Appendix A

Physical Properties
of Fluids
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
Castor oil
SAE 10 oil
0.1

0.06
Glycerin
0.04
0.03 SAE 30 oil
Crude oil (SG 0.86)
0.02

0.01

6
Absolute viscosity µ, N ⋅ s / m2

4
Kerosine
3
Aniline
2
Carb Mercury
on t
1 × 10 – 3 etra
chlo
ride
6
4 Ethyl alcohol
3 Benzene Water
2 Gasoline (SG 0.68)

1 × 10 – 4

6
4
3 Helium
2
Carbon dioxide
Air
1 × 10 – 5
Hydrogen
5
Fig. A.1 Absolute viscosity of com- – 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
mon fluids at 1 atm. Temperature, °C 769
770 Appendix A

1 × 10 – 3
8
6
4 Glycerin
3
Helium
2 SAE 10 oil
Hydrogen
1 × 10 – 4
8
6
SAE 30 oil
4
Kinematic viscosity ν, m2 / s

3 Air and oxygen

2

Carbon dioxide
1 × 10 – 5
8
6
Crude oil (SG 0.86)
4
3
2
Kerosine
Benzene
1 × 10 – 6
8 Ethyl alcohol
6
4 Water
3
Gasoline (SG 0.68) Carbon
2 tetrachloride
Mercury
1 × 10 – 7
Fig. A.2 Kinematic viscosity of –20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
common fluids at 1 atm. Temperature, °C
 Physical Properties of Fluids 771

Table A.1 Viscosity and Density of

T, °C !, kg/m3 ", N # s/m2 $, m2/s T, °F !, slug/ft3 ", lb # s/ft2 $, ft2/s
Water at 1 atm
0 1000 1.788 E-3 1.788 E-6 32 1.940 3.73 E-5 1.925 E-5
10 1000 1.307 E-3 1.307 E-6 50 1.940 2.73 E-5 1.407 E-5
20 998 1.003 E-3 1.005 E-6 68 1.937 2.09 E-5 1.082 E-5
30 996 0.799 E-3 0.802 E-6 86 1.932 1.67 E-5 0.864 E-5
40 992 0.657 E-3 0.662 E-6 104 1.925 1.37 E-5 0.713 E-5
50 988 0.548 E-3 0.555 E-6 122 1.917 1.14 E-5 0.597 E-5
60 983 0.467 E-3 0.475 E-6 140 1.908 0.975 E-5 0.511 E-5
70 978 0.405 E-3 0.414 E-6 158 1.897 0.846 E-5 0.446 E-5
80 972 0.355 E-3 0.365 E-6 176 1.886 0.741 E-5 0.393 E-5
90 965 0.316 E-3 0.327 E-6 194 1.873 0.660 E-5 0.352 E-5
100 958 0.283 E-3 0.295 E-6 212 1.859 0.591 E-5 0.318 E-5

Suggested curve fits for water in the range 0 ! T ! 100°C:

"(kg/m3) ! 1000 # 0.0178⏐T°C # 4°C⏐1.7 $ 0.2%
&
ln %% ! #1.704 # 5.306z ' 7.003z2
&0
273 K
z ( %% &0 ( 1.788 E-3 kg/(m ) s)
TK

Table A.2 Viscosity and Density of

T, °C !, kg/m3 ", N # s/m2 $, m2/s T, °F !, slug/ft3 ", lb # s/ft2 $, ft2/s
Air at 1 atm
#40 1.520 1.51 E-5 0.99 E-5 #40 2.94 E-3 3.16 E-7 1.07 E-4
# 0 1.290 1.71 E-5 1.33 E-5 # 32 2.51 E-3 3.58 E-7 1.43 E-4
# 20 1.200 1.80 E-5 1.50 E-5 # 68 2.34 E-3 3.76 E-7 1.61 E-4
# 50 1.090 1.95 E-5 1.79 E-5 #122 2.12 E-3 4.08 E-7 1.93 E-4
#100 0.946 2.17 E-5 2.30 E-5 #212 1.84 E-3 4.54 E-7 2.47 E-4
#150 0.835 2.38 E-5 2.85 E-5 #302 1.62 E-3 4.97 E-7 3.07 E-4
#200 0.746 2.57 E-5 3.45 E-5 #392 1.45 E-3 5.37 E-7 3.71 E-4
#250 0.675 2.75 E-5 4.08 E-5 #482 1.31 E-3 5.75 E-7 4.39 E-4
#300 0.616 2.93 E-5 4.75 E-5 #572 1.20 E-3 6.11 E-7 5.12 E-4
#400 0.525 3.25 E-5 6.20 E-5 #752 1.02 E-3 6.79 E-7 6.67 E-4
#500 0.457 3.55 E-5 7.77 E-5 #932 0.89 E-3 7.41 E-7 8.37 E-4

