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CE234 Units 1 and 2 Key Concepts and Formula (1)

The document provides important concepts and formulae related to water quality and environmental engineering. It discusses biochemical oxygen demand, temperature adjustment of rate constants using the van't Hoff equation, the Streeter-Phelps equation for modeling dissolved oxygen, and steps for balancing redox half reactions. It also covers reactor types including plug flow and continuous stirred-tank reactors, as well as detention time, concentration equations, and the concept of mass balance in chemical reactors.

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61 views6 pages

CE234 Units 1 and 2 Key Concepts and Formula (1)

The document provides important concepts and formulae related to water quality and environmental engineering. It discusses biochemical oxygen demand, temperature adjustment of rate constants using the van't Hoff equation, the Streeter-Phelps equation for modeling dissolved oxygen, and steps for balancing redox half reactions. It also covers reactor types including plug flow and continuous stirred-tank reactors, as well as detention time, concentration equations, and the concept of mass balance in chemical reactors.

Uploaded by

scheiss
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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List of Important Concepts and Formulae in Unit 1

and 2 of CE234: Environmental Engineering

Unit 1: Fundamental Concepts in Water Quality


1. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) at time t
(−k×t)
yt = yu1 − e

Where ytis the BOD in mg/L at time t, yu is the ultimate BOD, k is the degradation
rate in d−1, and t is time in days

2. vanT’Hoff equation for adjusting rate constants for a certain


temperature kT = k20 · 1.047(T −20)

where kT is the rate at temerature T and k20 is the rate at 20 degrees

3. Differential form of the Streeter Phelps Equation


∂D

∂t = k1 · Lt − k2 · D
where Ltis the oxygen demand at time t, D is the Dissolved Oxygen at time t, k1 is
the degradation rate, and k2 is the reaeration rate.

4. Streeter Phelps equation, time at which critical DO deficit occurs


ln k1· L0 · k1
1 − D0 ·
tcrit =1 " !#
k2 (k2 − k1)
k2 − k1·

Where tcrit is the critical time, k1 is the degradation rate, and k2 is the reaeration
rate, D0 is the DO at t = 0 and L0 is the Oxygen Demand at time t = 0
1
5. Steps to balance redox half reactions

• Determine the most reduced or the oxidized form of the specie given to
you • Balance all elements other than oxygen and hydrogen
• Balance the oxygen with water
• Balance the hydrogen with H+ions
• Balance the charge with free electrons
• If electrons are on the left, the specie is a acceptor, if electrons are on the right
the specie is a donor.

6. Important atomic and molecular weights for chemical species


Ion or Element Molecular weight (g/mol.) Valency
Compound

Ca2+ 40 2
Mg2+ 24.3 2
Na+ 23 1
HCO3− 61 1
CO32− 60 2
SO42− 96 2
−
Cl 35.5 1
NO3− 62 1
CaCO3
100 NA

Note: Although CaCO 3 does not have a valency, it has an equivalence of 50 g/Eq.
7. pH
pH is defined as the negative log concentration of H+ions.

8. Calculating Alkalinity
Total alkalinity is given by the expression:
−
AT = HCO3− + 2 × CO32− + OH

• Note that this is not an exhaustive expression, but will suffice for the purposes
of this class. Several other contributing species also accompany those listed
above.
• Make reasonable assumptions based on the pH. For example if the pH is 10,
based on the pKa set relevant species to zero.
• Convert each concentration to mEq/L and then add. After addition convert in
mg/L as CaCO 3

2
Unit 2: Reactor Types and Configurations

1. A reactor is a vessel or a container or a tubule in which a chemical reaction occurs.


In environmental engineering, chemical reactions like decomposition of sewage is
carried out inside large tanks by supplying electron acceptors like oxygen. These
tanks behave like reactors.

2. Detention or Retention time of a reactor is defined as a the time for which a


reaction is allowed to happen within the reactor. It is denoted by τ

V
τ= Q
where, V is the volume of the reactor and Q is the Flow rate or the discharge

3. Plug flow reactor


The plug flow reactor model is a model used to describe chemical reactions in
contin uous, flowing systems of somewhate cylindrical geometry (e.g. Pipes,
rivers, streams etc). The PFR model is used to predict the behavior of chemical
reactors of such design, so that key reactor variables, such as the dimensions of
the reactor, can be estimated.
3

Figure 1: A scaled lab reactor in which a long pipe is wrapped around to increase length
to width ratio besides the drainage map of the Ganges river both can be modeled as
Plug Flow Reactors with varying level of accuracy

The concentration at a distance x from the point source (place at which reactants
enter the reactors) can be modeled with the following equation.

CA = CA0 · e−k×τ

where CA is the concentration of a contanminant A at distance x from the source,


CA0 is the concentration of the same contaminant at the source,k is the degradation
rate, and τ is the detention time or the time of flow of the reactor

4. Continuous Flow Stirred Tank Reactor (CFSTR or CSTR)


CSTR often refers to a model used to estimate the key unit operation variables
when using a continuous agitated-tank reactor to reach a specified output. The
mathemati cal model works for all fluids: liquids, gases, and slurries. The behavior
of a CSTR is often approximated or modeled by that of a Continuous Ideally
Stirred-Tank Reactor (CISTR). All calculations performed with CISTRs assume
perfect mixing. In a per fectly mixed reactor, the output composition is identical to
composition of the material inside the reactor, which is a function of residence time
and rate of reaction.

The concentration within the CSTR and the effluent concentration are given by the
following relationship.

Figure 2: Internal and External structure of a CSTR


with cross sectional diagram

CA =CA0
1+k·τ

where CA is the concentration of a contanminant A at in the effluent or exit flow, CA0


is the concentration of the same contaminant in the influent flow,k is the
degradation rate, and τ is the detention time

5. Mass Balance
A mass balance, also called a material balance, is an application of conservation
of mass to the analysis of physical systems. Simply put, it is an accounting system
on a chemical reactor in order to account for all mass reacting within the reactor
vessel. For a particular reactor system mass balance is given as:

Input − Output + Generation − Accumulation = Consumption

˙
The mass flow rate M is the product of the hydraulic flow rate or discharge Q and
the concentration of the contaminant C. If no chemical reaction occurs and
hydraulic steady state exists (Qin = Qout), then mass flow rates of generation,
accumulation and consumption are set to zero.
If two or more hydraulic sources coelesce to form an outflow (e.g. tributaries meet
to form a main river) then

Input = Output

M˙1 + M˙2 = M˙ mix


Q1 × C1 + Q2 × C2 = (Q1 + Q2) × Cmix

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