Fluid Mechanics

Problem-1: A simple manometer is used to measure the

pressure of oil (Specific gravity = 0.8) flowing in a pipe line. Its
right limb is open to the atmosphere and the left limb is
connected to the pipe. The centre of pipe is 90 mm below the
level of mercury (Sp. Gr. = 13.6) in the right limb. If the
difference of mercury levels in the two limbs is ℎ2 = 150 mm.
Find the pressure of oil in pipe.
Solution: ℎ1 = 150 – 90 = 60 mm
h = 𝑆2 ℎ2 – 𝑆1 ℎ1
= 13.6 x 150 – 0.8 x 60 = 1992 mm = 1.992 m of water
∴ P = wh = 9.81 x 1.992 = 19.54 kN/𝑚2
Problem-2: A simple manometer containing mercury was used to
find the negative pressure in the pipe containing water 20 mm
height on 50 mm mercury in left limb. The right limb of the
manometer was open to the atmosphere. Find the negative
pressure below the atmosphere in the pipe.
Solution: h + 𝑆1 ℎ1 + 𝑆2 ℎ2 = 0.
h = - 𝑆1 ℎ1 - 𝑆2 ℎ2
= - 1 x 20 – 13.6 x 50 = - 700 mm = - 0.7 m of water.
∴ P = wh = 9.81 x (- 0.7) = - 6.867 kN/𝑚2 .
Problem-3: A differential manometer connected at the two points A and B at the same level in a
pipe containing on of specific gravity 0.8, shows a difference in mercury levels as 100 mm.
Determine the difference in pressures at the two point.
Solution: 𝑆1 = 0.8; 𝑆2 = 13.6 & h = 100 mm.
ℎ𝐴 - ℎ𝐵 = (𝑆2 - 𝑆1) h = (13.6 – 0.8) x 100 = 1280 mm = 1.28 m of water.
Problem-4: A U – tube differential manometer connects two pressure
pipes A and B. The pipe A contains carbon tetrachloride having a Sp. gr.
1.6 under a pressure of 120 kPa. The pipe B contains oil of Sp. gr. 0.8
under a pressure of 200 kPa. The pipe A lies 2.5 m above pipe B. Find
the difference of pressures measured by mercury as fluid filling U – tube.
𝑃 120
Solution: ℎ𝐴 = = = 12.2 m of water
𝑊𝑤 9.81
200
ℎ𝐵 = = 20.4 m of water
9.41
Faruque Abdullah
Practical Engineering
ℎ𝐴 + 𝑆1 ℎ1 + 𝑆2 h = ℎ𝐵 + 𝑆2 h
=> 12.2 + 1.6 x 2.5 + 13.6 x h = 20.4 + 0.8 x h
=> h = 0.328 m
Problem-5: Find out the horizontal and vertical force for the
following figure.
1 1
Solution: Area of ABC = x π x 62 - x 6 x 5.2
6 2

= 3.25 𝑚2
6
∴ 𝑃𝐻 = wa𝑥̅ = 9.81 x (6 x 1) x = 176.58 kN.
2
∴ 𝑃𝑉 = w * Volume
= 9.81 x (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎)𝐴𝐵𝐶 x 1 = 9.81 x 3.25 x 1 = 31.88 kN.
Problem-6: Diameter of a pipe is 4 ft. Angle of inclination θ = 300 . The pressure
in the centre of pipe = 5 psi. Determine the pressure at top & bottom level.
Solution: OA = OB; OQ = OP = 2′
𝑂𝑃
∴ OB = = 2.31′
𝑐𝑜𝑠300
∴ 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 5 – γh = 5 – (62.4 x 2.31)/144 = 4 psi
∴ 𝑃𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 5 + γh = 5 + (62.4 x 2.31)/144 = 6 psi
Problem-7: A venturimeter with a 150 mm diameter at inlet and 100 mm at throat is laid with its
axis horizontal and is used to measuring the flow of oil of Sp. gr. 0.9. The oil – mercury differential
manometer shows a gauge difference of 200 mm. Assume, coefficient of the meter as 0.98.
Calculate the discharge in liters per minute.
𝜋 𝜋
Solution: 𝑎1 = 𝑑1 2 = x 0.152 = 17.07 x 10−3 𝑚2
4 4
𝜋 𝜋
𝑎2 = 𝑑2 2 = x 0.102 = 7.854 x 10−3 𝑚2
4 4
13.6−0.9
h = 0.2 x ( ) = 2.82 m of oil
0.9
𝐶𝑎1 𝑎2
∴ Q= √2𝑔ℎ = 63.9 x 10−3 𝑚3 /sec = 3834 Liter/min.
√𝑎1 2 − 𝑎2 2

Problem-8: A small rectangular orifice 200 mm deep and 500 mm wide is discharging water under
a constant head of 400 mm. What will be the discharge through the orifice in liter/sec. If the co-
efficient of discharge for the orifice is 0.6.
Solution: a = b x d = 0.5 x 0.2 = 0.1 𝑚2

Q = 𝐶𝑑 a √2𝑔ℎ = 0.6 x 0.1 x √2 𝑥 9.8 𝑥 0.4 = 0.168 𝑚3 /s = 168 liter/s.

Problem-9: If the length & height of a measuring tank is 45 cm and 30.5 cm respectively.
Collection time is 74 s. Initial reading (IR) = 0 cm. Final reading = 10 cm. Find out the head loss.
Solution: A = 45 x 30.5 = 1372.5 𝑐𝑚2 ; l = 45 cm.
Difference between FR & IR = 10 – 0 = 10 cm
Volume of water, V = 1372.5 x 10 = 13725 𝑐𝑚3
𝑉 13725
∴ Q= = = 185.47 𝑐𝑚3 /s
𝑡 74
𝑄 185.47
∴ V= = = 0.135 cm/s
𝐴 1372.5
4𝑓𝑙𝑉 2 4𝑓 𝑥 45 𝑥 0.1352 𝑓
∴ Head loss, ℎ𝑓 = = = 16.72
2𝑔𝐷 2 𝑥 (9.81/100) 𝑥 𝐷 𝐷

Problem-10: Water flowing through a pipe of 70 mm diameter under a gauge pressure of 3.5
kg/𝑐𝑚2 and with a mean velocity of 1.5 m/sec. The pipe is 7 m above datum line. Neglecting
friction, determine total head of water.
𝑉2 𝑃 1.52 3.5 𝑥 1002
Solution: Total head = z + + =7+ + = 42.11 m.
2𝑔 𝛾 2 𝑥 9.81 1000

Problem-11: A pipe lying at a head of 525 m one end P and other end Q at elevation is 580 m.
Diameter of pipe at P & Q are 50 mm & 70 mm. Discharge, Q = 70 Liter/s, if pressure at P is 100
kN/𝑚2 . Then find pressure at Q when head loss is 1 m water is flowing from P to Q.
Solution: 𝜋 50
2 2 𝐴𝑃 = x( )2 = 1.96 x 10−3 𝑚2
𝑉𝑝 𝑃1 𝑉𝑄 𝑃2 4 1000
Now, 𝑍1 + + =𝑍 + + +ℎ 𝜋 70 2
2𝑔 𝛾 2
2𝑔 𝛾 𝑓
𝐴𝑄 = x ( ) = 3.84 x 10−3 𝑚2
2 2 4 1000
35.71 100 18.23 𝑃2
=> 525 + + = 580 + + +1 Q = 70 Liter/s = 0.07 𝑚3 /s
2 𝑥 9.81 9.81 2 𝑥 9.81 9.81 𝑄
=> 𝑃2 = 2.25 x 9.81 = 22.1 kN/𝑚2 𝑉𝑝 =
𝐴𝑃
= 35.71 m/s
𝑄
𝑉𝑄 = = 18.23 m/s
𝐴𝑄
Problem-12: A lake had a water surface elevation of 103.2 m above datum at the beginning of a
month. The lake received an inflow 6 𝑚3 /s from surface runoff sources. In the same period, the
outflow from the lake 6.5 𝑚3 /s. The lake received a rainfall 145 mm and the evaporation from the
lake surface 6.10 cm. Write water budget equation and calculate the water surface elevation at the
end of the month, A = 5000 ha.
Solution: Inflow volume – Outflow volume = Change in storage
=> (𝐼 ̅ x ∆t + P x A) – (𝑄̅ x ∆t + E X A) = ∆S
=> ∆S = (6 x 30 x 24 x 3600 + 0.145 x 5000 x 104 ) – (6.5 x 30 x 24 x 3600 + 0.061 x 5000 x
104 ) = 2.9 x 106 𝑚3
 ∆S 2.9 x 106
∴ ∆Z = = = 0.0508 m
𝐴 5000 x 104
∴ Elevation = 103.2 + 0.0508 = 103.2508 m.
Problem-13: A small catchment of 150 ha area received a rainfall of 10.5 cm in 90 min due to a
storm. At outlet, the stream draining the catchment was dry before storm and experienced a runoff
lasting for 10 hours with an average discharge of 1.5 𝑚3 /s. The stream was again dry after the
runoff event. (a) What is the amount of water which has not available to runoff due to combined
effect of infiltration, evaporation and transpiration? (b) What is the ratio of runoff to precipitation?
10.5
Solution: (a) P = 150 x 104 x = 157500 𝑚3
100

R = 1.5 x 10 x 3600 = 54000 𝑚3

∴ L = P – R = 157500 – 54000 = 103500 𝑚3
𝑅𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑓𝑓 54000
(b) = = 0.343
𝑅𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 157500

Problem-14: The rainfall of station A, B and C is 8.5, 6.7 and 9.0 cm respectively. If the a.a.r.
for the stations are 75, 84, 70 and 90 cm respectively. Estimate the storm rainfall at station D.
1 8.5 6.7 9.0
Solution: The average value of PD = [ x 90 + x 90 + x 90] = 9.65 cm.
3 75 84 70

Problem-15: The rainfall of station A, B, C and D is 8.5, 6.7, 9.0 and 9.65 cm respectively. If the
a.a.r. for the stations A, B and C are 75, 84 and 70 cm respectively. Estimate the storm rainfall at
station D.
1 8.5 6.7 9.0
Solution: The average value of PD = [ x a.a.r of D + x a.a.r of D + x a.a.r of D]
3 75 84 70

= 9.65 cm.
∴ a.a.r. of D = 90 cm.
Problem-16: Determine the optimum number of rain-gauge considering the error in the mean
value of rainfall to 10% from the following basin.
Solution:

Station Normal annual Difference Difference2 Satisfaction

rainfall, x parameters
(x-𝑥) (x − 𝑥)2
cm 𝑥, σ, Cv

A 88 -4.8 23 ∑x
𝑥=
n
B 104 11.2 125.4 = 92.8

C 138 45.2 2040 ∑(x−𝑥)2

σ=√
n−1
D 78 -14.8 219
3767
=√
5−1
E 56 -36.8 1360
= 30.7
∑(x − 𝑥)2 Cv =
σ
=
30.7
x 100
n=5 ∑ x = 464 𝑥 92.8
= 3767.4
= 33.1 %

𝐶𝑣 33.1 2
N=( )2 = ( ) = 11.09 ≈ 11 [P = error in the mean value of rainfall = 10%]
𝑃 10

Additional rain gauge required = 11- 5 = 6.

Problem-17: A catchment has 6 rain gauge stations. In a year, the annual rainfall recorded by the
gauge’s area as follows:
Station A B C D E F
Rainfall (cm) 82.6 102.9 180.3 110.3 98.8 136.7
(a) Determine the standard error in the estimation of mean rainfall in the existing set of rain gauge.
(b) For a 10% error in the estimation of the mean rainfall. Calculate the optimum Nos. of rain
gauge.
82.6+102.9+180.3+110.3+98.8+136.7
Solution: m = 6; 𝑃̅ = = 118.6 cm
6

(82.6−118.6)2 + (102.9−118.6)2 + (180.3−118.6)2 + (110.3−118.6)2 + (98.8−118.6)2 + (136.7−118.6)2

𝜎𝑚−1 = √ 6−1

= 35.04 cm
100 𝑥 𝜎𝑚−1
𝐶𝑉 = = 29.54
𝑃̅
 𝐶𝑉 29.54
(a) P = = = 12.06%
√𝑚 √6
𝐶𝑣 29.54 2
(b) N = ( )2 = ( ) = 8.72 ≈ 9
P 10

∴ Additional rain gauge required = 9 – 6 = 3.