Suggested curve fits for air:

p
" ( %% Rair ! 287 J/(kg ) K)
RT
T 0.7

" #
&
Power law: %% ! %%
&0 T0
T 3/2 T0 ' S
" # "%
T'S#
&
Sutherland law: %% ! %% % Sair ! 110.4 K
&0 T0
with T0 ( 273 K, &0 ( 1.71 E-5 kg/(m ) s), and T in kelvins.
772 Appendix A

Table A.3 Properties of Common

Bulk modulus, Viscosity
Liquids at 1 atm and 20°C (68°F) Liquid !, kg/m3 ", kg/(m # s) %, N/m* p&, N/m2 N/m2 parameter C†
Ammonia 13,608 2.20 E-4 2.13 E-2 9.10 E'5 — 1.05
Benzene 13,881 6.51 E-4 2.88 E-2 1.01 E'4 1.43 E'9 4.34
Carbon tetrachloride 31,590 9.67 E-4 2.70 E-2 1.20 E'4 9.65 E'8 4.45
Ethanol 13,789 1.20 E-3 2.28 E-2 5.73 E'3 9.03 E'8 5.72
Ethylene glycol 31,117 2.14 E-2 4.84 E-2 1.23 E'1 — 11.7
Freon 12 31,327 2.62 E-4 — — — 1.76
Gasoline 13,680 2.92 E-4 2.16 E-2 5.51 E'4 9.58 E'80 3.68
Glycerin 31,260 1.49 6.33 E-2 1.43 E-2 4.34 E'90 28.0
Kerosine 13,804 1.92 E-3 2.83 E-2 3.11 E'3 1.63 E'90 5.56
Mercury 13,550 1.56 E-3 4.84 E-1 1.13 E-3 2.55 E'10 1.07
Methanol 13,791 5.98 E-4 2.25 E-2 1.34 E'4 8.33 E'80 4.63
SAE 10W oil 13,870 1.04 E-1‡ 3.63 E-2 — 1.31 E'90 15.7
SAE 10W30 oil 13,876 1.7 E-1‡ — — — 14.0
SAE 30W oil 13,891 2.9 E-1‡ 3.53 E-2 — 1.38 E'90 18.3
SAE 50W oil 13,902 8.6 E-1‡ — — — 20.2
Water 13,998 1.00 E-3 7.28 E-2 2.34 E'3 2.19 E'90 Table A.1
Seawater (30%) 31,025 1.07 E-3 7.28 E-2 2.34 E'3 2.33 E'90 7.28

*
In contact with air.
†
The viscosity-temperature variation of these liquids may be fitted to the empirical expression
293 K
$" #%
&
%% ! exp C %% # 1
&20°C TK
with accuracy of $6 percent in the range 0 ! T ! 100°C.
‡
Representative values. The SAE oil classifications allow a viscosity variation of up to $50 percent, especially at lower
temperatures.

Table A.4 Properties of Common

Molecular Specific-heat Power-law
Gases at 1 atm and 20°C (68°F) Gas weight R, m2/(s2 # K) !g, N/m3 ", N # s/m2 ratio exponent n†
H2 2.016 4124 00.822 9.05 E-6 1.41 0.68
He 4.003 2077 01.630 1.97 E-5 1.66 0.67
H2O 18.020 0461 07.350 1.02 E-5 1.33 1.15
Ar 39.944 0208 16.300 2.24 E-5 1.67 0.72
Dry air 28.960 0287 11.800 1.80 E-5 1.40 0.67
CO2 44.010 0189 17.900 1.48 E-5 1.30 0.79
CO 28.010 0297 11.400 1.82 E-5 1.40 0.71
N2 28.020 0297 11.400 1.76 E-5 1.40 0.67
O2 32.000 0260 13.100 2.00 E-5 1.40 0.69
NO 30.010 0277 12.100 1.90 E-5 1.40 0.78
N2O 44.020 0189 17.900 1.45 E-5 1.31 0.89
Cl2 70.910 0117 28.900 1.03 E-5 1.34 1.00
CH4 16.040 0518 06.540 1.34 E-5 1.32 0.87

