CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Generally farmer uses traditional way that is spray carried on backpack and spraying crop
this becomes time consuming, costly and human fatigue is major concern. Present day in
agriculture the sprayers play an important role in spraying pesticide. Although sprayers varies like
motorized, hand operated. Spraying pesticide is an important process in farming. Now days, there
are many types of pesticide sprayer already in market. For the different types of pesticide sprayer
there are have a different shapes, sizes, method to carry it but the function are same. The current
idea on sprayer in our project is to utilize effectively for reducing time of spraying, human efforts
and cost of spraying. The conventional sprayer having some difficulties such as it needs lot of
effort to push the liver up and down in order to create the pressure to spray.

Another difficulty of petrol sprayer is to need to purchase the fuel which increases the
running cost of the sprayer; it produces more vibrations and noise that irritates the farmer and he
refuse to do such work repeatedly. In order to overcome these difficulties, we have proposed a
wheel driven sprayer, it is a portable device and no need of any fuel to operate, which is easy to
move and sprays the pesticide by moving the wheel. The mechanism involve in this sprayer is
reciprocating pump, and nozzles which were connected at the front end of the spraying
equipment.

A special arrangement is implemented for adjusting the pressure as low and high with the
help of adjusting the nut. Also the weeding is done by this equipment. In Agricultural sector use
of cheap and beneficial equipment for effective weeding and spraying for increase productivity
which is very important for better contribution for India’s GDP. We have to make economic
machineries so farmers can purchase it as per capital income of our country’s farmers are low and
our country per capital income is low that of compared to other country as our country is
developing country. Present scenario in agricultural field in India related to sprayer is that farmers
are using hand operated sprayer or motorized sprayer. According to idea in our project we are
making a small agricultural reciprocating multi sprayer which is mechanically operated by a slider
crank mechanism. One vertical arm is attached at in front of cycle and one horizontal arm at top
of the vertical arm. Nozzles are fitted to this arm so that it can spray pesticide both the sides. As
more no of nozzle are there hence spraying is done rapidly and time and money is saved.

Farming is the backbone of economy of our country. In this agricultural sector, there is
lot of field work to do such as sowing, reaping, weeding etc. Except from these above
operations, spraying is very important operation to protect the cultivated crops from the
insects, pests, funguses and diseases for which various nutrients pesticides, insecticides,
fungicides are sprayed for protection. In last 50 years farming has undergone a great
revolution. Insects are largely responsible for destruction of crops. Manmade insecticides or
pesticides or natural preparations are used to prevent or control the reproduction of insects or
to terminate them. The pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers are applied to agricultural crops
with the use of sprayers. With minimum efforts these provides optimum performance.
In this sector, the effective spraying and weeding with cheap and beneficiary equipment
are used for increase in productivity for better contribution of India’s GDP which is very
important. The principles of motion of project that transmits rotary motion of chain drive and
sprocket arrangement and reciprocating piston pump for pumping and spraying pesticides or
fertilizers over the field.
Usually cheap knapsack sprayer is carrying certain major drawbacks such as back pain,
arm pain due to continuous pumping of fluid and exertion of user due to its heavy weight.
Manually operated hand pumping isn’t uniform and may generate uneven pressure inside the
tank. The flow becomes turbulent due to fluctuation in pressure in tank which is undesirable.
As there is an increase in pressure in cylinder, spray width increases. This results in
pesticides waste

II. PROBLEM STATEMENT

For the backpack type pesticide sprayer, user needs to carry the heavy tank at the back and
oscillate the lever that required more efforts. As we know, this is the most type of pesticide pump
sprayer that user use in farming. User need to hold the nozzle when spraying out the pesticide.
The second type of spray pump used is fuel operated spray pump, which is heavier than hand
operated backpack pump. This type of pump is running on petrol engine. We know that petrol is
one of the costly fuel. Also the pump produces more vibrations which is hazardous to users back
muscles, these pump makes unwanted noise.