Problem-18: Analysis of data on maximum one – day rainfall depth at Chennai indicated that a
depth of 300 mm had a return period of 50 years. Determine the probability of a one – day rainfall
depth equal to or greater than 300 mm occurring (a) Once in 20 successive years (b) two times in
15 successive years (c) at least once in 20 successive years.
Solution: T = 1/p => p = 1/T = 1/50 = 0.02
∴ q = 1 – p = 0.98
20! 20!
(a) 𝑃1,20 = 𝑃1 𝑞20−1 = (0.02)1 (0.98)20−1 = 0.272 = 27.2%
(20−1)!1! (20−1)!1!

15! 15!
(b) 𝑃2,15 = 𝑃2 𝑞15−1 = (0.02)2 (0.98)15−2 = 0.323 = 32.3%
(15−1)!2! (15−1)!1!

(c) 𝑃1 = 1 - 𝑞 𝑛 = 1 – 0.9820 = 0.32 = 32%

Problem-19: A reservoir with a surface area of 250 ha had the following average values of climate
parameters during a week. Water temperature = 200 C; relative humidity = 40%; wind speed at 1
m above ground surface = 16 km/h. Estimate the average daily evaporation from the lake by using
Meyer’s formula.
17.27𝑡
𝑢9 = 𝑢1 x (9)1/7 = 16 x (9)1/7 = 21.9 km/h
Solution: 𝑒𝑤 = 4.584 x 𝑒 237.3+𝑡 𝑈9
= 17.55 mm of Hg 𝐸𝐿 = 𝑘𝑚 (𝑒𝑤 - 𝑒𝑎 ) (1 + ) = 8.97 mm/day
16
𝑒𝑎 = 0.4 𝑒𝑤 = 7.02 mm of Hg
Problem-20: Rainfall of magnitude 3.8 cm and 2.8 cm occurring on two consecutive 4 hr. durations
on a catchment of area 27 𝑘𝑚2 produced the following hydrograph of flow at the outlet of the
catchment. Find rainfall excess & ∅ index. [Dhaka WASA – 2017]
Time (h) 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66
Flow (𝑚3 /s) 5 13 26 21 16 12 9 7 5 5 4.5 4.5
3
Solution: Here base flow = 5 𝑚 /s
Time (h) 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48
Flow without base flow (𝑚3 /s) 0 8 21 16 11 7 4 2 0
1 1 1 1 1
Runoff volume = (6 x 60 x 60) [ (0 + 8) + (8 + 21) + (21 + 16) + (16 + 11) + (11 + 7)
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
+ (7 + 4) + (4 + 2) + (2)] = 1.4904 x 106 𝑚3
2 2 2
𝑅𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 1.4904 x 106
∴ Runoff depth = = = 0.0552 m = 5.52 cm (rainfall excess)
𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 27 x 106
Total rainfall = 3.8 + 2.8 = 6.6 cm
Duration = 4 + 4 = 8 hr.
6.6−5.52
∴ ∅ – index = = 0.135 cm/hr.
8

Problem-21: The peak of flood hydrograph due to a 3h duration isolated storm in a catchment is
270 𝑚3 /s. The total depth of rainfall is 5.9 cm. Assuming avg. infiltration loss of 0.3 cm/h and a
constant base flow of 20 𝑚3 /s. (a) Estimate the peak of the 3h unit hydrograph of this catchment.
(b) If the area of the catchment is 576 𝑘𝑚2 , determine the base width of the 3h unit hydrograph by
assuming it to be triangular in shape.
Solution: (a) Rainfall excess = Total rainfall – loss = 5.9 – (0.3 x 3) = 5 cm
Peak of DRG = 270 – 20 = 250 𝑚3 /s
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑅𝐻 250
∴ Peak of 3h unit hydrograph = = = 50 𝑚3 /s.
𝑅𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 5

(b) Let, base width = B in hours.

Volume represented by the area of UH = Area of catchment x 1 cm
1
=> 0.5 x B x 60 x 60 x 50 = 567 x 106 x => B = 63 hr.
100

Problem-22: The value of peak of a 6h flood hydrograph is 35 𝑚3 /s and constant base flow is 10
𝑚3 /s. If the rainfall depth is 3.25 cm and infiltration rate is 0.125 cm/h. Determine peak of 6h unit
hydrograph and runoff coefficient? [BWDB – 2016]
Solution: Rainfall excess = 3.25 – 6 x 0.125 = 2.5 cm
Peak of DRH = 35 – 10 = 25 𝑚3 /s
25
Peak of 6h unit hydrograph = = 10 𝑚3 /s
2.5
𝑅𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑓𝑓 2.5
Runoff coefficient = = = 0.77
𝑅𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 3.25

Problem-23: The hourly ordinated of 6h unit hydrograph for a particular basin is 36 cumec. The
flood peak due to 6h storm was 130 cumec. The constant base flow is 6 cumec and avg. storm loss
6 mm/hr. Determine the depth of storm rainfall and stream flow at successive 3 hr. interval.
Assume the wall surface. [BUET]
Solution: Peak of DRH = 130 – 6 = 124 𝑚3 /s
Peak of UH = 36 𝑚3 /s
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑅𝐻 124
Peak of 6h UH = => Rainfall excess = = 3.44 cm
𝑅𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 36
Storm rainfall depth = 3.44 + (0.6 X 6) = 7.04 cm
Direct runoff = 36 x 3.44 = 123.84 𝑚3 /s
Stream flow = 123.84 + 6 = 129.84 𝑚3 /s.
Problem-24: A trapezoidal channel has a bottom width of 6 m and side slopes of 2:1. Compute the
discharge and determine the state of flow in this channel if the depth flow is 1.5 m and the mean
velocity of flow is 2.30 m/s. If elementary waves are created in this channel, determine the speed
of the wave fronts upstream & downstream.
Solution: B = b + 2Sh = 6 + 2 x 2 x 1.5 = 12 m
A = (b + Sh) h = 13.5 𝑚2

P = b + 2√1 + 𝑆 2 h = 12.71 m
𝐴
R= = 1.06 m
𝑃
𝐴
D= = 1.13 m
𝐵

Q = AV = 13.5 x 2.3 = 31.05 𝑚3 /s

𝑈𝑅 2.3 𝑥 1.06
Re = = = 2.44 x 106 > 12500
𝜗 10−6
𝑈 2.3
Fr = = = 0.69 < 1
√𝑔𝐷 √9.81 𝑥 1.13

∴ Flow is subcritical turbulent.

Again, C = √𝑔𝐷 = 3.33 m/s

∴ Speed of wave fronts upstream = C – V = 3.33 – 2.3 = 1.03 m/s

∴ Speed of wave fronts upstream = C + V = 3.33 + 2.3 = 5.63 m/s
Problem-25: A circular channel 2.75 m in diameter carries a discharge of 6.55 𝑚3 /s at a depth of
1.1 m. Determine the state of flow.
Solution: 𝑑0 = 2.75 m, Q = 6.55 𝑚3 /s, h = 1.1 m
2ℎ 2 𝑥 1.1
ω = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (1 - ) = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (1 - ) = 1570 = 2.74 rad
𝑑0 2.75

B = 𝑑0 sin(ω/2) = 2.75 * sin(2.74/2) = 2.69 m

𝑑0 2 2.752
A = (ω – sinω) = [2.74 – sin(2.74)] x = 2.22 𝑚2
8 8
ω𝑑0 2.74 𝑥 2.75
P= = = 3.77 m
2 2
R = A/P = 0.59 m; D = A/B = 0.82 m
V = Q/A = 2.95 m/s
𝑈𝑅 2.95 𝑥 0.59
Re = = = 1.74 x 106 > 12500
𝜗 10−6
𝑈 2.95
Fr = = = 1.04 > 1
√𝑔𝐷 √9.81 𝑥 0.82

∴ Flow is supercritical turbulent.

Problem-26: Flow modulus of a city for 25% area is 2.84, for 50% area is 3.12, for 15% area is
1.32, for 10% area is 1.82. Find the combined flow modulus of the city. [BUET]
25 𝑥 2.84+50 𝑥 3.12+15 𝑥 1.32+10 𝑥 1.82
Solution: Combined flow modulus = = 2.65
25+50+15+10
𝑧
Problem-27: In a wide channel the velocity varies along a vertical as u = 1 + 3 , where h is the
ℎ
total depth and u sis the velocity at a depth z from the channel bottom. (a) Compute the discharge
per unit width (b) Determine the state of flow, h = 5 m & (c) Compute velocity distribution
coefficient.
1 ℎ 1 ℎ 𝑧 1 3 𝑧2 1 3
Solution: (a) U = ∫0 𝑢𝑑𝑧 = ∫ (1 + 3 ℎ)𝑑𝑧 = [𝑧 + ]ℎ = (h + h) = 2.5 m/s
ℎ ℎ 0 ℎ ℎ 2 0 ℎ 2

q = Uh = 2.5 x 5 = 12.50 𝑚2 /s
𝑈𝑅 2.5 𝑥 5
(b) Re = = = 12.5 x 106 > 12500
𝜗 10−6
𝑈 2.5
Fr = = = 0.36 < 1
√𝑔𝐷 √9.81 𝑥 5

∴ Flow is subcritical turbulent.

ℎ
∫0 𝑢3 𝑑𝑧 1 ℎ 𝑧 1 ℎ 𝑍 𝑧2 𝑧3 21.25ℎ
(c) α = = ∫ (1 + 3 ℎ)3 𝑑𝐴 = 3 ∫0 [1 + 9 + 27 + 27 ]𝑑𝐴 = = 1.36
𝑈3ℎ 𝑈3ℎ 0 𝑈 ℎ ℎ ℎ2 ℎ3 2.53 ℎ
ℎ
∫0 𝑢2 𝑑𝑧 1 ℎ 𝑧 1 ℎ 𝑍 𝑧2 7ℎ
β= = ∫ (1 + 3 ℎ)3 𝑑𝑧 = 2 ∫0 [1 + 6 +9 ]𝑑𝑧 = = 1.12
𝑈2ℎ 𝑈2ℎ 0 𝑈 ℎ ℎ ℎ2 2.52 ℎ

Problem-28: Using the trapezoidal rule of numerical integration, compute the discharge per unit
width, the mean velocity and numerical values of α & β for the following velocity measurements
along a vertical in a wide channel when the depth of flow is 6 m.
z (m) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
u (m/s) 0 2.95 3.31 3.62 3.95 4.12 4.51
0+4.51
∑ 𝑢∆𝑧 ( +2.95+ 3.31+3.62+3.95+4.12) ∗ 1
2
Solution: U = = = 3.37 m/s [∆z = 1m]
ℎ 6
q = Uh = 3.37 x 6 = 20.21 𝑚2 /s
03 + 4.513
∑ 𝑢3 ∆𝑧 ( + 2.953 + 3.313 + 3.623 + 3.953 + 4.123 ) 𝑥 1
2
α= = = 1.25
𝑈3ℎ 3.373 𝑥 6
02 + 4.512
∑ 𝑢2 ∆𝑧 ( + 2.952 + 3.312 + 3.622 + 3.952 + 4.122 ) 𝑥 1
2
β= = = 1.11
𝑈2ℎ 3.372 𝑥 6

Problem-29: A spillway flip bucket has a radius of curvature of 20 m. If the flow depth at section
1 – 1 is 3 m and the discharge per unit width is 66 𝑚2 /s, compute pressure at A.
Solution: U = q/h = 66/3 = 22 m/s
𝑈2
P = γh (1 + )
𝑔𝑟

𝑈2
= ρgh (1 + )
𝑔𝑟

222
= 1000 x 9.81 x 3 x (1 + )
9.81 𝑥 20

= 102030 N/𝑚2
Problem-30: Figure shows a sharp crested weir in a rectangular channel. If the discharge per unit
width of the weir is 4 𝑚2 /s. Estimate the energy loss due to the weir and force on the weir plate
for the submerged flow condition.
Solution: 𝑈1 = q/ℎ1 = 4/2 = 2 m/s; 𝑈2 = q/ℎ2 = 4/1.5 = 2.67 m/s
𝑉1 2 𝑉2 2
We know, 𝑍1 + + ℎ1 = 𝑍2 + + ℎ2 + ℎ𝐿
2𝑔 2𝑔

𝑉1 2 𝑉2 2
=> ℎ𝐿 = ℎ1 – ℎ2 + – = 0.34 m of water.
2𝑔 2𝑔

Applying momentum equation:

ρq (𝑢2 – 𝑢1 ) = 𝐹1 - 𝐹2 - 𝐹𝑓
1 1
=> 4 x 1000 (2.67 – 2) = x 1000 x 22 – x 1000 x 1.52 - 𝐹𝑓
2 2

∴ 𝐹𝑓 = 5917.08 N.

