Practical Of GIS & RS of Hydrogeology

By Tesfamariam Engida(PhD Candidate)

Email:engidatesfa@gmail.com
Outline

Data Preparation for Hydrology

GIS and RS
Data Sources for geospatial information
Data format
Application of geospatial for Hydrology
Software's for Hydrology

6/29/21 2
 Cont….
 What is Remote Sensing and GIS
 What are the data sources and data format for GIS?
 What is DEM/DSM/DTM??
 Application of DEM
 Sources of DEM
Hydrological
Data
 WHY?

DEVELOPING/IMPROVING HYDROLOGICAL
INFORMATION SYSTEM (HIS) WITHIN PROJECT
AREA
COMPREHENSIVE
EASILY ACCESSIBLE
RELIABLE
USER-FRIENDLY
SUSTAINABLE

STANDARDISATION OF PROCEDURES TO BE
FOLLOWED AT VARIOUS LEVELS OF THE
SYSTEM
 Water Resources Issues in Space and Time

Extended/Seasonal Climate
Weather Weather Decadal Climate
Forecasts Outlooks Variability Change
Predictions

10 6 Drought and Conjunctive

Safe Yield and

Spatial Scale (km 2)

Management

Reliability
10 5 General Flood

Structural
Integrity
Reservoir Operation, Well-Field,
10 4 Watershed Resources, and Ecosystem
Management
10 3
Flash
Flood
10 2

10

century
decade
season
month
week

year
day

Temporal Scale
 Role of DTMs

Surface shape determines water behaviour

characterise surface using DTM
slope
aspect
(altitude)
delineate drainage system:
catchment boundary (watershed)
sub-catchments
stream network
quantify catchment variables
soil moisture, etc.
flow times... catchment response

Week 22 GEOG2750 – Earth Observation and GIS of the Physical Environment 10

 DEMs for hydrology

slope

altitude

aspect

drainage basins stream

networks

Week 22 GEOG2750 – Earth Observation and GIS of the Physical Environment 11

 What are the data sources for hydrological analysis?\
 Sources of the data?
 What is Image Classification
 Types of image Classification
 Supervised and Unsupervised
 Soil data from RS
S is related to the soil cover conditions of the
watershed through the CN.
CN has a range of 0 to 100
S Maximum potential retention
 The SCS has developed a method of determining excess
rain based on precipitation depth (P).
 The model developed by the SCS separates precipitation
into three categories:
Q - Direct runoff (excess rain) This is the depth (in) of rain that
shows up as runoff.
F - Actual retention. This is the depth (in) of the abstraction
Ia - Initial abstraction This is the depth (in) of rain that must
fall before runoff starts.
 Soil Type: A, B, C, D
Soil group A – Well drained sand or gravel, high infiltration rate
Soil group B – Moderately well drained soil, moderate infiltration
rate, with fine to moderately coarse texture
Soil group C – Slow infiltration rate, moderate to fine texture
Soil group D – Very slow infiltration, mainly clay material,
relatively impervious
Hydrologic condition – good/fair/poor (rural land use only)
 Arc Hydro: GIS for Water Resources

• Arc Hydro
– Hydronetwork
– Drainage systems
– Channels
– Time Series
– Modeling
– Hydrologic integration

The Arc Hydro data model and

application tools are in the public
domain
CRWR GIS in Water Resources
Consortium

Water
GIS
Resources

Bringing together these two communities by using a

common geospatial data model
Arc Hydro design took 3 years from 1999 -
2002
Hydrologic Information System

Analysis, Modeling,
Decision Making

Arc Hydro
Geodatabase
 Geographic Data Model
• Conceptual Model – a set of concepts that describe
a subject and allow reasoning about it
• Mathematical Model – a conceptual model
expressed in equations
• Data Model – a conceptual model expressed in a
data structure
• Geographic Data Model – a data model for
describing and reasoning about the world
 What is Arc Hydro?
• A geographic data model for storing
geospatial and temporal water resources
data in ArcGIS
– A set of hydro objects built on top of
ArcObjects
– A set of standardized attributes
– A vocabulary for describing data
(glossary)
– A toolset for implementing the data
model
 Arc Hydro Data Model

Drainage System Hydro Network Flow

Time

Time Series

Hydrography Channel System

ArcGIS Hydro Data Model

Hydrography Hydrology
Streams

Drainage Areas Data Model

Based on
Hydrography
Inventory
Channels

Terrain Surfaces

Rainfall Response

Digital
Orthophotos
Introduction to ARCGIS_ARCHMAP Interface
 Terrain Preprocessing
first step in developing an HEC-GeoHMS project.

datasets are grid layers that represent the flow direction, flow
accumulation, stream network, stream segmentation, and
watershed delineation.