III. SCOPE

Now days the spraying of crop is done by operator taking pump on back, but we were
developing this conventional spraying for reducing efforts and time by using slider crank
mechanism and motion transmission by chain and sprocket arrangement principles.
 CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

Pesticides are used to protect field crops and orchards. Pesticides are used to
destroy, prevent or control diseases and insects of field crops and orchards on farm. In
an average year, especially in summer, one or more types of irrigators will be used by an
average family gardener. Among the many available products, it is important to select
efficient and for particular need, if applying fungicides, insecticides and herbicides,
liquid or moisturizing fertilizers agents. E.g. the lawn sprayer is specially designed for
the application of liquid materials in the turf area. They are dosed to allow quickly
mixing and coarse spray, so it takes less time to apply herbicides, insecticides, etc.
Furthermore, there are not many possibilities to drift in the liquid in the beds of
nearby shrub beds and flowers. Efficiency and accuracy vary significantly, especially
with the one that connects to the garden hose. Atomizers which are used to kill weeds or
 to apply any type of soil, infertility should not be used for other purposes. In fact, it will
be a good practice to set aside a sprayer just for lawn area. Use one separately flowers
and bushes. It is a good idea to clean multi sprayer immediately after usage for
fumigation type. Small soapy water moved through the sprayer and then rinsed with
warm water helps well.
The objective of this invention is to provide a simple and inexpensive fertilizer spreader,
in a form of a ‘walk-behind’ device which may be easily and quickly pushed by the farmers for
spreading solid fertilizers like urea. This is a type of spreader which can be operated manually for
spreading granular materials in farms especially for solid fertilizers like urea. When the vehicle is
pushed, motion is transferred from rear axle wheels which in turn transmits rotational motion
through sprocket (mounted on rear axle) and chain mechanism which in turn rotates second
sprocket connected to a shaft having screw conveyor at both the ends. This rotation of screw
conveyor will discharge the fertilizer which is supplied through a hopper acting as storage tank.
Keywords: Sugarcane, Cultivation, Fertilizer spreading, Sugarcane plantation, Fertilizer
mechanism, Screw conveyor, Ridge and furrow.

There are different researchers who invented different types of fertilizer spreading
machines. They publish their papers and the papers published are given below: Chaudhari et. al
[1] studied the sugarcane plantation in India and need of an alternative to the traditional as well as
tractor operated fertilizer spreading machine. In India near about 70% people of our country are
farmers. Due to these reasons the author developed the machine which has minimal capital cost
compared to traditional fertilizing equipment. Laghari et. al.

[2] focuses on beneficial uses of fertilizer in agriculture. Soil contains various micro and
macro elements which are essential for plant growth and yield. It is necessary to save important
nutrient elements like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by application of chemical fertilizers.
For certain situations broadcast applications can be an inefficient method of application because
there is much greater soil to fertilizer contact in more fixation or tie-up of nutrient. Narode R. R et
al.

[3] have generated a method to spread the fertilizer uniformly over a fallow land by
dropping the fertilizer over the impeller disc. The system consists of a three wheels, two at the
front and one at the back. These two wheels at the front are used to impel the fertilizer. The two
hoppers are used to store the fertilizer; these hoppers are placed at some height from the wheel
axle so that the fertilizer falls on to the impeller. The hopper is provided with flow control
mechanism. In fertilization, the flow maintenance is necessary. Generally, every crop should get
sufficient amount of fertilizer. This condition is satisfied by Spring Mechanism. Kweon & Grift
 [4] have proposed a method which employs control of the drop location of fertilizer
particles on a spinner disc to optimize the spread pattern uniformity. The system contained an
optical sensor as a feedback mechanism, which measured discharge velocity and location, as well
as particle diameters to predict a spread pattern of a single disc. Das et al.

[5] have done a review of different fertilizer and pesticide spreaders. Author has sought
attention towards growing population in India which is projected to be 1.6 billion in next few
years. He also emphasizes that 73% of population is in Agricultural sector and out of that 65%
farmers are small land and marginal farmers. In this he has discussed various types of spreaders
and pesticides like Backpack sprayer, Lite-Trac, Motorcycle Driven Multi-Purpose Farming
Device, Aerial Sprayer and their advantages & disadvantages. Joshua et.al

[6] have worked on solar operated pesticide sprayer. Most of the increase in the area of
irrigated land in the world has been through the increasing use of engine-driven pumps. However,
the increasing price of oil-based fuel has reduced the margin to be gained by farmers from
irrigation, since food prices have generally been prevented from rising in line with energy costs.
Adamade et al.

