Usataa Encounter Paper
Usataa Encounter Paper
Usataa Encounter Paper
Risk: Education as Encounter
In this paper I set out to explore aspects of the existential territory of education, (Biesta 2017). It is an
uncommon region with which to engage, quite different from the matters of the 'what' and 'how' of education,
both of which tend to dominate professional discourse, (Palmer, 1991). Gather a group of educators and they
will gravitate around discussions about the subjects they teach, or students that they work with. Frequently
this will break into considerations of methodology, resources and techniques the how of their work, which
is increasingly peppered with references to packages, products and branded approaches to delivery the 'what'
of education. This paper faces in a different direction, turning toward questions of the 'why' of education, the
'who' is educating and the more conceptual task of exploring how education ‘exists’. This is the existential
terrain of education, an area less travelled and it is, by implication, abstract, or at least initially. My intention
is that by critiquing existential questions about education, both its problematic and potential implications
might be better understood. Having done so, I suggest that there are ways through which education might be
defined and aligned differently, or at least, to offer an alternative narrative to the 'what' and 'how' of
educational work.
What I am seeking to do in this paper is to generate a different possibly new frame of reference through
which teachers can choose to influence how they show up in what they do. My intention is, in turn, to
influence the nature of educational discourse by promoting a 'thoughtful' professional sensibility. Thoughtful
not in terms of the questions of the what and the how, but toward the existential matters of what educators
engage with throughout their careers, whether or not they are intentional. What I suggest later in the
discussion is that being an 'educand' the one who experiences the being educated essentially does so
through an encounter, with the Other, a teacher. My observation is that little attention in teacher education is
given to this matter, and yet it is core to how pupils, students and others are primarily engaged when
education occurs. What follows is an analysis of a widespread professional understanding which centres on
the existential premise that education is a process, an assumption which, I suggest, creates a powerful
distraction from how education might be better envisaged, or arguably, needs to be. My contention is that
whilst teachers, policy makers and others, seek best intentions for education as a means to changing the
world for the better, the limitations of the common existentialist position render education as deeply
embedded as part of the problem it is intended to resolve.
Education as Product
To begin, I suggest that the dominant way in which education exists is that it is essentially a product. The
conceptualisation of education, and its longstanding association with teaching and learning, in relation to
work with both children and adults, is commonly understood as directed to bringing about a product of some
kind. In this section I want to explore in more detail some of the implications of this existential perspective,
which I argue becomes highly problematic. There are three general problems which I describe that are
inherent in the productorientated view of how education exists, all of which have a disconnective
dimension. Each of these is presented and described in more detail, but to summarise at this stage, product
driven education is vulnerable to a particularly antieducational distortional effect when incorporated within
an advanced capitalist economic context. Second, it has a tendency to promote the objective of personal
autonomy, a concept which I suggest is becoming increasingly problematic in the context of individualising
human experience, (as evidenced by rising mental health concerns, diagnosis of individual pathology and
general preoccupations with personal 'wellbeing', alongside notions of consumer choice, personalised
lifestyles and bespoke 'learning' programmes). Finally, and most pressingly, an educationasproduct
discourse is positioned as if it is an essentially sociological activity, and, by doing so, places the educational
task outside of any other kind of dynamic. This combination of factors has been the motivation for
reviewing the existential basis for the 'what' and 'how' of education. The hope and the risk is to invite the
reader to encounter the material and to let such ideas exist in their own right, allowing them to be adopted by
the reader with a sensibility and judgement that comes from being a teacher and which arises out of an
educational experience.
The framing of education as a product has its long history and, certainly in western culture, is rooted in the
classical tradition associating education with a shift from the uncivilised to civilised individual. Variations
on this general trajectory have emerged over the centuries with ideas shifting to capture the particular
character of distinctive educational philosophies and method. Whether it is the movement from
incompetence to competency, or the maturation of the child into adulthood, the transformational change
associated with personal growth, or the collective emancipation via radical education, the emphasis
throughout is a progression, from point A to a destination point B. There is an arc of a trajectory where the
assumed virtue is of growth which might be framed as realising potential, the acquisition of skills or
knowledge, 'learning to be human' (MacMurray, 1958) or technical achievement each differing ways for
expressing the gain to be had from the educative process. The typology of educational philosophies, despite
apparent dichotomous positions, share the common feature of being product orientated.
Some approaches, for example those concerned with children and young people, have a 'naturalistic' quality
in that education is focused on upbringing, or Bildung, through which the individual is learning to be human.
