Instrumentation and

Measurements
EE - 303
Lecture-(3)
Prof. M. K. Islam
drmkislam@gmail.com
Chapter 3

Classical Electromechanical
Instrument
Deflection Instrument Fundamentals
Deflection Instrument Fundamentals
Suspension
Suspension
Suspension
Suspension
Permanent Magnet Moving Coil Instrument
Construction of Permanent Magnet Moving Coil
Instrument
Torque Equation & Scale
Electrodynamic Instruments
Galvanometer-Light Beam Pointer
 Galvanometer
• is a PMMC instrument designed to be sensitive to extremely
low current levels.
• The simplest galvanometer is a very sensitive instrument with
the type of center-zero scale.
• The torque equation for a galvanometer is exactly as
discussed in the previous section.
• The most sensitive moving-coil galvanometer use taut-band
suspension, and the controlling torque is generated by the
twist in the suspension ribbon.
• Current sensitivity galvanometer
• Voltage sensitivity galvanometer
• Galvanometers are often employed to detect zero current or
voltage in a circuit rather than to measure the actual level of
current or voltage.
Null Detector
 DC Ammeter Circuit
• is always connected in series
• low internal resistance
• maximum pointer deflection is produced by
a very small current
• For large currents, the instrument must be
modified by connecting a very low shunt
resistor
• Extension of Ranges of Ammeter
• Single Shunt Type of Ammeter
 DC Ammeter Circuit
Vsh = Vm
I sh Rsh = I m Rm
I m Rm
Rsh =
I sh
I sh = I − I m
I m Rm
 Rsh =
I − Im
 DC Ammeter Circuit
Example 4.1: An ammeter as shown in Figure 3-9 has a PMMC instrument with a coil
resistance of Rm = 99 and FSD current of 0.1 mA. Shunt resistance Rs = 1. Determine
the total current passing through the ammeter at (a) FSD, (b) 0.5 FSD, and 0.25 FSD
Solution
(a) At FSD
meter voltage Vm = I m R m
= 0.1 mA 99 Ω (c) At 0.25 FSD
and I s R s = Vm
V 9.9 mV
I m = 0.25  0.1 mA = 0.025 mA
Is = m = = 9.9 mA
Rs 1Ω Vm = I m R m = 0.025 mA 99 Ω = 2.475 mV
total current I = I s + I m = 9.9 mA + 0.1 mA Vm 2.475 mV
Is = = = 2.475 mA
= 10 mA Rs 1Ω
(b) At 0.5 FSD total current I = I s + I m = 2.475 mA + 0.025 mA
I m = 0.5  0.1 mA = 0.05 mA = 2.5 mA
Vm = I m R m = 0.05 mA 99 Ω = 4.95 mV
Vm 4.95 mV
Is = = = 4.95 mA
Rs 1Ω
total current I = I s + I m = 4.95 mA + 0.05 mA
= 5 mA
 DC Ammeter Circuit
Example 4.2: A PMMC instrument has FSD of 100 A and a coil resistance of 1 k.
Calculate the required shunt resistance value to convert the instrument into an
ammeter with (a) FSD = 100 mA and (b) FSD = 1 A.
Solution
(a) FSD = 100 mA
Vm = I m R m = 100 μ A 1 kΩ = 100 mV
I =Is+Im
I s = I − I m = 100 mA− 100 μ A = 99.9 mA
Vm 100 mV
Rs = = = 1.001 Ω
Is 99.9 mA

(b) FSD = 1 A
Vm = I m R m = 100 mV
I s = I − I m = 1 A− 100 μ A = 999.9 mA
Vm 100 mV
Rs = = = 0.1001 Ω
Is 999.9 mA
 Swamping Resistance