[7] worked on mechanization is recognized as the necessary major means needed to

accelerate agricultural production and create a period of surplus in Nigeria. Indeed, food
sufficiency can only be attained in Nigeria by encouraging and promoting local designs and
manufacture of implements and equipment at low cost. We have taken the useful data from this
research paper. Kishore et al.

[8] described various machineries present in sugarcane farming such as Mechanized land
preparation in which animal or power driven vehicles or tractors are used. Kshirsagar et.al

[9] have created a Multifunctional Agricultural vehicle which can perform many
operations such as seed bowing, fertilizer spraying and grass eruption from roots. Small-size
farms are a huge issue in mechanization because it is against of the “economics of scale”. These
problems are classified into technological constraints, financial and economic problems, and
environmental issues. Focuses on the basic problems faced by fellow farmers i.e. Seed sowing,
fertilizers spraying and grass eruption. Mada et.al

[10] have mentioned importance of mechanization in agricultural by giving examples. The

conclusion from the paper was need of a cheap and simple vehicle for ease of different processes
in farm. Vignesh et.al
 [11] have draws attention towards incredible changes that have arisen in conservative
methods of agriculture like seed plantation, irrigation system, pesticides and spray castoff. For
emerging our monetary condition, it is obligatory to upsurge our agricultural production and
superiority also. International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering
Technology (IJRASET) ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 6.887 Volume 6
Issue VII, July 2018- Available at www.ijraset.com ©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved 240
Bhojane et. al

[12] have designed a manually operated machine for fertilizer spreading by taking into
consideration the user group & their needs. The project design divided in to three level, top level,
middle level, bottom level. Top level consists a hopper. Middle level consist a gear arrangement,
chain drive and spreader disc. The bottom level consists wheel. they have taken help of this to
understand how mechanization can solve the problem and what can be done more so that
mechanization is possible for every farmer.
 CHAPTER III

WORKING PRINCIPLE AND CONSTRUCTION

1. Motion is transmitted with the help of arrangement of chain and sprockets.

2. Slider crank mechanism is used to convert the rotary motion to reciprocating motion

The previous figure shows the assembly of the alternative agricultural multi-sprayer. After
grabbing the handle by an operator and the cycle is pushed forward while the wheel progresses,
the wheel turns. As the wheel rotates, the gear sprocket situated on the wheel also rotates at same
rpm the wheel. The movement of the gear sprocket is transferred to the pinion through the chain
drive. The pinion and the crank are mounted on both sides of the same axis, the rotary movement
of the shaft becomes the reciprocating movement with the elp of the crank and the mechanism of
the connecting rod which is also connected to the lever and therefore the lever and oscillates at the
fulcrum. The cylinder associated with the support creates an elective development in the barrel
and the required weight is come to. The pesticide tank sucks the barrel and the cylinder
constrained the pesticide to be tossed through the tube; the quantity of spouts is associated with
shower the pesticide. We can alter the weight, what is important to shower with the assistance of
an extraordinary course of action is to change the length of the wrench by giving scores in the
wrench. A few changes can be made in the coupling of the interfacing bar and the free turn of the
situation of the wrench or nonpartisan. Utilizing these settings, pumping stops and the wheel turns
openly when pesticides are not expected to shower. The tallness, position and point of the spout
can be flexible.

CONSTRUCTION

Following are the parts used in project: 1. Shaft 2. Wheel 3. Chain and Sprockets 4. Crank
Mechanism 5. Sprayer tank 6. Nozzle

SHAFT

A drive shaft is a segment for transmission of torque & rotation, normally used to
associate other parts of a drives mechanism that can't be associated specifically due to remove or
the need to consider relative movement in between. The torque bearers, drive shafts are liable to
shear and torsional stress, like the diff between the torque input and load. They should be solid
enough to hold up under the stress, while staying away from expansive extra weight as that would
increase in inertia.

