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    Morphology Section PRT 1 by Albert

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    Albert Moshi
    Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words. In the Chagga language, words can be broken down into smaller meaningful units called morphemes. There are two main types of morphemes: free morphemes, which can stand alone as words, and bound morphemes, which cannot stand alone. Word formation processes in Chagga include compounding, clipping, blending, coinage, borrowing, affixation, and reduplication. Compounding involves combining two free morphemes to create a new word, while affixation involves adding prefixes or suffixes to words.

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    Morphology Section PRT 1 by Albert

    Uploaded by

    Albert Moshi
    47 views6 pages
    Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words. In the Chagga language, words can be broken down into smaller meaningful units called morphemes. There are two main types of morphemes: free morphemes, which can stand alone as words, and bound morphemes, which cannot stand alone. Word formation processes in Chagga include compounding, clipping, blending, coinage, borrowing, affixation, and reduplication. Compounding involves combining two free morphemes to create a new word, while affixation involves adding prefixes or suffixes to words.

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    Morphology Section Prt 1 by Albert

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    Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words. In the Chagga language, words can be broken down into smaller meaningful units called morphemes. There are two main types of morphemes: free morphemes, which can stand alone as words, and bound morphemes, which cannot stand alone. Word formation processes in Chagga include compounding, clipping, blending, coinage, borrowing, affixation, and reduplication. Compounding involves combining two free morphemes to create a new word, while affixation involves adding prefixes or suffixes to words.

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    47 views6 pages

    Morphology Section PRT 1 by Albert

    Uploaded by

    Albert Moshi
    Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words. In the Chagga language, words can be broken down into smaller meaningful units called morphemes. There are two main types of morphemes: free morphemes, which can stand alone as words, and bound morphemes, which cannot stand alone. Word formation processes in Chagga include compounding, clipping, blending, coinage, borrowing, affixation, and reduplication. Compounding involves combining two free morphemes to create a new word, while affixation involves adding prefixes or suffixes to words.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 6

    Morphology is the subdivision of grammar that deals with the internal structure of words.

    Many words in
    Chagga language can be subdivided into smaller meaningful units called morphemes.

    I-kumbi, Ma-kumbi= Hoe and hoes

    M-ndu, Wa-ndu=Person and persons

    Ki-tima, Shi-tima= Chair and Chairs

    Morphemes in Chagga

    In morphology, a morpheme is a meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word such as Mndo, or a word
    element, such as the -kim at the beginning of mndo, that can't be divided into smaller meaningful parts.
    (Mndo - Is a device used to cut things)

    Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning in a language. They are commonly classified as either free
    morphemes, which can occur as separate words or bound morphemes, which can't stand alone as words.

    Examples of morphemes in Chagga are

    Ramia (sit down)

    Umbe(cow)

    Ambia(look)

    Ikumba(selling)

    Mvuo(rain)

    Types of morphemes

    There are two types of morphemes-

    Free morphemes and Bound morphemes.

    "Free morphemes" can stand alone with a specific meaning, example of free morphemes in Chagga
    include ,

    Richa(run),

    mando(garbages),

    Mrinyi(town),

    Sungusia(build)
    "Bound morphemes" cannot stand alone with meaning. Examples of bound morphemes in Chagga
    include

    Kapi͟a͟ - i͟a͟ ( Calling),

    Mlek͟i͟e͟ -i͟e͟ (leave him/her),

    Ngilekie-Ngi

    Allomorphs in Chagga

    Many morphemes in the Chagga language have more than one phonetic realisation. The variant phonetic
    manifestations of a morpheme are called allomorphs. Usually the selection of allomorph depends on the
    phonetic context in which it occurs in a particular word. For instance, the regular present tense ending
    spelled - is represented by /-ia/ or /-a/

    allomorph /-ia/ and /-a/

    Ramia-/-ia/= Seat

    Aranyia/-ia/= Listen

    Reia-/-ia/= Writing

    Rema-/-a/ = Digging

    Richa-/-a/= Running

    Morphs in Chagga

    In linguistics, a morph is a word segment that represents one morpheme (the smallest unit of language
    that has meaning) in sound or writing. It's a written or pronounced portion of a word, such as an affix (a
    prefix or suffix). For example, the word Ngimkapia (means Im callin calling him/her) is made up of thre
    morphs—Ngim_ kap(a), -ia—each of which represents one morpheme. The word has two affixes, both a
    prefix (ngim-) and a suffix (-ia) attached to a root word (kapa)