This draws attention to what can be the complicating matter of connecting learning with thinking about how
education exists. To simplify, in order to emphasise, learning is something which human beings engage in
from birth, a propensity to make meaning as a way of existing with increasing effectiveness and efficiency. It
involves socialisation into the world and an accumulation of qualification that is necessary to be successfully
accomplished in it. Education in this frame of reference can be regarded as a particular activity that contains,
redirects or runs alongside this natural capacity for learning, enabling the 'becoming human' process.
Education as Process: Implications & Limitations
I have outlined different perspectives to illustrate the various ways in which education is treated and
understood primarily as product orientated; it is how education commonly 'shows up'. Despite its common
sense assumption, I turn now to how this productorientated framework is problematic and counter
productive. Furthermore, that there are significant limitations if this remains the sole, exclusive educational
imaginary for teachers. I suggest that an alternative is not only possible, but essential if education is to have
a sustainable integrity, coherence and credibility.
I have organised my critique across three regions of concern. The first problem arising from a product
model of education is an emphasis on the virtue of growth. Invariably the process of teaching and learning is
directed at the development of the student in such a way that they are somehow improved at the completion
of the educational project. Clearly, when related to the fact of physical maturation, any objection to growth,
developmentally, would be regarded as unnatural, or even, an impossibility. However, when used to
figuratively explain what is happening in the context of schooling, adult education or professional training,
the notion of growth is less straightforward. Initial questions about whose growth? what kind of growth? and
to what end is it designed? begin to highlight how an educational process can be liable to exploitation and
manipulation. Furthermore, within a wider context established on capitalist economic structures and
relations, an educational process promoting growth however defined will be prone to the assumption that
all growth is 'good'. Associated with this premise is an assumption that growth is also sustainable, that key
indicators of successful growth are accumulation (eg. of knowledge), acquisition (eg. of skills), with the
capacity to increase consumption (via increased levels of autonomy). The implications of these features of a
growth, productbased educational philosophy is that it is vulnerable to the antithetical influence of
marketisation, managerialism and commodification of the educational task. In practical terms this results in
seeking to establish education as a 'strong' concept. In other words, by embedding education solely as a
process for promoting growth, it is not unreasonable to extend this into ensuring an education that promises
and procures growth. Consequently, policy makers, education leaders and teachers embark on a campaign to
establish greater certainty, secure outcomes and minimise inefficiencies, for example by 'removing barriers
to learning' and thereby 'raising achievement'.
Typically, alongside the premise of 'growth is good', a productbased education model also assumes that its
starting point must necessarily be inferior to the intended destination. The pupil is envisaged as lacking in
understanding, the adult learner is unpracticed, the collective are regarded as oppressed, the community as
impoverished. Education is heralded as the emancipatory process, whereby a better future can be realised, a
kind of heaven attained through an act of salvation on behalf of the student by the educator. This is heady
stuff indeed, and may appear quite out of perspective from the day to day matters of classrooms and training
workshops. However, my focus here remains at the existential, not the individual professional level, and the
point here is that if education is regarded as a productorientated, through which an individual travels
through an arc, which is understood in terms of growth, the role of educator, by implication, is associated
with the journey. I suggest that whilst archetypal variants are offered guide at the side, sage on the stage,
seer at the rear or more prosaic terminology, such as colearner, change agent or facilitator, the beneficiary
of the educational journey is the student. Whilst the reference to 'salvation' may be grandiose, it captures a
particular idea of freedom arising out of the educatorstudent dynamic in the educational process.
Importantly, although the educational beneficiary is the student, it is the educator who has the power to
choose their position in relation to the student, not the other way around. 'You the student may become
free, but I the educator hold the power to determine how this can be so, and what freedom looks like for
you', is the underlying contract.
I will return to the issues of an education that promises freedom from a lesser position later in my discussion
of placeness, but before leaving this first problem of educationasproduct in a globalised market culture, I
want to emphasise two further implications. Objectification and alienation are both associated with a
productionbased approach to marketdriven arenas, both of which can be recognised within the educational
domain. Objectification refers to how an individual, or more precisely attributes of an individual, serve the
purpose, or provide benefit to another more powerful individual or system. Whilst much rhetoric might be
generated in relation to meeting the needs and ambitions of the individual student, educational success
indicators and regulatory priorities remain stubbornly fixated on the collation of data and analysis focused on
highly delineated data sets regarding precisely defined outcomes. Students are increasingly referred to as
'clusters' of potential 'outcomes', and interventions are designed to move batched students from one grading
level to another. Other groups of students might be abandoned entirely (via terms such as
disapplication/exclusion/managed move) due to threatening the overall success of the wider educational
population. Alienation emerges as the impact of objectification on the individual. It is the absence of
personal engagement in the educational task on the behalf of students, but also teachers, in the face of
systemic objectification. High levels of transition, both amongst students leaving school placements, and
teachers seeking new careers, are a consequence of a gradual alienation which feature in other, mass
production sectors typical in capitalist systems.