Problem-31: For a trapezoidal channel b = 6, s = 2, compute the critical depth for Q = 50 𝑚3 /s, α
= 1.
Solution: A = h (b + sh); B = b + 2sh; D = A/B
 𝑄 50
𝑍𝐶 = = = 15.964
√𝑔⁄𝛼 √9.81/1

h A B D Z = A√𝐷 Remarks
(m) (𝑚2 ) (m) (m)
2 20 14 1.43 23.90 h needs to decrease
1.5 13.5 12 1.125 14.32 h needs to increase
1.6 14.72 12.8 1.187 16.04 Very close
∴ ℎ𝑐 = 1.6 m.
Problem-32: Compute critical depth and velocity in a (a) wide rectangular channel with q = 3
𝑚2 /s, (b) rectangular channel with b = 6m and Q = 20 𝑚3 /s, (c) triangular channel with s = 2 and
Q = 10 𝑚3 /s & (d) parabolic channel whose profile is given by 𝑦 2 = 4z with Q = 20 𝑚3 /s, α = 1.

3 𝛼𝑞 2 3 1 𝑥 32
Solution: For wide channel: ℎ𝑐 = √ =√ = 1.01 m
𝑔 9.81

𝑉𝑐 = q/ℎ𝑐 = 3/1.01 = 2.97 m/s

3 𝛼𝑄2 3 1 𝑥 202
For rectangular channel: ℎ𝑐 = √ =√ = 1.08 m
𝑔𝑏2 9.8 𝑥 62

𝐴𝑐 = bℎ𝑐 = 6 x 1.08 = 6.50 𝑚2 ; 𝑉𝑐 = Q/𝐴𝑐 = 20/6.50 = 3.08 m/s

5 2𝛼𝑄2 5 2 𝑥 1 𝑥 102
For triangular channel: ℎ𝑐 = √ =√ = 1.42 m
𝑔𝑠 2 9.81 𝑥 22

𝐴𝑐 = sℎ𝑐 2 = 2 x 1.422 = 4.01 𝑚2 ; 𝑉𝑐 = Q/𝐴𝑐 = 10/4.01 = 2.49 m/s

For parabolic channel: 𝑦 2 = 4z; z = 0.25 𝑦 2
∴ C = 0.25, Q = 20 𝑚3 /s, α = 1

4 27𝛼𝐶𝑄2 4 27 𝑥 1 𝑥 0.25 𝑥 202

ℎ𝑐 = √ =√ = 1.76 m
32𝑔 32 𝑥 9.81

4ℎ𝑐 3/2 4 𝑥 1.763/2

𝐴𝑐 = = = 6.24 𝑚2 ; 𝑉𝑐 = Q/𝐴𝑐 = 20/6.24 = 3.21 m/s
3√𝐶 3√0.25

Problem-33: Determine the numerical value of the hydraulic exponent for critical flow
computation M for a rectangular channel.
Solution: For rectangular channel, A = bh; B = b; D = A/B = h; dB/dh = 0
ℎ 𝑑𝐵 ℎ
∴ M= (3B – D )= (3b – h x 0) = 3.0
𝐴 𝑑ℎ 𝑏ℎ
Problem-34: Compute the hydraulic exponent for critical flow computation for a trapezoidal
channel with b = 6.1 m, s = 2 & h = 2 m.
20.2
Solution: A = h (b + 2sh) = 2 (6.1 + 2 x 2) = 20.2 𝑚2 ; D = A/B = = 1.43 m.
6.1+2 𝑥 2 𝑥 2
𝑑𝐵 𝑑
= (b + 2sh) = 2s = 2 x 2 = 4
𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ
ℎ 𝑑𝐵 2
∴ M= (3B – D )= (3 x 14.1 – 1.43 x 4) = 3.62
𝐴 𝑑ℎ 20.2

Problem-35: Compute the hydraulic exponent for critical flow computation for a triangular
channel.
𝑑𝐵
Solution: B = 2sh, A = sℎ2 , D = A/B, = 2s
𝑑ℎ
ℎ 𝑑𝐵 ℎ
∴ M= (3B – D )= (6sh – sh) = 5.0
𝐴 𝑑ℎ sℎ2

Problem-36: Water flows at a velocity of 1 m/s and a depth of 1.5 m in a rectangular channel of 3
m wide. Compute (a) The height of smooth upward step in the channel bed to produce critical
flow, (b) The change in depth and water level produced by – (i) A smooth upward step of 0.45 m
(ii) A smooth upward step of 0.80 m & (iii) A smooth downward step of 0.45 m. Assuming that
the discharge in the channel does not change. Neglect energy losses and take α = 1.
Solution: (a) v = 1 m/s, ℎ1 = 1.5 m, b = 3m
Q = av = 3 x 1.5 x 1 = 4.5 𝑚3 /s
𝑉 1
𝐹𝑟 = = = 0.26 < 1
√𝑔𝐷 √9.81 𝑥 1.5

Hence, the flow is subcritical.

3 𝛼𝑄2 3 1 𝑥 4.52
ℎ𝑐 = √ =√ = 0.61 m.
𝑔𝑏2 9.81 𝑥 32

𝑉1 2 12
Here, 𝐸1 = ℎ1 + = 1.5 + = 1.55 m
2𝑔 2 𝑥 9.81

𝐸𝑐 = 1.5ℎ𝑐 = 1.5 x 0.61 = 0.92 m

We get, 𝐸1 = 𝐸𝑐 + ∆𝑍𝐶 => ∆𝑍𝐶 = 0.63 m.
Change in water level = ℎ1 - ℎ𝑐 - ∆𝑍𝐶 = 0.26 m.
(b) (i) 𝐸1 = 1.55 m, 𝐸𝑐 = 0.92 m, ∆Z = 0.45 m
By energy equation,
𝑉1 2 𝑉2 2
ℎ1 + = ℎ2 + + ∆Z
2𝑔 2𝑔

=> 𝐸1 = 𝐸2 + ∆Z
=> 𝐸2 = 1.1 > 𝐸𝑐
𝑄 4.5 1.5
𝑉2 = = =
𝑏ℎ2 3ℎ2 ℎ2

𝑉2 2
=> ℎ2 + = 1.1
2𝑔
2.25
=> ℎ2 + = 1.1
2𝑔ℎ2 2
0.115
=> ℎ2 + = 1.1
ℎ2 2

=> ℎ2 3 – 1.1 ℎ2 2 + 0.115 = 0

∴ ℎ2 = - 0.29, 0.98, 0.4175
Since the flow is subcritical, therefore the depth is 0.98 m.
∆h = ℎ1 - ℎ2 - ∆Z = 0.07 m.
(ii) 𝐸1 = 𝐸2 + ∆Z
=> 𝐸2 = 1.55 – 0.8 = 0.75 < 𝐸𝑐 ; i.e. flow will not occur. [If E < 𝐸𝑐 , flow will not occur]
Therefore, the u/s flow will be affected. Assume, ℎ1 ′ is the new depth at u/s. The flow will occur
for minimum sp. Energy at downstream. Hence, 𝐸2 = 𝐸𝑐
2
′ 𝑉1 ′
ℎ1 + = 𝐸𝑐 + ∆Z
2𝑔

𝑄 1.5
𝑉1 ′ = 𝑏ℎ ′ = ℎ ′
1 1

2.25
=> ℎ1 ′ + 2 = 0.92 + 0.8
2𝑔ℎ1 ′
0.115
=> ℎ1 ′ + 2 = 1.72
ℎ1 ′
3 2
=> ℎ1 ′ – 1.72 ℎ1 ′ + 0.115 = 0
∴ ℎ1 ′ = - 0.24, 0.28, 1.68
Since the flow is subcritical, therefore ℎ1 ′ = 1.68 m.
 ∴ Drop in water level = ℎ1 ′ - ℎ𝑐 - ∆Z = 1.68 – 0.61 – 0.80 = 0.27 m
𝑉1 2 𝑉2 2
(iii) ℎ1 + + ∆Z = ℎ2 +
2𝑔 2𝑔

=> 𝐸1 + ∆Z = 𝐸2
=> 𝐸2 = 2.00 m
𝑉2 2
=> ℎ2 + = 2.00
2𝑔
2.25
=> ℎ2 + =2
2𝑔ℎ2 2
0.115
=> ℎ2 + =2
ℎ2 2

=> ℎ2 3 – 2 ℎ2 2 + 0.115 = 0
∴ ℎ2 = 1.97, 0.25, - 0.23
Since the flow is subcritical, therefore the depth is 1.97 m.
∆h = ℎ2 - ℎ1 - ∆Z = 0.02 m.
Problem-37: Water flows at a velocity of 1 m/s and a depth of 1.5 m in a long rectangular channel
3 m wide. Compute (a) The contraction in width of the channel for producing critical flow, (b) the
depth and change in water level produced by – (i) A smooth contraction in width to 2 m (ii) A
smooth contraction in width to 1 m (iii) A smooth expansion in width to 4 m. Assume that,
discharge is constant. Neglect energy loss and take, α = 1.
Solution: (a) v = 1 m/s, ℎ1 = 1.5 m, 𝑏1 = 3m
Q = av = 3 x 1.5 x 1 = 4.5 𝑚3 /s
𝑉1 2
By energy equation, 𝐸1 = ℎ1 +
2𝑔

12
= 1.5 + = 1.55 m
2 𝑥 9.81
1.55
𝐸1 = 𝐸𝑐 = 1.5ℎ𝑐 => ℎ𝑐 = = 1.03 m
1.5

3 𝛼𝑄2
ℎ𝑐 = √ => 𝑏𝑐 = 1.37 m
𝑔𝑏𝑐 2

Drop in water level = ℎ1 - ℎ𝑐 = 0.47 m.

