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    Problems: Photovoltaics: EUB - 7 - 133 Renewable Energy Technologies 1

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    mdmarufur
    This document contains solutions to problems related to photovoltaic systems. It determines parameters for silicon solar cell modules under different operating conditions than standard test conditions. It calculates short circuit current, open circuit voltage, maximum power, and cell temperature based on ambient temperature and irradiation level. It also calculates the number of panels needed based on daily load demand, solar radiation levels, and panel output specifications. The document assumes temperature and irradiation coefficients to model changes in performance under non-standard conditions.

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    Problems: Photovoltaics: EUB - 7 - 133 Renewable Energy Technologies 1

    Uploaded by

    mdmarufur
    93 views6 pages
    This document contains solutions to problems related to photovoltaic systems. It determines parameters for silicon solar cell modules under different operating conditions than standard test conditions. It calculates short circuit current, open circuit voltage, maximum power, and cell temperature based on ambient temperature and irradiation level. It also calculates the number of panels needed based on daily load demand, solar radiation levels, and panel output specifications. The document assumes temperature and irradiation coefficients to model changes in performance under non-standard conditions.

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    Problems_Photovoltaic

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    This document contains solutions to problems related to photovoltaic systems. It determines parameters for silicon solar cell modules under different operating conditions than standard test conditions. It calculates short circuit current, open circuit voltage, maximum power, and cell temperature based on ambient temperature and irradiation level. It also calculates the number of panels needed based on daily load demand, solar radiation levels, and panel output specifications. The document assumes temperature and irradiation coefficients to model changes in performance under non-standard conditions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    93 views6 pages

    Problems: Photovoltaics: EUB - 7 - 133 Renewable Energy Technologies 1

    Uploaded by

    mdmarufur
    This document contains solutions to problems related to photovoltaic systems. It determines parameters for silicon solar cell modules under different operating conditions than standard test conditions. It calculates short circuit current, open circuit voltage, maximum power, and cell temperature based on ambient temperature and irradiation level. It also calculates the number of panels needed based on daily load demand, solar radiation levels, and panel output specifications. The document assumes temperature and irradiation coefficients to model changes in performance under non-standard conditions.

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    MSc Sustainable Energy Systems

    EUB_7_133

    Renewable Energy Technologies 1

    Problems: photovoltaics

    Department of Urban Engineering

    2012/13

    Alan Dunn 1 29/09/2013


    Question 1
    A silicon solar cell module is formed by 36 cells connected in series. The
    manufacturers values of the module parameters under standard test conditions are
    short circuit current, = 5.0 A; open circuit voltage, = 22.1 V; maximum power,
    = 85W and normal operating cell temperature, NOCT = 47oC.

    Determine the values of and and the cell temperature, when the
    module operates at an ambient temperature, = 35oC and an irradiation level, =
    600 W∙m-2. Describe any assumptions you make.

    Assume
    Standard test conditions are 25oC and = 1 kW∙m-2
    Temperature coefficient of = -2.3 mV∙K-1
    o
    [3.0 A; 19.6 V; 45.2 W; 55.25 C]

    Question 2
    A PV system is required for a DC application for daytime use, without battery
    storage, where the load demand is 68 Ah∙day-1. The mean solar radiation falling on
    the panels is 5.5 kWh∙m-2∙day-1 and each panel is rated to produce a current of 4.0 A
    at maximum power under standard conditions. Calculate the number of panels
    required assuming system losses of 15%.
    [4]

    Question 3
    (a) Briefly explain the significance of the parameter “normal operating cell
    temperature” (NOCT) for a PV module.

    (b) A silicon solar cell module is formed by 72 cells connected in series. The
    manufacturers values of the module parameters under standard test
    conditions are short circuit current, = 5.2 A, open circuit voltage, =
    o
    44.2 V; maximum power, = 170W and NOCT = 43 C.

    Determine the values of , the cell temperature , and when the


    module operates at an ambient temperature, = 45 C and an irradiation
    -2
    level, = 850 W∙m . Describe any assumptions you make.

    Assume
    Standard test conditions are 25oC and = 1 kW∙m-2
    Cell temperature coefficient of = -2.3 mV∙K-1
    [4.42 A; 69.44oC; 36.84 V; 120.5 W]

    Alan Dunn 2 29/09/2013


    Question 4
    Calculate the approximate photon flux density (photon∙s-1∙m-2) for AM 1.5 solar
    radiation at 1.0 kW∙m-2. Assume the photons have an average energy of 1.5 eV.
    AM 1.5 insolation is incident on a silicon solar cell of area 225 cm2. Assuming 18% of
    photons lead to current generation in an external circuit, what is the short circuit
    current of the cell?

    If such a cell has an open circuit voltage of 0.6 V and a fill factor of 75%, calculate the
    AM 1.5 efficiency.