To summarise my argument at this point, I am proposing that the dominant educational imaginary regards
education primarily as productorientated. That furthermore, such a process assumes a journey, undertaken
for the student's benefit, and which leads to a version of growth that has a quality of freedom, or escape, with
the educator positioned, powerfully, either through choosing to lead or accompany the student. Where
education is undertaken in a wider global capitalist environment, and is unprotected from the dynamics of the
marketplace, there is a tendency for educationasproduct to become contaminated with the features of
technological methodology which, I will argue later, are antieducational. Furthermore, that in such a
context, growth is not a benign concept, but a carefully constructed idea which encourages the features of
acquisition, accumulation and consumption, typical of global capitalism.
A second problematic aspect of a productbased existential view of education is the concept of autonomy.
Generally regarded as a priority in educational discourse, 'realising personal potential', or more colloquially,
becoming the 'best you can be', are signature phrases for those advocating growthorientated education.
Ostensibly such ambition presents as common sense; who would not want to aim for being their very best?
My concern, again in the context of a dominant global economic framework, is that individual autonomy can
be coupled with the educationally dubious practice of advocating consumer choice and providing customer
service. Education, as an exercise in consumption to meet individual need, is problematic. In part this is
because it risks engendering a narcissistic tendency on behalf of the student as 'customer', and also because
of how it can simultaneously infantalise the student, (Furedi, 2009; Ecclestone & Hayes, 2008). Furthermore,
in a drive to personalise learning, the student becomes understood as primarily isolated and with such
individualisation comes the possibility of atomisation. Disconnection from others, combined with the
disconnection with self, through the objectification and alienation described earlier, are unintended
consequences of a productorientated education frame of reference. The irony is that in the context of a
technocratic, outcomefocused educational model, the task of becoming human becomes one of de
humanising the people involved. The prevalence of this particular way of understanding how education
exists, to the extent that it remains beyond question, can lead to an unthinking, or more precisely, a thought
less acceptance of process. This in turn counteracts, or undermines the hope and ambition for what
education might be.
A final concern with the dominant western existential view of education is that it is regarded essentially as a
process that happens between people. It is framed as a sociological activity, to be understood through the
lens of social relations, organisational and systemic dynamics and individual psychology. The limitation of
this perspective is that it denies, or discounts an ecological relational dimensions of education. All education
occurs in a place, an environment which is more than the sum of the individuals involved. The nonhuman,
natural elements, both animate and inanimate, corral the human interplay of educational work. This third
problem forms the final disconnect in my critique of an existential view of education that centres solely on
product.
The Educational Encounter: an alternative existential possibility
In response to this critique of educationasprocess, I want to restate the three problems which I identify as
seriously limiting of education. Collectively my concern can be expressed in terms of disconnections. By
preferencing education as product, particularly in a globalised economic system, education is at risk of
engendering a separation of the individual from the environment which is needed to sustain life, a disconnect
from being in relationship with others and, through objectification, split the individual off from oneself.
What I want to propose in this following section is another way of thinking about how education might be
imagined. In doing so I emphasise that this is an additional perspective, and is not presented as 'an instead
of', or alternative position. That a product model exists, and is referred to as an 'education' cannot be denied,
my purpose is to expand how we might also choose to refer to an education.
I mentioned at the beginning of this paper that I am frequently amongst teachers and school leaders who talk
about what they teach and how they do so. It is during such gatherings that the existence of education as a
process becomes the more apparent. However, when I have the opportunity I ask them to reflect, with a
colleague, on their experience of being at school when they were younger. I structure the reflection by asking
what they remember most, the kind of beliefs and decisions that were forming about themselves as learners,
the role of teacher and what they imagined education was about. Finally, after sharing relatively personal
accounts I ask if they recognise anything of what happened 'way back then' with the 'here and now' of their
practice. The exercise often generates strongly held recollections, memories and connections which can be
variously negative, positive, shaming, uplifting, medicore and transformational. However, what most strikes
me each time is that none of them talk about education as a product. Occasionally, in retrospect, colleagues
might offer a framing of what was happening at the metalevel referring to process, intellectualising the
experience in the light of their subsequent training and experience in teaching. However, my substantive
point is that when the teachers speak out of the experience of being an educand, it is not from the position of
being in a 'process'. (I am preferring to use 'educand' here because it is an uncommon term, and means 'that
which is to be educated', which will be more precisely aligned with what I present as an alternative
existential position. Also, it is a term that is free from the more familiar associations with 'pupil' and 'student',
that might prove misleading or distracting).