Features and Functionality

•Data Management
•Terrain Reconditioning
•Terrain Preprocessing
 Major steps involved in delineating a watershed using
ARCGIS

 Geo-registering the scanned topo sheets

Creating shapefiles–
Contour digitization–
Preparation of DEM– Filling of DEM– Flow Direction
Raster generation Flow Accumulation Raster–Flow
Accumulation Raster – Determining Pour Points–Watershed
Delineation
Arc Hydro Tools and GeoHMS
 Dataset sources
 Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
 Hydrography (NHD)
 Soil Types Data
 Land Use Land Cover (LULC)
For an accumulation surface the value of each cell represents the total
number of cells that flow into an individual cell
Cells that have high accumulation are areas of concentrated flow and
may be used to identify stream channels.
 DEM Reconditioning

DEM reconditioning is a process of adjusting the DEM

DEM reconditioning is only suggested when the vector stream
information is more reliable than the raster DEM information.
Filling the DEM: After getting the DEM, there is need to fill the
depressions if any in the DEM to get avoid false routings
Integrating Data Inventory using
a Behavioral Model
Relationships between
objects linked by tracing path
of water movement
 Arc Hydro Framework Input Data

Watersheds Waterbody

Streams

Monitoring Points
 Arc Hydro Framework
Feat
ure

HydroPoint Wat erbody Wat ershed

HydroID HydroID HydroID

HydroCo HydroCode
HydroCo * de FType DrainID
de FType
Name AreaSqKm
Name
AreaSqKm JunctionID
JunctionID
JunctionID NextDow
( nID
(
! (
( * *
( !
(! ( (! (
( ! Com plex EdgeFeat Sim pleJunct ionFeat
! (
((
!
( ( !( ( (!(!
! (
! ! !
!
( ure ure
! ! ! ! ! !
(
(! (!
( !(
(!
(
! ( ! HydroEdge
( (! (
( ! ( ( ! ( HydroJunct
HydroJunct
( !
! (! !
!
! HydroID 1 ion 1
!
!
(!
(
HydroCode HydroID
( (
(!
( (! (
( (
!
ReachCode HydroCode
! ! (
(! (! (! !
!( ! Name NextDown
NextDow
(! (!
! (! (!
! ( LengthKm ID
nID
( ( ( !
! LengthDo HydroNet w LengthDown
(!( (! (
! (! !
(
! (!
! wn FlowDir ork DrainArea
! (! (!
(!
! ( FType FType
! EdgeType Enabled
Enabled AncillaryR
AncillaryR
ole
EdgeType
Flow line

Shoreline
 National Hydro Data Programs
http://www.crwr.utexas.edu/giswr/nhdconf/nationalhydro.html
National Elevation Dataset National Hydrography Dataset
(NED) (NHD)

Elevation Derivatives for Watershed Boundary Dataset

National Application (EDNA)
Scales of representation of Drainage Systems
Basins – drainage areas for water
resources management

Watersheds – subdivision of Basin

for a particular hydrologic
purpose

Catchments – subdivision of
Basin into elementary drainage
areas by physical rules

Digital Elevation Model –

land surface terrain grid cells
Channel Cross-Section
Direction of Flow

Channel

Cross-Section
Channel ProfileLines
Guadalupe Network

Study area only

1.4 km!
Study Area (Guadalupe river near Seguin, TX)

1/2 meter Digital Ortho Photography

Boat setup for data collection
 Depth Sounder (Echo Sounder)

The electronic depth sounder operates in a similar way to radar It sends out an
electronic pulse which echoes back from the bed. The echo is timed electronically
and transposed into a reading of the depth of water.
 Differential GPS: Bank to Boat

