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Electron Transport Chain

The document discusses the electron transport chain (ETC), which transfers electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen via protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. As electrons are passed through Complexes I-IV, protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, building up a proton gradient. ATP synthase uses this proton gradient to phosphorylate ADP, coupling electron transport to oxidative phosphorylation and the production of ATP. The ETC is crucial for extracting energy from food to power cellular work through chemiosmosis.

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Soofia Sharif
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
86 views11 pages

Electron Transport Chain

The document discusses the electron transport chain (ETC), which transfers electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen via protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. As electrons are passed through Complexes I-IV, protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, building up a proton gradient. ATP synthase uses this proton gradient to phosphorylate ADP, coupling electron transport to oxidative phosphorylation and the production of ATP. The ETC is crucial for extracting energy from food to power cellular work through chemiosmosis.

Uploaded by

Soofia Sharif
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Topic: ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

Group Members: Shazia Mukhtar, Shazia Arshad, Shazia


Samreen, Shazia Zafar, SumairaYounas

Post RN BSN 1st Semester

Subject : Biochemistry

Submitted To Madam Sarpat Sardar


2

Table of content

S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.


1. 01
Electron Transport Chain
02 - 07
Components Of Electron Transport Chain
08 - 09
Functioning Of Electron Transport Chain
10 - 11
Oxidative Phosphorylation

Objectives

 Defines electron transport chain


 Enlist and explain components of electron transport chain
 Describe functioning of electron transport chain
 Discuss about oxidative phosphorylation

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

• ETC is the transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen via
multiple carriers.

• The electrons derieved from NADH and FADH2 combine with o2, and the
energy released from these oxidation/reduction reactions is used to derieve
the synthesis of ATP from ADP.

• This transfer of electrons is done by multiple carriers which constitute the


electron transport chain.
3
4

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN(ETC)

• ETC couple a chemical reaction b/w an electron donor and electron


acceptor to the transfer of H+ ions across a membrane, through a set of
mediating biochemical reactions

• These H+ ions are used to produce ATP

• ETC used for extracting energy from sunlight(photosynthesis) and from


redox reactions such as the oxidation of sugar (respiration)

• Electrons move in steps from carrier to carrier downhill to O2

• each carrier more electronegative

• controlled oxidation

• controlled release of energy


5

Composition of the Electron Transport Chain

Four large protein complexes.

• Complex I - NADH-Coenzyme Q reductase

• Complex II - Succinate-Coenzyme Q reductase

• Complex III - Cytochrome c reductase

• Complex IV - Cytochrome c oxidase

• Many of the components are proteins with prosthetic groups to move


electrons.
6

Complex I (NADH Dehydrogenase)

• Electrons pass from

• NADH = FMN = Fe-S cluster = ubiquinone

• FMN(flavin mononucleotide)

• ubiquinone(coenzyme Q)

Complex II(succinate dehydrogenase)

• Entry point for FADH2.

• Succinate dehydrogenase (from the citric acid cycle) directs transfer of


electrons from succinate to CoQ via FADH2.

• Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (from b-oxidation of fatty acids) also transfers


electrons to CoQ via FADH2

Complex III (cytochromes b, c1 and c)

• Electron transfer from ubiquinol to cytochrome c.

Complex IV

• Combination of cytochromes a and a3, 10 protein subunits, 2 types of


prosthetic groups: 2 heme and 2 Cu.

• Electrons are delivered from cytochromes a and a3 to O2.

• Several chemicals can inhibit the pathway at different locations.

• Cyanide and CO can block e transport between a/a3 and O2.


7
8

FUNCTIONING OF ETC

• In ETC , the constituent molecule are arranged in the order of

 Increasing redox potential

 Decreasing e- pressure

 Diminishing free energy level

• so along the chain there would be a step by step flow of e- from most –ve
initial donor to most +ve terminal acceptor(O2)

• e- entering to ETC are energy rich

• As the flow down , they loss free energy

• Much of this energy get conserved in ATP

• In ETC enzyme bound H is used as the fuel for energy generation


9

• Available from the dehydrogenation reactions of substrate oxidation

• From h-donating substrates ,h-atoms are collected by dehydrogenase , and


supplied to ETC , through NAD &FAD

• They are serve as the acceptor , carrier & donor of H.

• The h atoms soon donate their e- to etc

• These H+ ions soon escape to the aquas medium

Oxidative phosphorylation

• The electron-transport chain moves electrons from NADH and FADH2 to


O2.

• In the mean time, ADP is phosphorylated to ATP.


10

• The two processes are dependent on each other. ATP cannot be synthesized
unless there is energy from electron transport (DGo’= +31 kj/mol).
Electrons do not flow to O2, unless there is need for ATP.

• 3 ATP are generated when two electrons are transported from NADH to O2.

• The oxidation of FADH2 only produces 2 ATP.


11

References

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_transport_chain

 https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cellular-
energetics/cellular-respiration-ap/a/oxidative-phosphorylation-etc

 https://www.slideshare.net/sanjaijosephManesh/electron-transport-chain-etc

 https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology1/chapter/reading-electron-
transport-chain/#:~:text=The%20electron%20transport%20chain%20is,is
%20reduced%20to%20form%20water.

-----------------------------------THANK YOU--------------------------------------

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