Fig. Shaft (axle)

WHEEL

A wheel is a roundabout component that can be pivoted on a hub bearing. The wheel is
one of the principle segments of the haggle which is simple to pivot. Wheels in addition with
axles enable overpowered burden to be moved effectively or transportation while encouraging
load, or on the other hand performing work in machines. A wheel moreover decreases the
grinding by encouraging movement to rolling together with the utilization of wheel axles.
 Fig. Wheel

CHAIN AND SPROCKET

Chain drive is a method for transmitting mechanical control starting with one place then
onto the next place. It is regularly used to convey energy to the wheels of a vehicle. Most
regularly, the power is dispatched by a roller chain, known as the drive chain or transmission
chain disregarding a sprocket adapt, with the teeth of the outfit fitting with the openings in the
connections of the chain. The apparatus is turned, and this powers the chain putting mechanical
power into the framework. A toothed wheel or a wheel is an added wheel with toothed pinions or
pinions that work with a chain or notched material. The sprocket applies for the most part to any
wheel upon which outspread projections connects with a passing over chain.

Fig. Chain sprocket

CRANK

A crank is an arm joined at a pivoting shaft through which reciprocating movement is

conceded from the shaft. This component is utilized to change over circular motion into
reciprocating movement. One end of the connecting rod which is attached to crank gives circular
motion, while opposite end is moved in direct sliding motion.
 Fig. Crank (Mechanism)

SPRAYER TANK

The tank ought to be made with ability of resistant to corrosion material. Materials utilized
as a part of sprayer tanks incorporate stainless steel, polyethylene plastic and filaments. Pesticides
might be corrosive to specific materials. Aluminum, steel tanks ought not be utilized. A few
chemicals respond with these materials, which may bring about diminished adequacy of the
pesticide, or rust or erosion inside the tank. Tanks should be kept clean and free of rust, dampness
and different contaminants which can harm the pump and spouts. Likewise, defilement may
gather in the spout and confine the stream of Chemical, bringing about ununiform spray patterns
and rates of use. The tank ought to be perfect in the wake of splashing is finished. A tank ought to
give a deplete gap at the base close to one end permits complete drainage.

Fig. Sprayer Tank

NOZZLE

The nozzle is a main component of any spraying system. It performs many important
functions such as: 1. Flow regulation. 2. To convert mixture fluid into droplets. 3. As the
desired pattern the spray disperses. Nozzles are produced using a few kinds of material, for
example, ceramics, hardened stainless steel, plastic, nylon, brass, stainless steel,. Nozzles are
produced using harder metals for the most part cost more but wear longer. Every nozzle on a
sprayer ought to apply a similar measure of pesticide. In the event that one nozzle applies pretty
much than abutting nozzles, streaking happens. Nozzle stream rates should be checked by
consistently gather to the spill out of every nozzle under working conditions and think about the
yield. The nozzle is ought to be expelled from the nozzle body and cleaned it with a delicate
swarmed nozzle cleaning brush. A decent strategy is blowing out dirt with the use of compressed
air.

Fig. Nozzle
 CHAPTER IV
DISTANCE AND HEIGHT OF THE CROP

The distance and height of the crop have been decided after discussing with the farmer and
agricultural expertise. We have taken average distance and height of the crop.

Sr. Name of Distance between Height of

No. crop plant crop
1 Sorghum 0.70 feet 5.5-7 feet
2 Sugarcane 1 feet 5.5-7 feet
3 Corn 0.35 feet 3-4 feet
4 Pearl millet 0.75 feet 5.5-7 feet
5 Soybean 0.5 feet 1-2 feet
6 Cotton 2-2.5 feet 4-6 feet

Table.6.1:- distance and height of the crop

 I. PART DESIGN
Selection of Wheel
Distance between two plants = 1.25 feet =
38 cm. Line covered by one rotation of
wheel = 4
38 * 4 = 152 cm
152 = 2πr
r =
152/2π r
= 25 cm
The diameter of wheel = 50 cm
Selection of Pinion
Minimum no. of teeth available on
pinion = 18 Outer dia. Of pinion = 8 cm
= 80 mm
Inner dia. Of pinion = 6.5 cm = 65
mm Pitch circle dia.( Dp ) =

=
Dp = 72.5 mm
Gear Ratio = 1:3
On rotation of gear sprocket gives three rotation of pinion sprocket, we required three
strokes to generate adequate amount of pressure.
Selection of Gear Sprocket

tg =
18*3 tg
= 54

Dg = 218 mm
 Selection of Chain
Chain type roller
chain. ISO Chain no.
05B pitch = 0.25 mm
Length of chain , L = K.P
No. of chain ,
K

K=

K= 36 + 3824 + 0.00299
K = 3860
mm L =
K*P
L = 3860 *
0.25 L = 965
mm
L = 96.50 cm
Design of Crank and Connecting Rod by Using Synthesis of Mechanism ( Three
Position Method )
Crank, AB = 5.1 cm
Connecting Rod, BC1 = 10.8
cm
Nozzle Selection
Diameter of wheel =50
cm Let’s consider farm of
1 Acre, Therefore, 1 acre
= 4046.86 m2
L= m.

