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Syllabus: Rigin ND Rowth

The document discusses operational research (OR), including its origin and growth from World War II, importance and applications in various fields like agriculture, finance, industry, marketing, and personnel management. It also covers OR models and modeling techniques like linear programming, network optimization, integer programming, nonlinear programming, and probabilistic models like discrete-time Markov chains, continuous-time modeling, queuing theory, and decision analysis.

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Anila R
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23 views

Syllabus: Rigin ND Rowth

The document discusses operational research (OR), including its origin and growth from World War II, importance and applications in various fields like agriculture, finance, industry, marketing, and personnel management. It also covers OR models and modeling techniques like linear programming, network optimization, integer programming, nonlinear programming, and probabilistic models like discrete-time Markov chains, continuous-time modeling, queuing theory, and decision analysis.

Uploaded by

Anila R
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MODULE 1

Syllabus

1. Origin and Growth of OR


2. Importance of OR
3. Scope and applications
4. OR models and modeling
5. LPP- formulation – Graphical method and Simplex algorithm
6. Degeneracy

Theory

INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITION

Operational Research is a systematic and analytical approach to decision making and


problem solving. O.R. is a branch of applied mathematics that uses techniques and statistics to
arrive at Optimal solutions to solve complex problems. It is typically concerned with determining
the maximum profit, sale, output, crops yield and efficiency and minimum losses, risks, cost, and
time of some objective function.

Operations Research is the application of analytical methods designed to help the


decision makers choose between various courses of action available to accomplish
specified objectives

ORIGIN AND GROWTH

Operations Research came into existence when Frederick W Taylor in 1885 emphasized
the application of scientific analysis to methods of production. There is no clear history that
marks the Birth if O.R., it is generally accepted that the field originated in England during the
World War II.

Some say that Charles Babbage (1791-1871) is the Father of O.R because his research
into the cost of transportation and sorting of mail led to England’s University Penny Post in
1840.

Modern Operations Research originated at the Bowdsey Research Station in U.K. in


1937 to analyse and improve the working of the UK’s Early Warning Rador System.
p
c
S
f
u
d
In
g
r
O
y
o
ti
a
s
e
R
t
i During the Second World War about 1000 Men and Women were engaged to work for
British Army.

After World War II, Military Operational Research in U.K. became Operational Analysis
(OA) within the U.K. Ministry of Defence with expanded techniques and graving awareness

IMPORTANCE OF OR







It provides a tool for scientific analysis
It offers solutions for various business problems
It enables proper deployment of resources
It supports in minimizing waiting and servicing cost
It helps the management to decide when to buy and what to buy
It helps in reducing the total processing time

SCOPE AND APPLICATIONS


 In agriculture

With the sudden increase of population and resulting shortage of food, every country is
facing the problem of

 Optimum allocation of land to a variety of crops as per the climatic conditions


 Optimum distribution of water from numerous resources like canal for irrigation
purposes

Hence there is a requirement of determining best policies under the given restrictions.
Therefore a good quantity of work can be done in this direction.

 In finance

In these recent times of economic crisis, it has become very essential for every
government to do a careful planning for the economic progress of the country. OR techniques
can be productively applied

 To determine the profit plan for the company


 To maximize the per capita income with least amount of resources
 To decide on the best replacement policies, etc
 In industry

If the industry manager makes his policies simply on the basis of his past experience and
a day approaches when he gets retirement, then a serious loss is encounter ahead of the industry.
This heavy loss can be right away compensated through appointing a young specialist of OR
techniques in business management. Thus OR is helpful for the industry director in deciding
optimum distribution of several limited resources like men, machines, material, etc to reach at
the optimum decision.

 In marketing

With the assistance of OR techniques a marketing administrator can decide upon

 Where to allocate the products for sale so that the total cost of transportation is set
to be minimum
 The minimum per unit sale price
 The size of the stock to come across with the future demand
 How to choose the best advertising media with respect to cost, time etc?
 How, when and what to buy at the minimum likely cost?
 In personnel management

A personnel manager can utilize OR techniques

 To appoint the highly suitable person on minimum salary


 To know the best age of retirement for the employees
 To find out the number of persons appointed in full time basis when the workload
is seasonal
 In production management

A production manager can utilize OR techniques

o To calculate the number and size of the items to be produced


o In scheduling and sequencing the production machines
o In computing the optimum product mix
o To choose, locate and design the sites for the production plans.

OR MODELS AND MODELING

OPERATIONS RESEARCH MODELS

Deterministic Models
Probabilistic Model
• Linear Programming • Discrete-Time Chains

• Network Optimization • Continuous-Time

• Integer Programming
• Queuing Theory
• Nonlinear Programming
• Decision Analysis

LINEAR PROGRAMMING PROBLEM (LPP)

A Linear Programming model seeks to maximize or minimize a linear function, subject to


a set of linear constraints.
The linear model consists of the follow ing components:
 A set of decision variables.
 An objective function.
 A set of constraints.
PROBLEMS EXAMPLE

Example 1 – Max

1.

Consider a chocolate manufacturing company which produces only two types of


chocolate – A and B. Both the chocolates require Milk and Choco only.
To manufacture each unit of A and B, following quantities are required:
Each unit of A requires 1 unit of Milk and 3 units of Choco
Each unit of B requires 1 unit of Milk and 2 units of Choco
The company kitchen has a total of 5 units of Milk and 12 units of Choco. On each sale,
the company makes a profit of
Rs 6 per unit A sold
Rs 5 per unit B sold.
Now, the company wishes to maximize its profit. How many units of A and B should it
produce respectively?

Solution:

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