    Ngimlengia

    Word formation in Chagga

    A word is a smallest segment of speech that has meaning for example

    Pati(iron sheet)

    Riko(cooker)

    Mburu(goat)
    Iondo(sheep)

    Nuka(wild)

    Word formation is the creation of a new word. Word formation is sometimes contrasted with semantic
    change, which is a change in a single word's meaning,

    Processes of word formation in Chagga language

    Compounding

    Is the process of combining two words (free morphemes) to create a new word (commonly a noun, verb,
    or adjective). Also called composition, it is from the Latin for "put together".

    Examples of word formed through it in Chagga includes

    * Mnduwonuka- Mndu+wonuka

    Mndu (means person )

    Wonuka(means wild)

    Mndowonuka-means wild person

    *Aikambee- Aika+mbee

    Aika(means thanks)

    Mbee(means father or lord )

    Aikambee means thanks lord or father

    *Ruwa+ichi

    Ruwa(means God)

    Ichi(means Knows)

    Ruwaichi means Godknows

    Clipping

    Is the word formation process in which a word is reduced or shortened without changing the meaning of
    the word

    Examples

    *Clipping of the name "Aikaruwa" to Aika


    Aikaruwa (means thanks God)

    *Clipping of the name "Tereweni" to Tere

    Tereweni means ask/beg something

    Blending

    Is the word formation process in which parts of two or more words combine to create a new word whose
    meaning is often a combination of the original words, examples of blending words

    The word Kilimanjaro is the result of blending where by "Kilima" (mean mountain) and "Kya
    ruwa"/Njaro meant mountain of God so the combination of these led to the formation of the word
    "Kilimanjaro"

    Kilimanjaro means a mountain of God

    Kilema+kyaro =Kilimanjaro

    Coinage

    Is the invention of totally new words. The typical process of coinage usually involves the extension of a
    product name from a specific reference to a more general one.

    Examples

    The words like

    Ikari - (means car) after the coming of cars in the Chagga societies

    Pati-(means Iron sheets) this started to be used when Chaggas used iron sheets to cover their houses
    instead of using grasses like the previous times

    Itrekta(means tractor) which started after the introduction and usage of tractors in agriculture

    Borrowing

    Is just taking a word from another language. The borrowed words are called loan words. A loanword (or
    loan word) is a word directly taken into one language from another with little or no translation

    Examples

    Chekereni- This is a name of place in Moshi which emerged because in this area was where the train was
    passing and there was a station so it was named "chek train" (in English )but due to the Chaggas
    pronunciation they call it "Chekereni" up to now so this word it was borrowed from English lg

    Iboksi-Box
    Ikari-Car

    Itrekta-Tractor

    Ibasi-Bus

    Kibo alone- kiboriloni

    Affixation

    Is the process of adding a morpheme—or affix—to a word to create either a different form of that word
    or a new word with a different meaning;

    The two primary kinds of affixation are prefixation, the addition of a prefix, and suffixation, the addition
    of a suffix, while clusters of affixes can be used to form complex words

    Prefixation in Chagga

    Examples

    Ngimuambia-Ngi(prefix)

    Ngimuambia means I look him/her

    Ngiterewa-Ngi(prefix)

    Ngiterewa means I beg

    Ngimkundi-Ngi(prefix)

    Ngimkundi means I love him/her

    Luterewa-Lu(prefix)

    Luterewa means we beg

    Naireia-Nai (prefix)

    Naireia means he/she is writing

    Suffixation in Chagga

    Lekia-ia(suffix)

    Lekia means leave it

    Richilia-ia(suffix)

    Richilia means runs to


    Reduplication in Chagga

    Reduplication is a word formation process where by a word is formed through repition of the whole word
    or similar sound of the word

    Examples

    ‘Furafura’ which envolves the repitition of the word fura which means find , and the whole word furafura
    means to find something vigorously

    ‘Tema tema’ This is a Chagga word formed through reduplication that is the repetition of the word ‘tema’
    that means to dance and the whole word ‘tematema’ means to dance a little bit

    ‘Parapara’ Is a Chagga word formed through reduplication and it means road

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