Fluid Mechanics Chapter1

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Content

1 Basic Fluid Properties

1.1 Nature of Fluids

1.2 Unit and Prefix

1.3 Properties of Fluids

1.3.1 Mass

1.3.2 Weight

1.3.3 Density

1.3.4 Specific Weight/ Unit Weight

1.3.5 Specific Gravity/ Relative Density

1.3.6 Viscosity

1.3.7 Newtonian Fluids

1.3.8 Compressibility and the Bulk Modulus of Elasticity


1 Basic Fluid Properties

1.1 Nature of Fluids

Concept.
Fluid is a substance that deforms continuously and permanently when acted on by shear
stress of any magnitude. Fluid including liquid and gas.

If the substance cannot deform continuously and permanently, it is a solid.

Shear stress = Tangential stress

1.2 Unit and Prefix

Concept.
1 L=10−3 m3
1000 L=1 m3

1 T =1012 , 1G=109 ,1 M =106 , 1 k=103


1 c=10−2 , 1m=10−3 ,1 μ=10−6 ,1 n=10−9
1.3 Properties of Fluids

1.3.1 Mass(m)

Concept.
Mass: The quantity of matter in a body.

Unit: kg

It does not change. Therefore, mass same like to the constant of the body.

1.3.2 Weight(W)

Concept.
Weight: The gravitational force that the earth exerts on a mass.

Unit: N or kgm s−2

The gravitational acceleration of earth: g=9.81 ms−2

Equation of weight
W =mg

1.3.3 Density( ρ )

Concept.
Density: The mass of substance per unit volume.

Unit: kg m−3

Equation of density
M
ρ=
V
For liquids, variations in pressure and temperature have only a small effect for the values of
density.

The density of water:

ρwater =1000 kg m −3
1.3.4 Specific Weight/ Unit Weight(γ )

Concept.
Specific Weight: The weight of substance per unit volume.

Unit: Nm−3

Equation of specific weight


W
γ= =ρg
V

The specific weight of water:

γ water =9.81 k N m−3

1.3.5 Specific Gravity/ Relative Density (SG)

Concept.
Specific Gravity: The ratio of the density of a fluid to the density of water at 4 ℃ .

The reason of 4℃ is the water has the maximum density at 4℃ .

Equation of specific gravity

ρ substance γ s ubstance
SG= =
ρwater at 4 ℃ γ w ater at 4 ℃
The specific gravity of water:
SGwater=1.0

The specific gravity of mercury:


SGH g =13.6
Training 1

Example.
A tank of seawater has a volume of 12 m3 and a weight of 123kN. Determine its density
and specific weight in SI unit.
Ans: Density=1045kg/m 3; S.G=10.25kN/m 3

Example.
Gear oil has a specific gravity of 0.93. Determine its specific weight and density.

Ans: Density=930kg/m 3; S.G=9.12kN/m 3


1.3.6 Viscosity

Concept.
The viscosity of a liquid is the measure of the thickness of a liquid. Viscosity could affect
the flow rate of the fluid.

Velocity also affects the energy loss.

If the velocity of liquid equal to the velocity of the moving plate, there is no slip since the
molecules of fluid is tended to adhere to the moving plate.

Velocity profile(V) is the velocity of the fluid, which varies with distance(y).

Concept.
The unit of dynamic viscosity( μ) : Ns/m 2

The equation of the shear stress


τ =μ
dt

dV
∵ dε= dt
dy

dV
∴ τ=μ
dy
dV ) show the rate of change of velocity in y-direction.
The velocity gradient(
dy

The dynamic viscosity of water:

μwater =1.14 ×10−3 Ns /m2

Concept.
The unit of Kinematic viscosity(v): m 2 / s

μ
v=
ρ
Kinematic viscosity of water

v water=1.14 × 10−6 m 2 /s
1.3.7 Newtonian Fluids

Concept.
The ratio of shear stress to velocity gradient(i.e. dynamic viscosity) will be constant if the
temperature and pressure are kept constant.

Newtonian fluids are defined as one with constant viscosity, with zero shear rate at zero
shear stress. (i.e. The shear rate is directly proportional to the shear stress.) Otherwise,
fluids are named as Non-Newtonian fluids.
Training 2

Example.
The diagram below shows two plates ∆ y apart, the lower one fixed and the upper one free
to move under the action of a mass of 25g. If the fluid between the plates is castor
oil( dynamic viscosity, μ=650× 10−3 Ns/m 3) and the area of contact of the upper plate
with the oil is 0.75 m 2, find the velocity of the upper plate when the distance separating the
plate is 1mm.