As teachers share their experiences as educand a new way of knowing how education exists begins to
emerge. The recollections take the form of encounters, discrete episodes, or singular events. People report
on the sense of the teacher's presence, whether it be their perfume, coffee on the breath, a touch on the
shoulder a tapping pen on the desk. They recall the presence felt through the shaming sarcasm, the affirming
smile or authoritative eye. The encounter is an engagement with another person, in a place with 'I', as the one
being educated. I want to stay with the term 'encounter' albeit briefly at this point. Historically, the word
was used to describe an adversarial quality in the meeting of people, 'to counter' the other. It also combines
the notion of being 'in front of' the individual, and this certainly captures an important aspect of the
educational experiences shared by colleagues. Education, in the existential perspective of encounter, is where
a person shows up in the life of another. Not simply anyone, but a person to person moment, in which the
possibility of being seen, called forth and experienced as Other involves both the teacher and educand
neither becomes replaceable in the encounter.
The significance of education as encounter is that it remains outside the familiar frame of reference teachers
hold of their work. An implication is that teachers frequently report on the lack of control they experience in
relation to designing and delivery of their work. The overemphasis on productfocused education, which is
increasingly subject to external regulation and manipulation, renders individual teachers to a status similar to
an operative engaged in ensuring that a mechanistic procedural process is running efficiently. The
professional preoccupation is to become increasingly competent, to acquire the technical expertise required
to increase effectiveness, within the parameters of an externally commissioned educational 'service'. The
notion of educational encounter draws attention to an entirely different way of framing teacher impact and
educational agency, one in which teachers are repositioned absolutely not as 'being in control' of what
happens, but being irreplaceable nevertheless perhaps briefly in summoning the life of the student. There
is a creative subversion in having regard to educational encounter. My proposal is not to overthrow the
convention for productbased education, but to recognise that within such an experience, which is subject to
such external control, an entirely different, and arguably more powerful, encounter takes place. That here
the teacher can but barely claim to know what they teach, and even less so what the student might learn. And
herein lies a distinct sense of freedom for both student and teacher from the confines of productorientated
education.
To 'summon up' is a arguably a peculiar phrase to use in relation to producteducation where the emphasis is
on creating homogeneity, or a standardisation, in the relationship between student and teacher. To 'summon
up', etymologically, refers to the calling of another, and also to 'arouse, and excite to action'. This then, is in
the gift of the teacher, not the promise that the student will 'appear', but that such a summons can be made. I
suggest that this action falls outside of the convention of product education previously explored. No
curriculum can be devised, nor assessment matrix constructed, to measure this kind of education. The nature
of encounter is by implication ellusive, spontaneous, perhaps random, and it exists in the uncertain, liminal
pockets of time and place in the education task. By the planning of each minute of a lesson or workshop, the
structuring activity and movement of students concisely, the potential for encounter is diminished and these
become key technical competencies in productorientated education. Nevertheless, how the teacher appears,
the nature of their calling up the student's personhood, and the accounting of the time and place of the
encounter, are for the teacher to claim as fundamental components of professional judgement.
To regard education as an encounter is intended in part, to reenergise and focus professional attention
toward reclaiming vocational purpose, wisdom and collective agency. However, much more is at stake, in
my view, and my aim here is not solely to encourage teachers to think again about what they do in relation to
their students. It is through encounter that I hope to draw attention to the connections which this type of
education can bring about. First, by providing an opportunity whereby the student can encounter themselves
as a person, Biesta's notion of subjectification, (2015). Second, that it is through encounter that the student is
brought into contact with the social world, via the teacher, and is challenged, or called to be part of it, yet not
at the centre of it. Third, that the encounter occurs within a place, beyond the parameters of social relations.
In others words, education has metaphysical and ecological components, in addition to being a sociological
activity. Earth is the only place in which education can occur, (whether via process or encounter), and giving
attention to the ecological context is increasingly critical if we are to continue to enjoy, endure or engage in
education. The limits of producteducation are, in my view becoming too significant and that to rely solely
on such a model of education to address the contemporary issues of disconnection is evidently neither
sustainable nor successful. Introducing the possibilities of encounter, combining the connections with soil,
soul and society might provide alternative considerations for the thoughtfull practitioner.
Giles Barrow
August 2019
North Carolina