    (Assume 1 eV = 1.6 × 10-19 J; electronic charge = 1.6 × 10-19 C)


    [5.40 A; 10.8%]

    Question 5
    Explain the concept of “peak solar hours” used in the sizing of PV systems.

    A PV system is required for a DC water pump, without battery storage, where the
    load demand is 90 Ah∙day-1. The mean solar radiation falling on the panels is 5
    kWh∙m-2∙day-1 and each panel is rated to produce a current of 6.0 A at maximum
    power under standard conditions. Calculate the number of panels required assuming
    system losses of 20%.
    [4]

    Question 6
    A high efficiency Sunpower silicon PV module is formed using 96 cells connected in
    series. The manufacturer’s values for the module parameters under standard test
    conditions are:
    6.24 A Short circuit current
    64.8 V Open circuit voltage
    320 W Maximum power
    45 oC Normal operating cell temperature

    Determine the values of , cell temperature and when the module operates
    at an ambient temperature, of 40 C and an irradiation level, = 900 W∙m-2.
    o

    Hence determine the change in compared to standard test conditions stating


    any assumptions you make.

    Assume
    Standard test conditions are 25oC and G = 1 kW∙m-2
    Temperature coefficient of = -1.84 mV∙K-1 per cell
    Where is expressed in kW∙m-2
    [5.62 A; 68.13oC; 57.18 V; -21%]

    Alan Dunn 3 29/09/2013


    Solutions

    Question 1
    (a) Determine the new value of at 600 W∙m-2

    This assumes that varies only with irradiance, and not cell temperature.

    (b) Calculate new cell temperature


    ( )

    (c) Calculate the new value of allowing for temperature dependence


    per cell falls by 2.3 mV∙K-1

    The difference between the cell temperature under STC and actual operation:

    For 36 cells in series

    Hence

    (d) Calculate the new value of


    Assuming that the fill factor, does not change with and

    From STC

    Hence the new

    Question 2
    Solar radiation or insolation data is usually given in units of kWh∙m -2∙day-1. This
    information can also be thought of as the equivalent number of hours per day that
    the irradiance on a surface is at the peak level of 1 kW∙m-2 – the standard used for
    module peak output ratings. Hence solar insolation data in units of kWh∙m -2∙day-1 is
    also referred to as “Peak Solar Hours” (PSH).

    Load = 68 Ah∙day-1.
    Insolation of 5.5 kWh∙m-2∙day-1 gives peak solar hours, PSH = 5.5 h
    Output of 1 panel Ah∙day-1, allowing for system losses.
    Hence number of panels needed = 68/18.7 = 3.64 panels.
    BUT cannot have part panels and round off to 4 panels.

    Alan Dunn 4 29/09/2013


    Question 3
    (a) Using the NOCT we can work out the actual cell temperature at a given
    ambient module temperature and level of irradiation.

    (b) Put in units of kW∙m-2. We get = 850 W∙m-2 = 0.85 kW∙m-2

    Short-circuit current

    Solar cell temperature


    Using equation for NOCT
    ( )

    Open-circuit voltage
    Using temperature coefficient of
    ( )

    Pmax
    Assume is independent of and . Then from STC conditions

    Hence, under operating conditions and using the calculated above, we get

    Question 4

    ( )
    ( ) ()

    ( )
    Short circuit current
    If each photon creates one electron-hole pair then:
    Number of charge carriers

    Cell area

    Assuming 18% of photons produce current

    Short circuit current density,

    Alan Dunn 5 29/09/2013


    ( )
    ( )

    Question 5
    Solar radiation or insolation data is usually given in units of kWh∙m-2∙day-1. This
    information can also be thought of as the equivalent number of hours per day that
    the irradiance on a surface is at the peak level of 1 kW∙m-2 – the standard used for
    module peak output ratings. Hence solar insolation data in units of kWh∙m-2∙day-1is
    also referred to as “Peak Solar Hours” (PSH).

    Load = 90 Ah∙day-1

    Insolation of 5.0 kWh∙m-2∙day-1 gives peak solar hours,

    Output of 1 panel allowing for system


    losses.
    Hence number of panels needed = 90/24 = 3.75 panels.
    BUT cannot have part panels and round off to 4 panels.

    Question 6
    Put into units of kW∙m-2. We get W∙m-2= 0.9 kW∙m-2

    New value of
    Assumes proportional to irradiance only

    Cell temperature
    Using NOCT formula, ( )

    New value of
    per cell falls by 1.84 mV∙K-1

    Now
    V for 96 cells
    Hence V

    New value of
    To get this we have to assume does not change with and . From standard
    conditions

    Hence

    Change in or 21% decrease

    Alan Dunn 6 29/09/2013

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