(b) (i) 𝐸1 = 𝐸2
 𝑉2 2
=> 1.55 = ℎ2 +
2𝑔
𝑄 4.5 2.25
𝑉2 = = =
𝑏2 ℎ2 2 ℎ2 ℎ2

𝑉2 2
=> ℎ2 + = 1.55
2𝑔
5.06
=> ℎ2 + = 1.55
2𝑔ℎ2 2
0.258
=> ℎ2 + = 1.55
ℎ2 2

=> ℎ2 3 – 1.55 ℎ2 2 + 0.258= 0

∴ ℎ2 = 1.42 m.
∴ Drop in water level = ℎ1 - ℎ𝑐 = 1.5 – 1.42 = 0.08 m.
(ii) b = 1m < 𝑏𝑐 ; so flow is not possible. To continue the flow b = 𝑏𝑐 = 1.37 m.
𝑉1 2 𝑉2 2
ℎ1 + = ℎ2 +
2𝑔 2𝑔

𝑉2 2
=> 𝐸𝑐 = ℎ2 +
2𝑔
10.76
=> ℎ2 + = 1.55
2𝑔ℎ2 2

0.55
=> ℎ2 + = 1.55
ℎ2 2

=> ℎ2 3 – 1.55 ℎ2 2 + 0.55 = 0

∴ ℎ2 = 1.07 m
∴ Drop in water level = 1.5 – 1.07 = 0.43 m.
𝑉2 2
(iii) 𝐸1 = ℎ2 +
2𝑔

1.265
=> 1.55 = ℎ2 +
2𝑔ℎ2 2
0.0645
=> ℎ2 + = 1.55
ℎ2 2

=> ℎ2 3 – 1.55 ℎ2 2 + 0.0645 = 0

∴ ℎ2 = 1.52 m
∴ Rise in water level = 1.52 – 1.50 = 0.02 m.
Problem-38: Water flows in a 6 m wide rectangular channel at a depth of 2 m and a velocity of 2
m/s. The channel is contracted to a width of 3 m. How much the channel bottom is to be
simultaneously raised or lowered for the flow to be possible as specified? Neglect energy losses.
Take α = 1.
Solution: Q = AV = 6 x 2 x 2 = 24 𝑚3 /s
𝑉 2
𝐹𝑟 = = = 0.45 < 1; i.e. u/s flow is subcritical.
√𝑔𝐷 √9.81 𝑥 2

𝑉1 2 22
𝐸1 = ℎ1 + =2+ = 2.2 m
2𝑔 2 𝑥 9.81

For flow to be occur; minimum energy = 𝐸𝑐

3 𝛼𝑄2 3 1 𝑥 24 2
ℎ𝑐 = √ 2 =√ => ℎ𝑐 = 1.87 m
𝑔𝑏𝑐 9.81 𝑥 32

𝐸𝑐 = 1.5ℎ𝑐 = 2.80 m
Since, 𝐸𝑐 > 𝐸1
∴ 𝐸1 + ∆Z = 𝐸𝑐
=> ∆Z = 2.8 – 2.2 = 0.6 m.
Therefore, the bed is needed to be lowered by 0.6 m.
Problem-39: A broad crested weir is built in a rectangular channel of width 2 m. The height of the
weir crest above the channel bed is 1.20 m and the head over the weir is 0.80 m. Calculate
discharge.
Solution: ℎ𝑤 = 1.2 m, ℎ1 = 0.8 m, b = 2 m.

Q = 1.705bℎ11.5 = 1.705 x 2 x 0.81.5 = 2.44 𝑚3 /s.

Problem-40: Determine the height of broad crested weir (P) from given data. Width of flume = 25
cm, actual discharge = 7020.5 𝑐𝑚3 /s. Ignore head loss. [Janata – 2016]

3 𝛼𝑄2 3 1 𝑥 7020.52
Solution: ℎ𝑐 = √ =√ => ℎ𝑐 = 4.316 cm
𝑔𝑏𝑐 2 981 𝑥 252

ℎ1 = 1.5ℎ𝑐 = 6.47 cm
∴ P = 17.22 - ℎ1 = 17.33 – 6.47 = 10.86 cm.
Problem-41: A trapezoidal channel has a bottom width of 6 m & side slope 1:1. The depth of flow
is 1.5 m at a discharge of 15 𝑚3 /s. Determine specific energy in terms of head of water. [Meghna
– 2017, BUET]
 𝑄 15
Solution: Q = AV => V = = = 1.33 m/s
𝐴 11.25
𝑉2 1.332
∴ E=h+ = 1.5 + = 1.59 m.
2𝑔 2 𝑥 9.81

Problem-42: Calculate the sp. Energy of the trapezoidal canal 2H:1V and Q = 2700 l/s, b = 6 m
and depth = 1.5 m. [BUET]
Solution: A = 6 x 1.5 + 2 x 1.52 = 13.5 𝑚2 ; Q = 2.7 𝑚3 /s; V = Q/A = 2.7/13.5 = 0.2 m/s.
𝑉2 0.22
Sp. Energy = h + = 1.5 + = 1.502 m.
2𝑔 2 𝑥 9.81

Problem-43: Calculate the total head for 𝑍1 = 7 m, V = 25 m/s, P = 25 kN/𝑚2 . Neglect friction.
[BUET]
𝑃 𝑉2 25 252
Solution: Total head = 𝑍1 + + =7+ + = 41.40 m.
𝛾 2𝑔 9.81 2 𝑥 9.81

Problem-44: A rectangular channel is 6 m wide and laid on a slope of 0.25%. The channel is made
of concrete 𝑘𝑠 = 2 mm and carries water at a depth of 0.50 m. Compute the mean velocity of flow.
Solution: 𝑘𝑠 = 2 mm = 0.002 m, 𝑆0 = 0.25/100 = 0.0025
6 𝑥 0.5
R = A/P = = 0.4286 m
6+2 𝑥 0.5

𝑢∗ = √𝑔𝑅𝑆0 = √9.81 𝑥 0.4286 𝑥 0.0025 = 0.1025 m/s

𝑘𝑠 𝑢∗ 0.002 𝑥 0.1025
= = 205 > 70
𝜈 10−6

∴ The boundary is hydraulically rough.

𝑈 12.2𝑅 12.2 𝑥 0.4286
= 5.75 log => U = 5.75 log x 0.1025 = 2.014 m/s
𝑢∗ 𝑘𝑠 0.002

Problem-45: An open channel lined with concrete (𝑑50 = 1.5 mm) is laid on a slope of 0.1%. The
channel is trapezoidal with b = 6 m, s = 2. Compute the uniform flow in the channel if the depth
of flow is 2 m. Also compute the numerical values of Chezy’s C & friction factor f.
Solution: S = 1/100 = 0.001 ∅=1
V=
𝑄
𝑅 2/3 𝑆 1/2 A = (b + sh) h = (6 + 2 x 2) x 2 = 20 𝑚2
𝑛 P = b + 2√1 + 𝑠 2 h
1
= x 1.342/3 x 0.0011/2 = 3.066 m/s = 6 + 2√1 + 22 x 2 = 14.94 m
0.016
Q = AV = 20 x 3.066 = 61.31 m/s R = A/P = 1.34 m
1 1 𝑑50 = 1.5 mm = 0.0015 m
C = 𝑛 𝑅1/6 = 0.016 x 1.341/6 = 65.62 𝑚1/2/s
n = 0.047 𝑑501/6 = 0.016
8𝑔 8𝑔 8 𝑥 9.81
C=√ => f = = = 0.0182
𝑓 𝐶2 65.622
Problem-46: A wide channel with 𝑆0 = 0.0025 carries a discharge of 3 𝑚2 /s. Compute the normal
depth and velocity (i) using the manning formula when n = 0.020 and (ii) using the Chezy’s
formula when C = 45 𝑚1/2/s.
𝑛𝑞 3/5 0.020 𝑥 3 3/5
Solution: (i) ℎ𝑛 = ( ) =( ) = 1.12 m
√𝑆0 √0.0025

𝑞 3
∴ V= = = 2.69 m/s.
ℎ𝑛 1.12
𝑞 3
(ii) ℎ𝑛 = ( )2/3 = ( )2/3 = 1.21 m.
𝐶 √𝑆0 45√0.0025

𝑞 3
∴ V= = = 2.48 m/s.
ℎ𝑛 1.21

Problem-47: A triangular channel with side slopes of 2:1, a longitudinal slope of 00016, n = 0.025,
determine the normal depth if Q = 10 𝑚3 /s.

Solution: 𝐴𝑛 𝑅𝑛 2/3 =
𝑄𝑛 𝐴𝑛 = sℎ𝑛 2
√𝑆0 P = 2√1 + 𝑠 2 ℎ𝑛
𝑠ℎ𝑛 10 𝑥 0.015
=> sℎ𝑛 2 ( 2
)2/3 = 𝑅𝑛 =
𝐴𝑛
=
𝑠ℎ𝑛
2√1+ 𝑠 √0.0016 𝑃 2√1+ 𝑠 2
2 2ℎ𝑛 2/3
=> 2ℎ𝑛 ( ) = 3.75 s=2
2√1+ 22
∴ ℎ𝑛 = 1.55 m
Problem-48: For a trapezoidal channel with b = 6m, s = 2, n = 0.025, 𝑆0 = 0.001. Compute the
normal depth and velocity if Q = 14 𝑚3 /s.
𝑄𝑛 14 𝑥 0.025
Solution: 𝐴𝑛 𝑅𝑛 2/3 = = = 11.068
√𝑆0 √0.001

For trapezoidal channel, 𝐴𝑛 = (b + sℎ𝑛 ) ℎ𝑛 = (6 + 2ℎ𝑛 ) ℎ𝑛

P = b + 2√1 + 𝑠 2 ℎ𝑛 = 6 + 2√5 ℎ𝑛
𝐴𝑛 (6 + 2ℎ𝑛 ) ℎ𝑛
𝑅𝑛 = =
𝑃 6 + 2√5 ℎ𝑛

(6 + 2ℎ𝑛 ) ℎ𝑛 2/3
∴ (6 + 2ℎ𝑛 ) ℎ𝑛 [ ] = 11.068
6 + 2√5 ℎ𝑛

=> ℎ𝑛 = 1.32 m
𝐴𝑛 = (6 + 2 x 1.32) x 1.32 = 11.405 𝑚2
𝑄 14
∴ V= = = 1.23 m/s.
𝐴 11.405

Problem-49: Compute the normal depth and velocity in a parabolic channel with Q = 20 𝑚3 /s, n
= 0.025, 𝑠0 = 0.0025 when the profile of the channel is given by 𝑦 2 = 4z.
 𝑄𝑛 20 𝑥 0.025
Solution: A𝑅 2/3 = = = 10
√𝑆0 √0.0025

2 8 8ℎ2 8ℎ2
For parabolic channel, A = Bh = ℎ3/2 ; B = 2√ℎ/𝑐 = 4√ℎ; P = B + = 4√ℎ +
3 3 3𝐵 12√ℎ
8 3/2
8 3/2 ℎ
ℎ x( 3
8ℎ2
)2/3 = 10 => h = 2.304 m
3 4√ℎ +
12√ℎ

8
∴ A = (2.304)3/2 = 9.33 𝑚2
3
𝑄
∴ V= = 2.14 m/s.
𝐴

Problem-50: Compute the hydraulic exponent for uniform flow computation N of a trapezoidal
channel with b = 6.1 m, s = 2, h = 2m based on the Manning formula.
Solution: A = (b + sh) h = (6.1 + 2 x 2) x 2 = 20.2 𝑚2 ; B = b + 2sh = 6.1 + 2 x 2 x 2 = 14.1 m
𝑑𝑃
P = b + 2√1 + 𝑠 2 h = 6.1 + 2√5 x 2 = 15.044 m; R = A/P = 1.342 m; 𝑑ℎ = 2√5
2ℎ 𝑑𝑃 2𝑥2
∴ N= (3B – 2R )= (3 x 14.1 – 2 x 1.342 x 2√5) = 3.86
3𝐴 𝑑ℎ 3 𝑥 20.2

Problem-51: A rectangular channel has a bottom width of 6 m, α = 1.12 and n = 0.02 (i) For ℎ𝑛 =
1 m and Q = 11 𝑚3 /s. Determine the normal slope (ii) Determine the critical slope for Q = 11 𝑚3 /s
(iii) Determine the critical slope for ℎ𝑛 = 1m.
Solution: (i) ℎ𝑛 = 1 m, Q = 11 𝑚3 /s
𝐴𝑛 = bh = 6 x 1 = 6 𝑚2 ; P = b + 2h = 6 + 2 x 1 = 8 m; R = A/P = 0.75
𝑛2 𝑄𝑛 2 0.022 𝑥 112
𝑆𝑛 = 4/3 = = 0.002
𝐴𝑛 2 𝑅𝑛 62 𝑥 0.754/3