• The moving coil in a PMMC instrument is wound with thin copper

wire, and its resistance can change significantly when its
temperature changes.
• The heating effect of the coil current may be enough to produce a
resistance change, which will introduce an error.
• To minimize the error, a swamping resistance made of manganin
or constantan is connected in series with the coil (manganin and
constantan have resistance temperature coefficients very close to
zero.
Multirange Ammeters
Multirange Ammeters-Ayrton shunt
 Multirange Ammeters
Example 4.3: A PMMC instrument has a three-resistor Ayrton shunt connected across it to
make an ammeter as shown in Figure 3-13. The resistance values are R1 = 0.05, R2
= 0.45 and R3 = 4.5. The meter has Rm = 1k and FSD = 50A. Calculate the
three ranges of the ammeter.
Solution
Switch at contact B:
Vs = I m R m = 50 μA 1 kΩ = 50 mV
Vs 50 mV
Is = = = 10 mA
R 1 + R 2 + R 3 0.05 Ω + 0.45 Ω + 4.5 Ω
I = I m + I s = 50 μA + 10 mA
= 10.05 mA
Switch at contact C:
Switch at contact D:
Vs = I m (R m + R 3 ) = 50 μA (1 kΩ + 4.5 Ω )  50 mV
Vs 50 mV Vs = I m (Rm + R3 + R2 ) = 50μ0 (1kΩ + 4.5Ω + 0.45Ω )  50mV
Is = = = 100 mA
R 1 + R 2 0.05 Ω + 0.45 Ω V 50mV
Is = s = = 1A
I = I m + I s = 50 μA + 100 mA R1 0.05Ω
= 100.05 mA I = I m + I s = 50μ0 + 1A
= 1.00005A
 Multirange Ammeters
Example 4.4 For a DC Circuit as shown in Figure below, given R1=2k, R2=1k with voltage of 2V. By
measuring the current flow through R3 =1k  with a dc ammeter with internal resistance of
Rin = 100Ω, calculate percentage of accuracy and percentage of error.
Solution
R1=2k R3=15
RTh = (R 1 //R2 ) + R 3 = 2 kΩ
 E   2V 
VTh =   R 2 =    2 kΩ = 1V
 R1 + R 2 2 kΩ + 2 kΩ A Rin
   2V R2=2k

VTh 1V
I wom = = = 500 μA
RTh 2 kΩ
VTh 1V
I wm = = = 476.19 μA
RTh + R in 2 kΩ + 100 Ω
I wm
% Acc =  100%
I wom
476.19 μA
= = 95.24%
500 μA
% Error = 1 − % Acc = 1 − 95.24% = 4.76%
 DC Voltmeter Circuit
• Extremely high resistance
• Always connected across or in parallel with
the points in a circuit at which the voltage is
to be measured
• The voltmeter range is increased by
connecting a multiplier resistance with the
instrument (single or individual type of
extension of range).
 DC Voltmeter Circuit

V = I m Rs + I m Rm
1
Rs =  V − Rm
Im
Given V = Range
1
Rs =  Range − Rm
Im
 1 
The reciprocal of full scale current   is
 Im 
the current sensitivity of the meter (S)
 Rs = S  Range − Rm
total voltmeter resistance = S  Range
 DC Voltmeter Circuit
Example 5.1: A PMMC instrument with FSD of 100 A and a coil resistance of 1k is to be converted
into a voltmeter. Determine the required multiplier resistance if the voltmeter is to measure 50V at
full scale (Figure 3-15). Also calculate the applied voltage when the instrument indicate 0.8, 0.5, and
0.2 of FSD.
Solution
V At 0.2 FSD:
For V=50V FSD Rs = − Rm
Im I m = 20 μA
I m = 100 μA
50 V V = 20 μA (499 kΩ + 1 kΩ ) = 10 V
Rs = − 1 kΩ = 499 kΩ
100 μA • The voltmeter designed in Example 5.1
At 0.8 FSD: has a total resistance of Rv = Rs+Rm =
I m = 0.8  100 μA = 80 μA 500k . Since the instrument
V = I m (R s + R m ) measures 50V at full scale, its
= 80 μA (499 kΩ + 1 kΩ ) = 40 V
resistance per volt or sensitivity is
At 0.5 FSD: 500k / 50V =10 k / V.
• The sensitivity of a voltmeter is always
I m = 50 μA specified by the manufacturer, and it is
V = 50 μA (499 kΩ + 1 kΩ ) = 25 V frequently printed on the scale of the
instrument.
Multirange Voltmeter
Full Wave Rectifier Voltmeter
Half-wave Rectifier Voltmeter
Half-bridge Full-wave Rectifier Voltmeter
Rectifier Ammeter
Series Ohmmeter
Ohmmeter with Zero Adjust
Shunt Ohmmeter Circuit
Scale & Range Switch for a Typical Multirange
Shunt Ohmmeter
Scale & Controls
Volt-Ohm Milliammeter