GPS gives the location of each point collected in terms of

latitude and longitude. Two locations for differential GPS.
Channel Data

Each point has (x,y,z)

Interpolation

Points are interpolated

in ArcMap to produce a
continuous surface.
 Centerline
Define the centerline along
the thalweg of the channel
 Measure in ArcGIS
Measures are assigned in
meters
54.37 154.41
0
281.36

A PolylineM can store

m-values at each vertex
along with x and y
coordinates.
Coordinate Transformation
m is measure along
the centerline
r is distance across the
river from the
centerline

Sinuous river becomes

straight when
transformed into (m,r)
co-ordinates.
 Coordinate Transformation

Straightened river

Profile line and cross-sections

Sinuous river
Straightened River in 3D
 Data back to x,y coordinates

Original river in X,Y Profile lines and cross-sections in (x,y)

created using FishNet in (m,r).
Profile Lines and Cross Sections in 3D

Bird’s eye view!

Arc Hydro Time Series Object
TSDateTime

TSValue

FeatureID

TSType
National Water Information System

Web access to USGS Arc Hydro NWIS data

water resources data retrieval tool
 Retrieving NWIS Data
• Select Gage
Layer
• Enter Period of
Record
 Streamflow Time Series

Arc Hydro Time Series Table

 Time Series Extracted to Excel
(In Excel, use Data/Get External Data to query Geodatabase)

Excel
Geodatabase
view view
 Nexrad Data for Florida
• Real-time Nexrad data
supplied every 15
minutes on a 2km grid
• Data from 14 radars
calibrated with 435
rain gages
• At end of month more
careful calibration is
done for historical rain
map archive
HRAP Cells for Nexrad Data

Average area = 14.5 km2

 GIS and Hydrologic Modeling:
Where are we now?
• All the major hydrologic models have GIS data
support systems
– HEC-GeoHMS, HEC-GeoRAS, GIS-Weasel for MMS,
Mike-11GIS, WMS, ….
• An extensive body of experience in terrain
processing for hydrology has been built
up
• Standardized national geospatial datasets for
hydrology
– National Elevation Dataset, EDNA, National
Hydrography Dataset, Watershed Boundary Dataset
 GIS and Hydrologic Modeling:
Where are we going to?
• Integrated data and modeling systems e.g. Corps
Water Management System, EPA Basins, DHI Mike
Objects, …..
– Integration of observational (time series) data,
geospatial data, model-derived data
• Integration of vector, raster and time series data in a
database management system
• A language (vocabulary and grammar) for
communicating between databases and models e.g.
XML
 Arc Hydro and Modeling
• Intrinsic Modeling – within a particular
application eg Excel, ArcGIS, custom
objects
• Dynamic Linked Library – tightly coupled
package of functions (e.g. LibHydro from
HEC)
• Independent Modeling – separate
hydrologic model with data exchange
 Dynamic Linked Library

Can have
Fortran
subroutines
in a DLL
Muskingum
flow
routing
 Independent Hydrologic Model

VB progam reads and writes

text files
Interfaces to Arc Hydro Data and Models
Ex
IS cel
rcG
A

Analysis, Modeling,
Decision Making

Arc Hydro
Geodatabase
Vis ase
ual atab
Ba l D )
sic na ss
io e
lat cc
Re (A
 Vertical and Horizontal
Water Balance
Atmospheric Water

Soil Water Surface Water

Groundwater
Decoupling
and
connecting
hydrologic
systems
Model Building in ArcGIS 9
 What software do you need?
• ArcView 8.2
– Viewing, querying existing geodatabases
– Editing feature classes and adding data
• Spatial Analyst for ArcGIS
– To operate the raster tools in Arc Hydro
• ArcInfo 8.2
– To build geometric networks and create new
relationships
Arc Hydro tools and data model are on CD at back of
Arc Hydro book and available on web at
http://archydro.crwr.utexas.edu
 Learning Arc Hydro
• “Arc Hydro—GIS for Water Resources” book
from ESRI Press
• Tutorial on tools and sample dataset on CD at
back of book
• Exercises in Fall 2002 GIS in Water Resources
class http://www.ce.utexas.edu/prof/maidment
• GISWR website
http://www.crwr.utexas.edu/giswr
• ESRI’s Arc Online (discussion
forum)