(ii) Q = 11 𝑚3 /s

3 𝛼𝑄2 3 1.12 𝑥 112

ℎ𝑐 = √ =√ = 0.73 m
𝑔𝑏2 9.81 𝑥 62

𝐴𝑛 = bℎ𝑐 = 6 x 0.73 = 4.36 𝑚2 , P = b + 2ℎ𝑐 = 6 + 2 x 0.73 = 7.45 m; R = A/P = 0.58 m

𝑛2 𝑄𝑛 2 0.022 𝑥 112
𝑆𝑐 = 2 4/3 = = 0.0053
𝐴𝑛 𝑅𝑛 4.362 𝑥 0.584/3

(iii) ℎ𝑛 = 1 m = ℎ𝑐
A = bh = 6 x 1 = 6 𝑚2 ; P = b + 2h = 6 + 2 x 1 = 8 m; R = A/P = 0.75
 𝑔𝐷𝑐 𝑔ℎ𝑐 9.81 𝑥 1
𝑉𝑛 = 𝑉𝑐 = √ =√ =√ = 2.96 m/s
𝛼 𝛼 1.12

𝑛2 𝑄𝑛 2 0.022 𝑥 17.762
𝑆𝑐 = 4/3 = = 0.0051
𝐴𝑛 2 𝑅𝑛 62 𝑥 0.754/3

Problem-52: The sides of a laboratory flume are made of glass (n = 0.010) and the bottom is made
of wood (n = 0.015). The flume is rectangular with b = 1 m and is laid on a slope of 0.001. Compute
the discharge in the flume if ℎ𝑛 = 0.4 m.
Solution: 𝑃1 = 1 m, 𝑃2 = 𝑃3 = 0.4 m, P = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2 + 𝑃3 = 1.8 m
𝑛1 = 0.015; 𝑛2 = 𝑛3 = 0.010, A = bh = 1 x 0.4 = 0.4 𝑚2 ; R = A/P = 0.4/1.8 = 0.222 m.
𝑃1 𝑛1 3/2 + 𝑃2 𝑛2 3/2 + 𝑃3 𝑛3 3/2 2⁄
n=( ) 3 = 0.013
𝑃
1 1
Q = A 𝑛 𝑅 2/3 𝑆 1/2 = 0.4 x 0.013 x (0.222)2/3 x (0.001)1/2 = 0.36 𝑚3 /s.

Problem-53: A wide channel having n = 0.026, 𝑠0 = 0.0028. Calculate the normal depth & velocity
of flow if the channel discharge is 30 𝑚3 /s. [BPDP – 2016]
Solution: Q = AV
1
=> qb = b𝑌𝑛 𝑠1/2 𝑌𝑛 2/3
𝑛
1 1/2 5/3
=> q = 𝑠 𝑌 𝑛
𝑛
1
=> 30 = x 0.00281/2 𝑌𝑛 5/3
0.026

=> 𝑦𝑛 = 5.02 m
𝑄 𝑞𝑏 30
∴ V= = = = 5.97 m/s.
𝐴 𝑏𝑦𝑛 5.02

Problem-54: A trapezoidal channel carrying 20 𝑚3 /s is built with non-erodible bed having a slope
of 1 in 1000, n = 0.025. Design the channel by the concept of best hydraulic section. Side slope
1:1.
𝑄𝑛 20 𝑥 0.025
Solution: A𝑅 2/3 = = = 15.81
√𝑆 √0.001

For trapezoidal, A = √3 ℎ2 , R = 0.5 h [Table]

∴ A𝑅 2/3 = √3 ℎ2 (0.5 h )2/3= 15.81 => h = 2.73.

Add a free board of 0.77m; Total depth = 2.73 + 0.77 = 3.5 m.
Problem-55: A trapezoidal channel lined with concrete (n = 0.013) and laid on a slope of 1 in 3600
carries a discharge of 100 𝑚3 /s. Determine the section dimensions of the channel taking b = 6 m
and side slope 1:1.
Solution: Q = 100 𝑚3 /s, s = 1, S = 0.00028, b = 6 m, n = 0.013

For trapezoidal channel, A = (b + sh) h = (6 + h) h; P = b + 2√1 + 𝑠 2 h = 6 + 2√2 h

𝑄𝑛 100 𝑥 0.013
Again, A𝑅 2/3 = = = 78
√𝑆 √0.0028
(6 + h) h 2/3
∴ (6 + h) h x { } = 78
6 + 2√2 h
=> h = 4.24 m.
𝑄 100
Check for minimum permissible velocity: V = 𝐴 = = 2.30 m/s (OK)
(6+4.24)𝑥 4.24

𝑉 2.30 (6 + h) h
Check for Froude number: 𝐹𝑟 = = = 0.27 < 1 [D = = 7.24]
√𝑔𝐷 √9.81 𝑥 7.24 6 + 2√2 h

Problem-56: Water flows in a horizontal rectangular channel 6 m wide at a depth of 0.52 m and a
velocity of 15.2 m/s. If a hydraulic jump forms in this channel. Determine (i) The type of jump (ii)
The d/s depth needed to form the jump (ii) The horse power dissipation in the jump (iv) The
efficiency of the jump (v) The relative height of the jump (vi) The height of the jump.
Solution: b = 6 m, 𝑦1 = 0.52 m, 𝑉1 = 15.2 m/s, Q = b 𝑦1 𝑉1 = 6 x 0.52 x 15.2 = 47.42 𝑚3 /s.
𝑉1 15.2
(i) 𝐹1 = = = 6.73; i.e. the jump is steady jump.
√𝑔ℎ1 √9.81 𝑥 0.52

𝑦2 1 1
(ii) = 2 (√1 + 8 𝐹𝑟1 2 – 1) = 2 (√1 + 8 𝑥 6.732 – 1) => 𝑦2 = 9.03 x 0.52 = 4.70 m.
𝑦1

(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )3 (4.70 − 0.52)3

(iii) ∆E = = = 7.47 kg/kg
4𝑦1 𝑦2 4 𝑥 4.7 𝑥 0.52
7.22𝑃𝑄∆𝐸 7.22 𝑥 1000 𝑥 47.42 𝑥 7.47
∴ Horse power dissipation = = = 4650.4 hp.
550 550

𝐸2 (1+8 𝐹𝑟1 2 )3/2 −4𝐹𝑟1 2 +1

(iv) = = 0.3937 = 39.37%
𝐸1 8𝐹𝑟1 2 (2+ 𝐹𝑟1 2 )

ℎ𝑗 √1+8 𝐹𝑟1 2 – 3
(v) = = 0.3396 = 33.96%
𝐸1 2+ 𝐹𝑟1 2
𝐿𝑗
(vi) = 9.75 (𝐹1 − 1)1.01 => 𝐿𝑗 = 9.75 (6.73 − 1)1.01 x 0.52 = 29.56 m.
𝑦1
Problem-57: A horizontal trapezoidal channel with b = 6m, s = 2 carries a discharge of 120 𝑚3 /s.
If the u/s depth of flow is 1 m, compute the relative energy loss that will occur if there is a hydraulic
jump in the channel. ℎ2 = 5.14 m, 𝐴2 = 83.68 𝑚2 .
Solution: ℎ1 = 1m, b = 6 m, s = 2, Q = 120 𝑚3 /s, ℎ2 = 5.14, 𝐴2 = 83.68 𝑚2 .
𝑄 𝑄
𝐴1 = (b + sℎ1 ) = 8 𝑚2 ; 𝑉1 = = 15 m/s; 𝑉2 = = 15 m/s
𝐴1 𝐴2

𝑉1 2 𝑉2 2
𝐸1 = ℎ1 + = 12.47 m; 𝐸2 = ℎ2 + = 5.24 m
2𝑔 2𝑔
𝐸1 − 𝐸2
∴ Relative energy loss = x 100 = 57.98%
𝐸1

Problem-58: The sequent % initial depth ratio of a hydraulic jump in a rectangular channel is
16.48. Find the Froude number at the beginning of jump & type of jump. [BUET – 2014]
𝑦2 1 1
Solution: = 2 (√1 + 8 𝐹𝑟1 2 – 1) => 16.48 = 2 (√1 + 8 𝑥 𝐹𝑟1 2 – 1) => 𝐹𝑟1 = 12 > 9
𝑦1

So, the jump is strong.

Problem-59: A rectangular channel 6 m wide and discharge 1200 l/s of water into a 6 m side apron
with zero slope with a mean velocity of 16 m/s. What is the height of the jump? [BWDB – 2016]
Solution: Q = 1.2 𝑚3 /s, V = 16 m/s, v = 6 m
A = Q/V = 0.075 𝑚2 , ℎ1 = A/b = 0.0125 m = 𝑌1
𝑉
𝐹1 = = 45.69 > 9 [Strong jump]
√𝑔ℎ1
𝑦2 1 1
= 2 (√1 + 8 𝐹𝑟1 2 – 1) = 2 (√1 + 8 𝑥 45.692 – 1) => 𝑦2 = 64.12 x 0.00125 = 0.801 m
𝑦1

∴ Height of jump = 𝑦2 - 𝑦1 = 0.801 – 0.0125 = 0.78897 m.

Problem-60: A trapezoidal channel b = 20 ft., s = 2, 𝑆0 = 0.0016, n = 0.025, Q = 400 cfs. Compute
the backwater profile created by a dam (α = 1.10) that backs up the water to a depth of 5 ft.

Solution: A = (b + sh) h = 20h + 2ℎ2 ; P = b + 2√1 + 𝑠 2 h = 20 + 2√5 h; B = b + 2sh = 20 + 4h

20h + 2ℎ2 20h + 2ℎ2
R = A/P = ; D = A/B =
20 + 2√5 h 20 + 4h
𝑄𝑛 400 𝑥 0.025
Computation of 𝑌𝑛 : A𝑅 2/3 = = = 168.24
𝜑 √𝑆 1.489 𝑥 √0.0016

20h + 2ℎ2 2/3

∴ (20h + 2ℎ2 ) x { } = 168.24
20 + 2√5 h
=> ℎ𝑛 = 3.36 m.
 𝑉
Computation of 𝑌𝑐 : 𝐹𝑟 = =1
√𝑔𝐷⁄𝛼

Q2 gD
=> =
A2 α
gA2 A
=> αQ2 =
B

=> αQ2 B - gA3 = 0

=> 1.1 x 4002 (20 + 4h) – 32.2 (20h + 2h2 )3 = 0
=> hc = 2.21 ft.
h = 5 ft. > ℎ𝑛 > ℎ𝑐 => 𝑀1 profile.
Problem-61: A wide channel with Chezy’s C = 47 𝑚1/2 /s and 𝑆0 = 0.001 carries a discharge of 2
𝑚2 /s. A dam raises the water level by 0.5 m above normal depth at the dam site. Compute flow
profile.
𝑞 2
Solution: ℎ𝑛 = ( )2/3 = ( )2/3 = 2.626 m
𝐶 √𝑆0 47√0.0001

3 𝛼𝑞 2 3 1 𝑥 22
ℎ𝑐 = √ =√ = 0.742 m
𝑔 9.81

h = ℎ𝑛 + 0.5 = 3.126 m
h > ℎ𝑛 > ℎ𝑐 => 𝑀1 profile.
Problem-62: A sluice gate discharges 11 𝑚3 /s into trapezoidal channel. Slide slope 1:1, b = 6 m,
s = 0.01, n = 0.014. The depth at vena – contracta = 0.17 m. Compute profile d/s of gate.
Solution: Q = 11 𝑚3 /s, b = 6 m, s = 1, 𝑆0 = 0.01, n = 0.014, h = 0.17 m