Ans: 0.503mm/s
1.3.8 Compressibility and the Bulk Modulus of Elasticity(K)

Concept.
All materials, whether solids, liquids, or gases, are compressible. Liquids can be considered
as incompressible since the Bulk Modulus of liquid is very large.

The change of pressure and change of volume depends on Bulk Modulus.

Bulk Modulus of Elasticity(K): The ratio of the infinitesimal pressure increases to the
resulting relative decrease of the volume.

Unit: N/m 2

dP
K=−V
dV
By Boyle’s Law, volume is negative value.
1
V∝
p
The Bulk Modulus of water:

K water =2.05 ×10 9 N /m 2


Training 3

Example.
A hydraulic lift of the type commonly used for greasing automobiles consists of a 250mm
diameter ram that slides in a diameter cylinder.
The annular space between the cylinder and the ram is filled with a 0.075mm thick oil
having a kinematic viscosity of 3.53 ×10−4 m2 / s and SG of 0.83.
If the rate of travel of the ram, V is 0.15m/s, find the frictional resistance, F when a ram of
2m long is engaged in the cylinder.

Ans: F=920N
All Training of Chapter 1

Take , 3 , 2
g=9.81 m/ s2 ρwater =1000 kg /m μwater =1 ×10 Ns/m
−3

Example.
A reservoir of glycerine has a mass of 1200kg and a volume of 0.952m 3. Find the
glycerine’s weight, density, specific weight, and specific gravity.
Ans: W=11.8kN, ρ=1261kg /m 3, γ =12.4 kN /m 3, SG=1.26

Example.
The specific gravity of ethyl alcohol is 0.79. Calculate its specific weight and density.
Ans: ρ=790 kg/m 3, γ =7.75 kN /m3

Example.
The volume of a rock is found to be 0.00015m 3. If the rock’s specific gravity is 2.60, what
is its weight?
Ans: 3.83N
Example.
If the specific weight of a liquid is 8000N/m 3, what is its density and specific gravity?
Ans: ρ=815 kg/m 3, SG=0.815

Example.
A liquid compressed in a cylinder has a volume of 1000c m 3 at 1MN/m 2 and a volume of
955c m 3at 2MN/m 2. Determine the bulk modulus of the liquid.
Ans: 200MPa

Example.
Find the change in volume of 30L of a fluid when subjected to a pressure increase of
2.0MPa. The bulk modulus of elasticity of the fluid is 2.24GPa.
Ans: -0.0268L
Example.
Given the bulk modulus of sea water is 2.2 ×109 Pa and the density of surface sea water is
1 .025× 103 kg/m3. Calculate the volume of 1 .025× 103 kg of sea water at a depth near
5km where the pressure is 5.0×10 7 Pa.
Ans: 0.9778m 3

Example.
A block weighing 100N and having dimensions 200mm on an edge is allowed to slide
down an incline on a film of oil having a thickness of 0.05mm. If a linear velocity profile in
the oil is assumed, what is the terminal speed of the block? The viscosity of the oil is
7 ×10−2 Ns/m2.

Ans: 0.755m/s
Example.
A hydraulic circular rod having a 100mm diameter and 2m long is pulled by a force of
200N. It moves with a constant velocity within a circular hollow tube of 101mm internal
diameter. The clearance of 0.5mm between the rod and the tube is filled with oil of
specific gravity 0.8 and kinematic viscosity 400m m2 / s as shown in the figure below.
Determine the velocity of the rod in units of m/s.

Ans: 0.497m/s
Example.
Two plate of size 100mm by 50mm are separated with a 1mm thick fluid in between. The
top plate is moving to the right with a constant velocity of 10m/s in response to a force of
3N. The bottom plate is stationary. Determine the viscosity of the fluid by assuming a
linear velocity distribution.
Ans: 0.06Ns/m 2

Example.
The velocity distribution for water near a wall is given by
1
y
u=a ()
b
6

where a=10m/s, b=2mm


Determine the shear stress of water at y=1mm.
Ans: 1.485Pa

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