEAS-
2016.3.4.01.pdf

Dietary Diversity Score (DDS)

Difference
Among Preschool Children (PSC) in
Rural and
Urban Communities
Kim Leonard G. dela Luna
University of the Philippines-Manila
Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary
Research, Vol. 7, No. 2, May, 2019
http://www.apjmr.com/wp-
content/uploads/2019/06/APJMR-2019-
7.2.007.pdf

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 Unit 2: Data Collection and Sampling Techniques

Reflection
Congratulations! You are done with the second unit of this module. Now, go back
to the activities and lessons you have taken in this unit and answer the following
questions. Limit your answers for each question to 5 to 10 sentences only.
1. What made you successful with this unit of instruction?
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2. What do you still want to learn about?

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3. How might you use what you learned in the future in your life or
profession?
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 Unit 2: Data Collection and Sampling Techniques

References
Albert, J. R. (2008). Basic statistics for the tertiary level (with applications in
excel). Rex Bookstore.

Asaad, Abubakar S. (2008). Statistics made simple for researchers. Quezon City
Rex Printing Company, Inc.

Balanos, A. B. (2003). Probability and statistical concepts: an introduction.

Manila, Philippines: Rex Bookstore.

Commission on Higher Education and Philippine Normal University (2016).

Teaching guide for senior high school statistics and probability.

Deauna, M. C. (2011). Applied educational statistics 1. Quezon City C & E

Publishing, Inc.

Devore, J. L. (2004). Probability and statistics for engineers and the sciences.(6th
ed.). Belmont, CA Thompson

Diego, A. M. (2005). Fundamentals of statistics. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing.

Gravetter, F. J., & Wallnau, L. B. (2009). Statistics for the behavioural sciences.
California USA Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.

Keller, G. (2002). Statistics: a systematic approach. Belmont, California:

Wadsworth Publishing Company.

Mendenhall, W. (2003). Introduction to probability and statistics. (10th ed.).

Duxbury Press Books/Cole Publishing Company.

Paano, R. R. (2007). Understanding statistics in the behavioural sciences.

Singapore. Wadsworth.

Triola, W. (2001). Elementary Statistics. USA. Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.

Walpole, R. (2002). Introduction to statistics. (3rd ed.). Pearson Education Asia

Pte. Ltd.

Electronic Sources:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8WdSJhEIrQk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8U7UUHVaVVo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H9ITfdaX2ZQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7m51Vzndhdo

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 Unit 2: Data Collection and Sampling Techniques

https://www3.nd.edu/~rwilliam/stats1/x21.pdf
http://www.mathportal.org/calculators/statistics-calculator/normal-distribution-
calculator.php
https://blog.udemy.com/importance-of-statistics/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=095BdbOunPU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=be9e-Q-jC-0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0zZYBALbZgg
https://www.academia.edu/34527054/Textual_presentation_of_data

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