A = (b + sh) h = 6h + ℎ2 ; P = b + 2√1 + 𝑠 2 h = 6 + 2√2 h; B = b + 2sh = 6 + 2h

6h + ℎ2 6h + ℎ2
R = A/P = ; D = A/B =
6 + 2√2 h 6 + 2h
𝑄𝑛 11 𝑥 0.014
Computation of 𝑌𝑛 : A𝑅 2/3 = = = 1.54
𝜑 √𝑆 1 𝑥 √0.01

6h + ℎ 2
∴ (6h + ℎ2 ) x { }2/3 = 1.54
6 + 2√2 h
=> ℎ𝑛 = 0.444 m.
 𝑉
Computation of 𝑌𝑐 : 𝐹𝑟 = =1
√𝑔𝐷⁄𝛼

Q2 gD
=> =
A2 1
gA2 A
=> Q2 =
B

=> Q2 B - gA3 = 0
=> 112 (6 + 2h) – 9.81 (6h + h2 )3 = 0
=> hc = 0.673 ft.
ℎ𝑐 > ℎ𝑛 > h → 𝑆3 profile.
Problem-63: What is the classification of irrigation water having the following characteristics:
concentration of Na, Ca and Mg are 22, 3 and 1.5 mili-equivalents/liter respectively and the
electrical conductivity is 200 micro mhos/cm at 250 C? What problems arise in using this water on
fine textured soil? What remedies do you suggest to overcome this trouble?
Solution: EC = 200 micro mhos/cm; i.e. low salinity water, 𝐶1
𝑁𝑎+ 22
SAR = ++ ++
= = 14.67; i.e. medium sodium water, 𝑆2
3+1.5
√𝐶𝑎 + 𝑀𝑔 √
2 2

∴ So the water is 𝐶1 – 𝑆2 .
Problems:
 Soil become less permeable.
 It starts crusting when dry.
 It becomes plastic & sticky when wet.
Remedy: Add gypsum (CaS𝑂4; 2𝐻2 O) to the soil or water.
Problem-64: Determine the time required to irrigate a strip of land of 0.04 hectares in area from a
tube-well with a discharge of 0.02 cumec. The infiltration capacity of the soil may be taken as 5
cm/h and the average depth of flow on the field as 10 cm. Also determine the maximum area that
can be irrigated from this tube-well.
Solution: Q = 0.02 𝑚3 /s = 0.02 x 60 x 60 = 72 𝑚3 /h; y = 10 cm = 0.01 m
f = 5 cm/h = 0.05 m/h, A = 0.04 x 104 = 400 𝑚2
𝑦 𝑄 0.01 72
t = 2.3 log( ) = 2.3 x x log ( ) = 0.65 hr.
𝑓 𝑄−𝑓𝐴 0.05 72−0.05 𝑥 400
𝑄 72
𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 1440 𝑚2 .
𝑓 0.05
Problem-65: If rice requires about 10 cm depth of water at an average interval of about 10 days
and the crop period for rice is 120 days. Find out the delta for rice?
120
Solution: ∆ = x 10 = 120 cm.
10

Problem-66: If wheat requires about 7.5 cm of water after every 28 days and the base period for
wheat is 140 days. Find out the value of delta for wheat.
140
Solution: ∆ = x 7.5 = 37.5 cm.
28

Problem-67: Find out delta for a crop when its duty is 864 ha/cumec on the field, the base period
of this crop is 120 days.
8.64 𝐵 8.64 𝑥 120
Solution: ∆ = = = 120 cm.
𝐷 864

Problem-68: The kor depth for rice 19 cm and kor period is 14 days. The outlet factor for the crop
in ha/cumec will be?
864 𝐵 8.64 𝑥 14
Solution: ∆ = => D = = 637 ha/cumec.
𝐷 19

Problem-69: A canal commands an irrigation area of 400 ha. The duty of water on the field during
the peak period is 220 ha/cumec. Determine the design discharge of the canal at the off take if the
water loss in canal is 30%? [BWDB – 2016]
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
Solution: Discharge = = 400/220 = 1.82 𝑚3 /s
𝐷𝑢𝑡𝑦
1.82
Design discharge = = 2.60 𝑚3 /s.
0.7

Problem-70: 10 cumec of water is delivered to a 32 ha field for 4 hours. Soil probing after the
irrigation indicates that 0.3 meter of water has been stored in the root zone. Compute the water
applicable efficiency.
Solution: V = 10 x (4 x 60 x 60) = 144000 𝑚3 = 14.4 x 104 𝑚3
Output = 32 x 0.3 = 9.6 ha – m = 9.6 x 104 𝑚3
9.6 x 104
∴ ղ𝑎 = = 66.67%
14.4 x 104

Problem-71: The depth of penetration along the length of a border strip at paints 30 m apart were
probed. Their observed values are 2, 1.9, 1.8, 1.6 and 1.5 m. Compute the water distribution
efficiency.
2+1.9+1.8+1.6+1.5
Solution: Mean depth, D = = 1.76 m
5
Values of deviation from mean are (2 – 1.76), (1.9 – 1.76), (1.8 – 1.76), (1.6 – 1.76), (1.5 – 1.76)
i.e., 0.24, 0.14, 0.04, - 0.16 and – 0.26
0.24+0.14+0.04+ |−0.16|+ |− 0.26|
∴ d= = 0.168 m
5
0.168
∴ ղ𝑑 = (1 - ) x 100 = 90.5%.
0.76

Problem-72: A stream of 130 l/s was diverted from a canal and 100 l/s were diverted to the field.
An area of 1.6 ha was irrigated in 8 hours. The effective depth of root zone was 1.7 m. The runoff
loss in the field was 420 𝑚3 . The depth of water penetration varied linearly from 1.7 at the head
end of the field to 1.1 at the tail end. Available moisture holding capacity of the soil is 20 cm per
meter depth of soil. It is required to determine ղ𝑐 , ղ𝑎 , ղ𝑠 and ղ𝑑 . Irrigation was started at a moisture
extraction level of 50% of available moisture.
100
Solution: (i) ղ𝑐 = x 100 = 77%
130

(ii) Water supplied = 100 x (8 x 60 x 60) = 2880000 liter = 2880 𝑚3

Run of loss = 420 𝑚3
Water stored in the root zone = 2880 – 420 = 2460 𝑚3
2460
ղ𝑎 = x 100 = 85.4%.
2880

(iii) Moisture holding capacity of soil = 20 cm/m x 1.7 m = 34 cm

50
Available moisture = x 34 = 17 cm
100

Additional water required in root zone = 34 – 17 = 17 cm

17
Volume = x 1.6 x 104 = 2720 𝑚3
100
2460
ղ𝑠 = x 100 = 90%
2720
1.7+1.1
(iv) D = = 1.4 m
2

Deviation head = |1.7 − 1.4| = 0.3; Deviation tail = |1.1 − 1.4| = 0.3
0.3+0.3
∴ d= = 0.3
2
0.3
∴ ղ𝑑 = (1 - ) x 100 = 78%.
1.4

Problem-73: A canal commands an irrigation area of 350 ha., the peak field irrigation requirement
is 9 mm/day. Determine the design discharge of canal at the outlet water loss 25%. [BUET]
 9 350 𝑥 10000
Solution: Total water requirement = x = 0.364 𝑚3 /s
1000 24 𝑥 3600
0.364 0.364
Design discharge = = = 0.485 𝑚3 /s.
(100−25)% 0.75

Problem-74: Determine the net irrigation requirement of Jowar crop. Assuming that water is not
required for any other purpose except that of fulfilling the evapotranspiration needs of the crop.
Dates 𝐶𝑢 (mm) 𝑅𝑒 (mm)
Oct (16 – 31) 37.0 30.8
Nov (1 – 30) 84.2 20.4
Dec (1 – 31) 154.9 6.7
Jan (1 – 31) 188.1 2.4
Feb (1 – 2) 13.3 1.0
Solution:
Dates 𝐶𝑢 (mm) 𝑅𝑒 (mm) NIR = 𝐶𝑢 – 𝑅𝑒 (mm)
Oct (16 – 31) 37.0 30.8 6.2
Nov (1 – 30) 84.2 20.4 63.8
Dec (1 – 31) 154.9 6.7 148.2
Jan (1 – 31) 188.1 2.4 185.7
Feb (1 – 2) 13.3 1.0 12.3
NIR = 6.2 + 63.8 + 148.2 + 185.7 + 12.3 = 416.2 mm.
Problem-75: After how many days (Irrigation frequency) will you supply water to soil in order to
ensure sufficient irrigation of the given crop if filed capacity of the soil = 28%, PWP = 13%, dry
density of soil = 1.3 gm/cc, effective depth of root zone = 70 cm, daily consumptive use = 12 mm.
Assume any other data.
Solution: Available moisture = FC – PWP = 28 – 13 = 15%
Readily available moisture = 80% of available moisture = 0.8 x 15 = 12%
OMC = FC – Readily available moisture = 28 – 12 = 16%
𝛾𝑑 𝑑 1.3 𝑥 0.70
Depth of water = x (FC – OMC) = x (0.28 – 0.16) = 0.1092 m.
𝛾𝑤 1

0.1092 𝑥 1000 0.1092 𝑥 1000

Nos. of days = = ≈ 9 days.
𝐶𝑢 12

Problem-76: Wheat is to be grown in a field having a field storage capacity equal to 27% and PWP
is 13%. Find the storage capacity in 80 cm depth of the soil if the dry unit weight of the soil is
14.72 kN/𝑚3 . If irrigation water is to be supplied when the average soil moisture falls to 18%, find
the water depth required to be supplied to the field if the water application efficiency is 80%. What
is the amount of water needed at the channel rut if the water lost in the water courses and the field
channels is 15% of outlet discharge?
Solution: Maximum storage capacity or available moisture
 𝛾𝑑 𝑑 14.72 𝑥 0.8
= x (FC – PWP) = x (0.27 – 0.13) = 0.168 m = 16.8 cm.
𝛾𝑤 9.81

Since moisture is allowed to vary between 27% and 18% the deficiency created in this fall.
14.72 𝑥 0.8
= x (0.27 – 0.18) = 10.8 cm.
9.81
𝑁𝐼𝑅 10.8
NIR = 10.8 cm; FIR = = = 13.5 cm.
ղ𝑎 0.80
𝐹𝐼𝑅 13.5
Quantity of water needed at canal out let = = = 15.88 cm. [ղ𝑐 = 100 – 15 = 85].
ղ𝑐 0.85

Problem-77: 800 𝑚3 of water is applied to a farmer’s rice field of 0.6 ha. When the moisture
content in the soil fails to 40% of the available water between the field capacity 36% of soil and
PWP 15% of the soil crop combination, determine the field application efficiency. The root zone
depth of rice is 60 cm. Assume porosity = 0.4.
𝑤𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙
Solution: F =
𝑤𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝛾𝑤 𝑥 𝑉𝑣 𝛾𝑤 𝑉
=> F = => F = n [ 𝑉𝑣 = n]
𝛾𝑑 𝑉 𝛾𝑑
𝛾𝑤 𝑛 0.4
=> = = = 1.11
𝛾𝑑 𝐹 0.36

𝛾𝑑 𝑑
∴ Water stored between FC & PWP = x (FC – PWP)
𝛾𝑤
= 1.11 x 0.6 x (0.36 – 0.15) = 0.14 m
Deficiency of water created when irrigation is done = 60% x 0.14 = 0.084 m.
Hence, irrigation water is supplied to fill up 0.084 m depth of water.
Volume of irrigation water = 0.084 x 0.6 x 104 = 504 𝑚3
Actual irrigation water supplied = 800 𝑚3
504
∴ ղ𝑎 = x 100 = 63%.
800