†
The power-law curve fit, Eq. (1.27), &/&293K ! (T/293)n, fits these gases to within $4 percent in the range 250 ! T !
1000 K. The temperature must be in kelvins.
 Physical Properties of Fluids 773

Table A.5 Surface Table A.6 Prop-

T, °C %, N/m p&, kPa a, m/s z, m T, K p, Pa !, kg/m3 a, m/s
Tension, Vapor erties of the
Pressure, and Sound 0 0.0756 0.611 1402 Standard 0#500 291.41 107,508 1.2854 342.2
Speed of Water 10 0.0742 1.227 1447 Atmosphere 0,0000 288.16 101,350 1.2255 340.3
20 0.0728 2.337 1482 0,0500 284.91 095,480 1.1677 338.4
30 0.0712 4.242 1509 01,000 281.66 089,889 1.1120 336.5
40 0.0696 7.375 1529 01,500 278.41 084,565 1.0583 334.5
50 0.0679 12.34 1542 02,000 275.16 079,500 1.0067 332.6
60 0.0662 19.92 1551 02,500 271.91 074,684 0.9570 330.6
70 0.0644 31.16 1553 03,000 268.66 070,107 0.9092 328.6
80 0.0626 47.35 1554 03,500 265.41 065,759 0.8633 326.6
90 0.0608 70.11 1550 04,000 262.16 061,633 0.8191 324.6
100 0.0589 101.3 1543 04,500 258.91 057,718 0.7768 322.6
05,000 255.66 054,008 0.7361 320.6
120 0.0550 198.5 1518 05,500 252.41 050,493 0.6970 318.5
140 0.0509 361.3 1483 06,000 249.16 047,166 0.6596 316.5
160 0.0466 617.8 1440 06,500 245.91 044,018 0.6237 314.4
180 0.0422 1,002 1389 07,000 242.66 041,043 0.5893 312.3
200 0.0377 1,554 1334 07,500 239.41 038,233 0.5564 310.2
220 0.0331 2,318 1268 08,000 236.16 035,581 0.5250 308.1
240 0.0284 3,344 1192 08,500 232.91 033,080 0.4949 306.0
260 0.0237 4,688 1110 09,000 229.66 030,723 0.4661 303.8
280 0.0190 6,412 1022 09,500 226.41 028,504 0.4387 301.7
300 0.0144 8,581 920 10,000 223.16 026,416 0.4125 299.5
320 0.0099 11,274 800 10,500 219.91 024,455 0.3875 297.3
340 0.0056 14,586 630 11,000 216.66 022,612 0.3637 295.1
360 0.0019 18,651 370 11,500 216.66 020,897 0.3361 295.1
374* 0.0*19 22,090* 0* 12,000 216.66 019,312 0.3106 295.1
12,500 216.66 017,847 0.2870 295.1
*Critical point. 13,000 216.66 016,494 0.2652 295.1
13,500 216.66 015,243 0.2451 295.1
14,000 216.66 014,087 0.2265 295.1
14,500 216.66 013,018 0.2094 295.1
15,000 216.66 012,031 0.1935 295.1
15,500 216.66 011,118 0.1788 295.1
16,000 216.66 010,275 0.1652 295.1
16,500 216.66 009,496 0.1527 295.1
17,000 216.66 008,775 0.1411 295.1
17,500 216.66 008,110 0.1304 295.1
18,000 216.66 007,495 0.1205 295.1
18,500 216.66 006,926 0.1114 295.1
19,000 216.66 006,401 0.1029 295.1
19,500 216.66 005,915 0.0951 295.1
20,000 216.66 005,467 0.0879 295.1
22,000 218.60 004,048 0.0645 296.4
24,000 220.60 002,972 0.0469 297.8
26,000 222.50 002,189 0.0343 299.1
28,000 224.50 001,616 0.0251 300.4
30,000 226.50 001,197 0.0184 301.7
40,000 250.40 000,287 0.0040 317.2
50,000 270.70 000,080 0.0010 329.9
60,000 255.70 000,022 0.0003 320.6
70,000 219.70 000,006 0.0001 297.2