Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Materials Today: Proceedings

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An experimental investigation on Compact Graphite Iron wear

behavior at 32 °C and 200 °C
⇑
S. Venugopal Rao a, , M. Venkata Ramana b, A.C.S. Kumar c
a
Research Scholar in JNTUH, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, Telangana 500085, India
b
CVR College of Engineering, Ibrahimpatnam, Hyderabad, Telangana 501510, India
c
JNTUH, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, Telangana 500085, India

articleinfo
abstract
Article history:
Received 31 July 2019
Compact Graphite Iron (CGI) is used at various applications at elevated temperatures. This material is
Accepted 6 August 2019 recently using in automobile braking system and engine cylinders. In the present study, sliding wear
Available online xxxx test on Pin-on disc tribometer was conducted on CGI. The wear behavior was studied at room
temperature (32 °C) and 200 °C test against rotating hardened steel metal disc as counter face. The
Keywords: influence of the temperatures on abrasive wear behavior of CGI was reported. The surface of CGI pins
Compact Graphite Iron were examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). It was found that the pins showed lower
Wear behaviour wear rates at 200 °C temperature compared to room temperature.
Frictional forces © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Temperature effects Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International
SEM analysis Conference on Manufacturing, Material Science and Engineering.

1. Introduction
Ni-based pin to the cast iron disc. Cui et al. [7] studied the high
temperature wear behavior of Co matrix alloy. The wear behaviors
Compact Graphite Iron (CGI) having good mechanical and
of metal matrix composite at high temperature were observed
phys- ical properties at elevated temperatures. Compact Graphite
high. Kennedy et al. [8] studied the influence of sliding velocity
Cast Iron (CGI) materials are widely used in automobiles for
on the dry sliding wear of mechanical mixed layer against AISI
manufac- turing brake disk where brake disks fail due to high
347 steel. The reports indicated that the hard tribolayer con-
temperatures and internal combustion engine application for
tributed to the reduced wear rate at high velocities. Falqueto
piston cylinders and cylinder heads [1,2]. In the modern
et al. [9] studied the sliding wear behavior of Cobalt-based alloys
transportation area of higher speeds and capacities, CGI is
at different temperatures and concluded that Stellate alloy having
increasingly used in both the railway and automobile industries to
greater wear resistance. Koraman et al. [10] investigated the dry
replace Grey Cast Iron (GCI) for brake disks. CGI material is
sliding wear rate of Al-Fe alloys at different temperatures. Reports
having good fatigue properties at elevated temperatures [3].
indicated that the coarser particles in the structural images wear
Kim et al. [4] investigated the wear behavior and heat exposure transition at elevated temperatures. The temperature of cast iron
properties of CGI at elevated temperatures and concluded that the
pin increase with the increment of sliding distance and the wear
heat exposure losses are increased by increasing the temperatures.
rate of cast iron pin will increase very fast. For every cast iron
Francis et al. [5] developed simple expressions for determining the
the empirical formulae are derived depend on sliding speeds
contact temperature of pin interface in pin-on disc tribometer.
[11]. At various sliding distances the coefficient of frictions will
These developed equations were compared with finite element
vary at initial stages and then at some time they will be constant.
analysis equations and concluded that the developed expressions
This region is termed as stable wear region. Here the coefficients of
are in good agreement with in analysis equations. Rynio et al. [6]
friction are converged. This coefficient of friction is independent of
studied the Ni-based alloy pin against CI disc at 600 and 800 °C.
contact pressure but depends on sliding speed. If speed increased
The reports indicated that severe metal transfer was observed in the coefficient of friction in decreased [12,13]. Tin reduce the aver-
age size of compact graphite in testing range and helps in forma-
tion of pearlite. Due to this reason the wear loss of compact
⇑ Corresponding author. graphite iron reduced by 16.5% compared to regular compact gra-
E-mail address: svgrao1@gmail.com (S. Venugopal Rao). phite iron [13].

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.08.129
2214-7853/© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Manufacturing, Material Science and Engineering.