Problem-78: Determine the field capacity of a soil for the following data (i) Depth of root zone =
1.8 m (ii) Existing moisture = 8% (iii) Dry density of soil = 1450 kg/𝑚3 (iv) Quantity of water
applied to soil = 650 𝑚3 (v) Water lost due to deep percolation and evaporation = 10% (vi) Area
to be irrigated = 1000 𝑚2 .
Solution: Water wasted = 10% of 650 𝑚3 = 65 𝑚3
Water used to rise moisture content to field capacity = 650 – 65 = 585 𝑚3
 585
Depth of water in rising moisture content to field capacity = = 0.585 m.
1000
𝛾𝑑 𝑑
Now, 0.585 = x (FC – MC)
𝛾𝑤

1450 𝑥 1.8
=> 0.585 = x (FC – 0.08) => FC = 0.144 = 14.4%.
1000

Problem-79: The field capacity and moisture content at the time of irrigation are 27% and 19%.
The apparent specific gravity is 1.3 and the root zone depth is 100 cm. Determine the time required
to irrigate 2 ha with a flow of 60 l/s if the water application losses are taken to be 20%.
Solution: Readily available moisture = 80% of A.M.
= 0.8 x 19 = 15.2%
O.M.C. = F.C. – R.A.M. = 27% – 15.2% = 11.8%
𝛾𝑑 𝑑
Depth of water stored in the root zone, y = x (F.C. – O.M.C.)
𝛾𝑤
1.3 𝑥 1
= x (0.27 – 0.119) = 0.1976 m
1

Flow, Q = 60 l/s = 0.06 𝑚3 /s & application losses = 20%

𝑄𝑑 = 0.06 – (0.06 x 0.2) = 0.048 𝑚3 /s
𝑄𝑑 0.048
f= = = 2.4 x 10−6 m/s
𝐴 2 𝑥 104
𝑦 𝑄 0.1976 0.06
t = 2.3 log( ) = 2.3 x log( ) = 132362 sec = 35.77
𝑓 𝑄−𝑓𝐴 2.4 x 10−6 0.06− 2.4 x 10−6 𝑥 2 x 10−4
hours.
Problem-80: The GCA for a distributary is 6000 ha, 80% of which is cultivable. The intensity of
irrigation for Rabi season is 50% and Kharif season is 25%. If the average duty at the head of the
distributary is 2000 ha/cumec for Rabi season and 900 ha/cumec for Kharif season. Find out the
discharge required at the head of the distributary from average demand considerations.
Solution: GCA = 6000 ha, CCA = 80%, GCA = 4800 ha.
50
Area to be irrigated in Rabi season = 4800 x = 2400 ha
100
25
Area to be irrigated in Kharif season = 4800 x = 1200 ha
100
𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 2400
Water required at head of distributary in Rabi season = = = 1.2 cumec
𝐷𝑢𝑡𝑦 2000
1200
Water required at head of distributary in Kharif season = = 1.33 cumec
900
The required discharge is maximum of the two. Therefore, 1.33 cumec.
Problem-81: Determine the discharge required at the head of the distributary when area to be
irrigated in Rabi and Kharif season are 2400 ha & 1200 ha for fulfilling maximum crop
requirement. Assume suitable values of kor depth and kor period.
Solution: Assume,
Kor depth & kor period for Rabi = 13.5 cm, 4 weeks
Kor depth & kor period for Kharif = 19 cm & 2.5 weeks
8.64 𝐵 864 𝑥 (4 𝑥 7)
Duty for Rabi = = = 1792 ha/cumec
∆ 13.5
8.64 𝐵 864 𝑥 (2.5 𝑥 7)
Duty for Kharif = = = 796 ha/cumec
∆ 19
2400
Water required in head of distributary in Rabi season = = 1.34 cumec
1792
2400
Water required in head of distributary in Kharif season = = 1.51 cumec
796

Problem-82: The CCA of a water course is 1200 ha. Intensities of sugarcane and wheat crops are
20% and 40% respectively. The duties for the crops at the head of the water course are 730
ha/cumec and 1800 ha/cumec. Find (a) the discharge required at the head of the water course (b)
determine the design discharge at the outlet, assuming a time factor equal to 0.8.
20
Solution: Area to be irrigated under sugarcane = x 1200 = 240 ha
100
40
Area to be irrigated under wheat = x 1200 = 480 ha
100
240
Discharge for sugarcane = = 0.329 cumec
730
480
Discharge for wheat = = 0.271 cumec
730

[∵ Water required for sugarcane and wheat is 12th month and 6th month respectively, so at any
time of the year the water requirement is 0.329 + 0.271 or 0.6 cumec]
(a) Discharge required at head of water course = 0.329 + 0.271 = 0.6 cumec
0.6
(b) Design discharge = = 0.75 cumec.
0.8

Problem-83: At a place, the transplantation of rice takes 16 days and total depth of water required
by the crop is 60 cm on the field. During the transplantation period of 16 days, rain starts falling
and about 10 cm of rain is being utilized to fulfill the rice demand. Find the duty of the irrigation
water required for rice during transplantation period. (a) Assuming 25% losses of water in water
courses, find the duty of water at the head of the water course. (b) Also find duty for 15% losses
at the head of the water course.
Solution: Depth of water required for transplantation of rice = 60 – 10 = 50 cm
8.64 𝐵 864 𝑥 16
Duty = = = 276.5 ha/cumec
∆ 50

(a) For 25% losses, Duty = 0.75 x 276.5 = 207.4 ha/cumec

(b) For 15% losses, Duty = 0.85 x 207.4 = 176.3 ha/cumec
Problem-84: A pump is installed in a well to lift water and to irrigate rice crop, sown over 3
hectares of land. If duty for rice is 864 ha/cumec on the field and pump efficiency is 48% determine
the minimum required input HP of the pump, if the lowest well water level is 8 meters below the
highest portion of the field. Assume negligible field channel losses.
3 1
Solution: Discharge required for rice for fulfilling duty demand = = cumec
864 288
1
Volume of water lifted per second = 𝑚3
288
1
Weight of water lifted per second = x 9.81 = 0.0341 kN
288

Minimum static lift of pump = 8 m

Work done = 0.0341 x 8 = 0.273 kN-m/sec = 0.273 Kilo-Watt
0.273 𝑥 103
∴ Output of pump = = 0.37 HP
746
0.37 0.37
∴ Input of pump = = = 0.77 HP.
𝜂 0.48

Problem-85: An irrigation channel is to be constructed in coarse aluminum gravel with D-75 size
of 5 cm. The channel has to carry 3 cumec of discharge and the longitudinal slop is 0.01. The banks
of the channel will be protected by grass against scouring. Find the minimum width of the channel.
1 1 𝑑 0.05
Solution: n = 𝑑1/6 = 24 x (0.05)1/6 = 0.025; R = = = 0.455 m
24 11𝑆 11 𝑥 0.01
1 1
V= 𝑅 2/3 𝑆 1/2 = x 0.4552/3 x 0.011/2 = 2.37 m/s
𝑛 0.025

Q = AV = 𝑏𝑚𝑖𝑛 yV = 𝑏𝑚𝑖𝑛 RV => 3 = 𝑏𝑚𝑖𝑛 x 0.455 x 2.37 => 𝑏𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2.78 m.

Problem-86: Water flows at a depth of 0.6 m in a wide stream having a bed slope of 1 in 2500.
The medial diameter of the sand bed is 1.0 mm. Determine whether the soil grains are stationary
or moving and comment as to whether the stream bed is scouring or non-scouring.
 0.409 𝑑𝑚𝑚 2
Solution: The critical tractive force, 𝜏𝑐 = 0.155 +
√1+0.177𝑑𝑚𝑚 2

0.409 𝑥 12
= 0.155 + = 0.53 N/𝑚2
√1+0.177 𝑥 12

Average unit tractive force, 𝜏0 = 𝛾𝑤 RS

1
= 9.81 x 0.6 x kN/𝑚2 = 2.35 x 10−3 kN/𝑚2 = 2.35 N/𝑚2
2500

∴ 𝜏0 > 𝜏𝑐 , the soil grain will not be stationary and the scouring & sediment transport will
occur.
Problem-87: Design a regime channel for a discharge of 50 cumec and silt factor 1.1 using Lacey’s
theory.
𝑄𝑓2 1/6 50 𝑥 1.12 1/6
Solution: Velocity, V = ( ) = ( ) = 0.87 m/s
140 140
5 𝑉2
Hydraulic mean depth, R = ( ) = 1.72 m
2 𝑓
𝑄
Area of channel section, A = = 57.47 𝑚2
𝑉

Wetted perimeter, P = 4.75√𝑄 = 33.59 m

𝑓5/3
Bed slope, S = = 0.000183 = 1:5465
3340𝑄1/6
1 𝑦
Let, side slope = H : 1 V; A = (b + ) y; P = b + √5y
2 2
𝑦2
by + = 57.47
2

b + √5y = 33.59 => b = 33.59 - √5y => y = 1.9 m & b = 29.34 m.

Problem-88: The river Ganga flows bank full rate of 2500 𝑚3 /s. Find (a) hydraulic geometry (b)
scour depth if bed material size is 0.15 mm.

Solution: (a) f = 1.76√𝑑𝑚𝑚 = 1.76√0.15 = 0.68

𝑄𝑓2 1/6 2500 𝑥 0.682 1/6
Velocity, V = ( ) =( ) = 1.42 m/s
140 140
5 𝑉2
Hydraulic mean depth, R = ( ) = 7.41 m
2 𝑓
𝑄
Area of channel section, A = = 1760.56 𝑚2
𝑉
Wetted perimeter, P = 4.75√𝑄 = 237.5 m

𝑓5/3
Bed slope, S = = 4.27 x 10−5
3340𝑄1/6
𝑄
(b) Scour depth, s = 0.47 ( )1/3 = 7.25 m.
𝑓

Problem-89: What are the type of scour that can be near a bridge? Given discharge of a bridge is
5800 𝑚3 /s. Hydraulic mean depth of the river is 58 m & mean regime velocity is 10.5 m/s.
Calculate the scour depth using Lacey’s silt factor.
Solution: Type of scour:
(a) Degradation scour (b) local scour (c) confluence scour & (d) constriction scour
5 𝑉2 5 10.52
∴ Now, R = ( ) => f = ( )
2 𝑓 2 58

= 4.75
𝑄 5800 1/3
∴ Scour depth, s = 0.47 ( )1/3 = 0.47 ( ) = 5.02 m.
𝑓 4.75

Problem-90: A reservoir with a storage capacity of 300 million cubic meter is able to irrigate
40,000 ha with 2 fillings each year. The crop season is 120 days. What is duty?
Solution: V = 300 x 106 𝑚3 for 1 filling; A = 40000 x 104 𝑚2
𝑉 300 x 106
Height of water for 6 months = = = 0.75 m
𝐴 40000 x 104
0.75
∴ ∆ for 120 days = x 120 = 0.50 m
180
8.64 𝐵 8.64 𝑥 120
∴ Duty, D = = = 2073.6 ha/cumec
∆ 0.50

Problem-91: Estimate the leaching requirement when electrical conductivity (EC) value of a
saturated extract soil is 10 micromhos/cm at 25% reduction in the yield of a crop. The EC of
irrigation water is 1.2 micromhos/cm. What will be the required depth of water to be applied to
the field if the consumptive use requirement of the crop is 80 mm?
𝐸𝑐𝑖 1.2
Solution: LR = x 100 = x 100 = 6%
2𝐸𝑐𝑒 2 𝑥 10

𝐷𝑖− 80 𝐷𝑖− 𝐶𝑢 100

Again, LR = x 100% => 0.06 = x => 𝐷𝑖 = 85.1 mm.
𝐷𝑖 𝐷𝑖 100

Problem-92: A tile drainage system draining 12 ha, flows at a design capacity for two days,
following a storm. If the system is designed using a drainage coefficient (D.C.) of 1.25 cm/day,
how many cubic meters of water will be removed during this period?
 1.25
Solution: Volume of water entering the drain/day = x 1.2 x 104 = 1500 𝑚3 /day
100

Volume of water removed during 2 days = 2 x 1500 𝑚3 /day = 3000 𝑚3 /day.