Number of plants in 64 meters, NP =

From survay earliar when hand backpack spray pump used then 60 ltr. of pesticide are used for 1
acre farm. Consider 60 ltr. of peticide is required for 1 acre farm so how much amount of
pesticide is required for one plant
.
Total number of plants in 1 acre, 168
60 ltr. for 1 acre, -3 ltr/plant.
Consider time required for 1 acre farm to spray a pesticide is 3 hrs.= 180 minute
-3
=180/28224 =6.3775 min/plant
-3
=1/6.3775 = 156.8 plant/min.
Discharge =
/min.
Find the pressure drop,

P2 = 1.279 bar

Pressure drop = 0.72 bar

Design of Manifold and Pipe Selection

When we carry out small sarvay we come to know that various pump are use by different
farmers but the most probably use pump is having capacity 16 Ltr. with pressure of 2-4 bars.
Pump Pressure = 2-4 bars
Spray Pipe Material =
Plastic
Pump discharge = 2 ltr./min = 3.333 10-5
m3/sec. Q = A V

V= m/sec.

Major Losses,
Take a Friction Factor, f = 0.09

hfm =
Loss at Entry,

hfE =
Loss at Out,

hfO =

Loss at T Section
Take, Bending Coefficient, k = 0.54 for 90°
hft =
Total Losses, hfT = hfm + hfE + hfO + hft

hfT =
Required Pressure at nozzle is 2 bar,
Therefore, pressure, P = 2 bar =
2*105 N/m2 P = ρgh

h = 20.38 m of water

Therefore, hfT =
20.38 =
d = 5.611*10-3 m
d = 5.61 mm = 0.6 cm

We are going to join six nozzles then pump required to produce the discharge is,
.
Total discharge of pump is 2 lpm.
For above discharge, which pump give pressure above 2 bar is to be selected.

Design of Frame
Lengh of frame =
= 478 + 130 + 242
L = 850 mm
Height of Frame = 776
mm Width of Frame =
500 mm
Total length of pipe = = 5750 mm
cross section area of square pipe = 25.2*2 = 51*4 sides =
204 mm2 volume of frame = 204*5750 = 1173000 mm3
Density of m.s.material = 7.7*10-6

kg/mm3 Density =
Mass = density * volume
=

= 9.03
 CHAPTER

CONCLUSION

The goal of our project was to satisfy the need of farmer's trouble from the issues
of expanding expense of Fertilization, work cost and accessibility as it is worked by
single individual.
This project is a push to satisfy the whole necessity examined before. The wheel
operated reciprocating pump is entirely outlined thinking about all the mechanical terms
that are identified with design of pump.
The reciprocating pump is mounted on tank and that is the reason they can be
transported effortlessly. All things points towards the less exertion required to work the
pump. The pump is light duty equipment for spraying pressurised fluid through nozzle.
It lessens labor for task. Max amount of fluid can be conveyed (up to 25 lit. based upon
tank size) and furthermore can be used.
It can shower on tall trees with movable nozzles. To create more yield from the
farm and furthermore it gives greater efficiency in less input. By utilizing this system
we can minimize the endeavors of works and constantly spray the pesticides and
fertilizers everywhere throughout the farm.
 CHAPTER

FUTURE SCOPE

In the future we can research and develop the project as follows: A. Better control of discharge
of fertilizer can be achieved by using flow control valves such as ball valve, butterfly valve, etc.
B. As of now, it is manually operated, it can be made power driven by attaching a small battery
or can be made solar operated. C. The volume capacity of hopper can be increased so that it
covers larger area with minimum refill requirement, without increasing weight of machine
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