Please cite this article as: S. Venugopal Rao, M. Venkata Ramana and A. C. S. Kumar, An experimental investigation on Compact Graphite Iron wear behavior
at 32 °C and 200 °C, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.08.129
2 S. Venugopal Rao et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

In this study, an experimental investigation was made on wear

Table 2
behavior of CGI at room temperature and 200 °C using pin-on disc Parameters of PIN-ON-DISC tribometer.
tribometer. The wear out pin samples was analyzed using
Parameters Room temperature 200 °C
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The main of this research is
to study the wear rate at room temperature and 200 °C. In the Load (N) 20 25
Disc speed (rpm) 316 316
following section the experimental procedure and sample
Track diameter (mm) 60 60
preparation is clearly mentioned. Velocity (m/s) 1 1
Time (s) 600 600
2. Experimental procedure

CGI metal has been manufactured by using casting process in

the shape of a rectangular block of dimensions
300 ×100 40×mm. The chemical composition by wt. % of CGI is
given Table 1. The sample specimens were machined for wear
behaviour and microstructural analysis according to the ASTM
standards. The dimensions of sample pin for wear test are
12 mm height and 10 mm diameter. The wear test has been con-
ducted on pin-on disc tribometer. The samples were tested at room
temperature and 200 °C in order measure to frictional forces and
wear rate. The 20 N and 25 N loads were applied at room temper-
ature and 200 °C, respectively. The parameters of tribometer wear
test are shown Table 2. The wear crack behaviour and wear track
analysis were made on pin sample after wear test. The Scanning
Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to analyse the structural
behaviour of pin samples. The pin samples were polished in the
order of 4/0 taken first and subsequently 3/0, 2/0 and 1/0 grade
emery sheets of coated silicon carbide having grit sizes 220–2000
and are proceeded by disc polishing using 5 mm alumina paste to
obtain scratch free samples. The SEM images of pin samples were
photographed and discussed in the following section.

3. Results and discussions

3.1. Wear behavior of CGI

The wear behavior of CGI at room temperature and 200 °C were

shown in Figs. 1–4. It is observed from Figs. 1 and 2 that the wear Fig. 1. Wear behavior of CGI at room temperature.
behavior of CGI at room temperature was increased with increas-
ing time. The wear behavior was reduced at 2000 s by 0.002 mm
and it was increased while increasing the time. This could be rea-
soned the presence of Si and high carbide nodular in CGI. The fric-
tional forces were reduced at 6000, 7000 and 9200 s and then the
frictional forces were increased. It is observed that from Figs. 3 and
4 the wear behavior of CGI at 200 °C was decreased at 6500 s then
it was increased for 100 s. The wear resistance of CGI at 200 °C was
improved as compared with wear behavior at room temperature.
The frictional force (N) was suddenly decreased at 7000 s and then
increased. Fig. 4 shows that the frictional force as a function of time
at 200 °C. The roughness of the worm surface increases from room
temperature to 200 °C due to the formation of transferred layers
observed in CGI.

3.2. SEM analysis of CGI Fig. 2. Frictional force of CGI at room temperature.

The wears out pin sample of CGI at room temperature were

studied by SEM analysis as shown in Fig. 5. From the SEM accumulation of carbon particles affects the ferrous contents. It
microstructures, it was shows that more particles deformation has increased the brittleness characteristics of the specimen.
and cracks formation. It’s also reveals the track formation. Here, Main reason of this accumulation is the CGI may not be
some carbon particles are accumulated at specific region. High properly dis- persed in the ferrous materials. The wear out of
sample CGI at 200 °C temperature was studied by SEM analysis
as shown in Fig. 6. It is observed that from Fig. 6 more voids and
Table 1 particle defor- mation. It’s also reveals more track formation.
Composition of CGI (%).
Furthermore, few carbon particles are pulling out from the
C Si Mn P S Mg Mo specimen. In this image
3.60 2.31 0.33 0.041 0.0024 0.008 0.002 all the regions having few cracks formation compared to room
temperature image. Reason for the crack formation is, the CGI par-
ticles are not properly bonded with ferrous materials due to high
temperature.
 S. Venugopal Rao et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx 3

Fig. 6. SEM image at 200 °C.

4. Conclusion

Pin-on-disc wear test on compact graphite iron metal has been

conducted at 32 °C and 200 °C. The following conclusions were
drawn.
Fig. 3. Wear behavior of CGI at 200 °C temperature.
● Mechanically mixed layer were formed on the worm pin surface
at 32 °C and 200 °C in wear test.
● The wear rate of the CGI pin at 200 °C temperature is higher
than at 32 °C.
● Oxidation influenced on the pin sample at 200 °C during the
wear test and which helps in improving the wear resistance.
● Due to pearlite formation at 200 °C of CGI the friction forces
were reduced.

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Fig. 5. SEM image at room temperature (32 °C).