Problem-93: Determine the size (dia) of the tile at the outlet of a 6 ha drainage system, if the D.C.
is 1 cm/day and the tile grade is 0.3%. Assume the Rugosity coefficient for the tile drain material
as 0.011.
1 600 1
Solution: Q = x 6 x 104 = 600 𝑚3 /day = = 0.00694 𝑚3 /s; V = 𝑅 2/3 𝑆 1/2
100 24 𝑥 60 𝑥 60 𝑛

Now, Q = AV
𝜋 1 𝐷 0.3 1/2 0.00694 𝑥 4 𝑥 0.011 𝑥 4 2/3 𝑥 10
=> 0.00694 x x 𝐷2 x x ( )2/3 x ( ) => 𝐷8/3 =
4 0.011 4 100 𝜋 𝑥 31/2

∴ D = 0.1315 m.
Problem-94: If the flow rate is 113 cusec and area is 5 ha, what is the time required for irrigation
if dewatering in irrigated land 10.92 cm?
Solution: Volume of irrigated water, V = 5 x 104 x 0.1092 = 5460 𝑚3
Q = 113 cusec = 113 liter/sec = 0.113 𝑚3 /s.
𝑉 𝑉 5460
Q= => t = = = 48318.58 sec.
𝑡 𝑄 0.113

Problem-95: A pump lifts 93600 liters of water per hour against a total head of 21 m. Compute
the WHP, if the pump has an efficiency of 72%. What size prime mover is required to operate the
pump? If a direct drive electric motor having an efficiency 80% is used to operate the pump,
compute the cost of electrical energy in a month of 30 days. The pump is operated for 12 hours
daily for 30 days. The cost of energy is 20 paisa/day.
Solution: Discharge = 93600 liter/ha = 28 liter/sec
28 𝑥 21 7.18
WHP = = 7.18; SHP = = 9.98
76 0.72
𝑆𝐻𝑃 𝑥 0.746 9.98 𝑥 0.746
Kilowatt input to motor = = = 9.31 KW.
𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 0.80

Total energy/month = 9.31 x 12 x 30 = 3351.6 KWh

20
∴ Cost/month = 3351.6 x 100 = 670.32 Tk.

Problem-96: Determine the spacing of the tile drain from the data – Annual rainfall = 100 cm,
Drainage coefficient = 1% to be drained in 24 hours. Depth of impervious layer from land surface
= 10 m, depth of drain below land surface = 2 m. Permeability of soil = 10−4 m/sec, Depth of WT
below land = 1.5 m
Solution: Let, longitudinal length of drain = 1 m.
100 1
𝑥 𝑥 𝑆𝑥1 𝑆
100 100
Runoff per second, Q = =
24 𝑥 60 𝑥 60 8.64 𝑥 106
4𝑘 (𝑏2 − 𝑎2 )
We know, S = [b = 10 – 1.5 = 8.5 m & a = 10 – 2 = 8 m]
𝑄

4 𝑥 10−4 𝑥 (8.52 − 82 )
= 𝑆 => S = 169 m.
8.64 𝑥 106

Problem-97: An urban catchment has an area of 85 ha. The slope of the catchment is 0.006 and
the maximum length of travel of water is 950 m. The maximum depth of rainfall with a 25 year
return period is as below-
Duration (min) 5 10 20 30 40 60
Depth of rainfall (mm) 17 26 40 50 57 62
If a culvert for drainage at the outlet of this area is to be designed for a return period of 25 years,
estimate the required peak-flow rate by assuming the runoff coefficient as 0.3.
Solution: Time of concentration, 𝑡𝑐 = 0.01947 x 𝐿0.77 x 𝑆 −0.385
= 0.01947 x 9500.77 x 0.006−0.385 = 27.4 min
50−40
By interpolating: Maximum depth of rainfall = 40 + x (27.4 – 20) = 47.4 min
30−20
47.4
Average intensity, 𝐼𝑡𝑐,𝑝 = x 60 = 103.8 m/h
27.4

A = 85 ha = 85 x 104 𝑚2 = 0.85 K𝑚2

1 1
∴ 𝑄𝑝 = C𝐼𝑡𝑐,𝑝 A = x 0.3 x 103.8 x 0.85 = 7.35 𝑚3 /s.
3.6 3.6

Problem-98: If in an urban area the land use of the area and the corresponding runoff coefficients
are given below, calculate the equivalent runoff coefficient.
Land use Area (ha) Runoff coefficient
Roads 8 0.70
Lawn 17 0.10
Residential area 50 0.30
Industrial area 10 0.80
∑𝑛
𝑖=1 𝐶𝑖 𝑖 8 𝑥 0.7+17 𝑥 0.1+50 𝑥 0.3+10 𝑥 0.8
Solution: Equivalent Runoff co-efficient: 𝐶𝑒 = = = 0.36
𝐴 8+17+50+10
Problem-99: An analysis of annual flood series of a stream indicated the mean value and standard
deviation of the flood series as 940 𝑚3 /s and 203 𝑚3 /s respectively. What is the magnitude of a
flood of return period of 500 years in this stream? Assume that the annual flood series follow
Gumbel’s distribution and the sample size is very large. [If no analysis period is given than take is
as ∝ period of time]
Solution: For return period, T = 500 years.
𝑇 500
𝑌𝑇 = - [ln ln( ) ] = - [ln ln( ) ] = 6.2136 𝑌𝑛 = 0.577; 𝑆𝑛 = 1.2825
𝑇−1 500−1
𝑌𝑇 − 𝑌𝑛 6.2136−0.577 [∵ Period of time ∝]
Fluency factor, 𝐾𝑇 = = = 4.395
𝑆𝑛 1.2825
𝑥̅ = 940 𝑚3 /s; 𝜎𝑛−1 = 203 𝑚3 /s
𝑥𝑇 = 𝑥̅ + 𝐾𝑇 𝜎𝑛−1 = 940 + 4.395 x 203 = 1832 𝑚3 /s
Problem-100: The mean annual flood of a river is 600 𝑚3 /s and the standard deviation of the
annual flood series is 150 𝑚3 /s. What is the probability of a flood of magnitude 1000 𝑚3 /s
occurring in the river within next 5 years? The sample size is assumed very large.
Solution: 𝑥̅ = 600 𝑚3 /s; 𝜎𝑛−1 = 150 𝑚3 /s, 𝑥𝑇 = 1000 𝑚3 /s
𝑥𝑇 = 𝑥̅ + 𝐾𝑇 𝜎𝑛−1 => 600 + 𝐾𝑇 x 150 = 1000 𝑚3 /s => 𝐾𝑇 = 2.6667
𝑌𝑇 − 𝑌𝑛 𝑌𝑇 −0.577
Again, 𝐾𝑇 = => 2.6667 = => 𝑌𝑇 = 3.997
𝑆𝑛 1.2825
𝑇 𝑇
Now, 𝑌𝑇 = - [ln ln( ) ] => 3.997 = - [ln ln( ) ] => T ≈ 55 Years.
𝑇−1 𝑇−1

Provability of occurrence of a flood of magnitude 1000 𝑚3 /s, P = 1/55 = 0.0182.

The probability of a flood of magnitude 1000 𝑚3 /s at least once in 5 years, 𝑃1 = 1 – (1 − 𝑃)𝑛
= 1 – (1 − 0.0182)5 = 0.0877 or 8.77%.
Problem-101: Estimate the flood magnitude in the river with a return period of 500 years.
Return period, T (years) Peak flood (𝑚3 /s)
50 40,809
100 46300
Solution: Here, 𝑥100 = 𝑥̅ + 𝐾100 𝜎𝑛−1 & 𝑥50 = 𝑥̅ + 𝐾50 𝜎𝑛−1
𝑥100 - 𝑥50 = (𝐾100 - 𝐾50 ) 𝜎𝑛−1
=> (𝐾100 - 𝐾50 ) 𝜎𝑛−1 = 46300 – 40809 = 5491
𝑌100 − 𝑌𝑛 𝑌50 − 𝑌𝑛
=> [ - ] 𝜎𝑛−1 = 5491
𝑆𝑛 𝑆𝑛
𝑌100 − 𝑌𝑛 −𝑌50 + 𝑌𝑛
=> [ ] 𝜎𝑛−1 = 5491
𝑆𝑛
𝜎𝑛−1
=> [𝑌100 − 𝑌50 ] x = 5491 ---------- (1)
𝑆𝑛
 100
𝑌100 = - [ln ln( ) ] = 4.60
100−1
50
𝑌50 = - [ln ln( ) ] = 3.90
50−1
500
𝑌500 = - [ln ln( ) ] = 6.20
500−1

From equation (1),

𝜎𝑛−1
= 5491 / (4.6 – 3.90) = 7864
𝑆𝑛
𝜎𝑛−1
Again, [𝑌500 − 𝑌100 ] x = 𝑥500 - 𝑥100
𝑆𝑛
𝜎𝑛−1
=> 𝑥500 = 𝑥100 + [𝑌500 − 𝑌100 ] x = 46300 + [6.20 – 4.60] x 7864 = 58883 𝑚3 /s.
𝑆𝑛

Problem-102: 170 floods have occurred in 120 years of record. Find out the chance of flood having
a frequency of 1000 years.
170
Solution: Flood in one year =
120
170
Flood in 1000 years = x 1000
120
1
Chance for 1000 years frequency flood = 170 x 100% = 0.07 %
x 1000
120

Problem-103: A bridge has an expected life of 25 years and is designed for a flood magnitude of
return period of 100 years. (a) What is the risk of the hydrologic design? (b) If 10% risk is
acceptable what return period will have to be adopted?
1 𝑁 1
Solution: (a) Risk, R = 1 - (1 − ) = 1 - (1 − )25 = 0.222 = 22.2%
𝑇 100

(b) R = 10% = 0.10

1 𝑁 1 25
Now, R = 1 - (1 − ) => 0.10 = 1 - (1 − ) => T ≈ 238 years.
𝑇 𝑇

Problem-104: What return period a highway engineer must assume if the allows 10% risk that
flooding may occur in the next 5 years?
1 𝑁 1 5
Solution: R = 1 - (1 − ) => 0.10 = 1 - (1 − ) => T ≈ 48 years.
𝑇 𝑇

Problem-105: Using the trapezoidal rule of numerical integration, compute the discharge per unit
width, the mean values of α & β for the following velocity measurements (u is the velocity at a
distance z from the channel bottom) along a vertical in a wide channel, when the total depth is 6
m.
 ℎ
Solution: q = ∫0 𝑢𝑑𝑧
0+4.51
= ∑u ∆z = ∆z ∑u = 1 x [ + 2.95 + 3.31 + 3.62 + 3.95 + 4.12] = 20.21 𝑚2
2

̅ = 𝑞 = 20.21/6 = 3.57 m/s

𝑈
ℎ
ℎ
∫0 𝑢3 𝑑𝑧
α= ̅ 3ℎ
𝑈
∑𝑢3 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 1 03 + 4.513
= ̅ 3 = ̅ 3 ∑𝑢3 = x[ + 2.953 + 3.313 + 3.623 + 3.953 + 4.123 ] = 1.25
𝑈 ℎ 𝑈 ℎ 3.573 𝑥 6 2
ℎ
∫0 𝑢2 𝑑𝑧
β= ̅ 2ℎ
𝑈

∑𝑢2 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 2 1 02 + 4.512
= = ∑𝑢 = x [ + 2.952 + 3.312 + 3.622 + 3.952 + 4.122 ] = 1.11
̅ 2ℎ
𝑈 ̅ 2ℎ
𝑈 3.572 𝑥 6 2