13.

HOLOCENE TO PLEISTOCENE PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA OF LEG 15, SITE 147

(CARIACO BASIN (TRENCH), CARIBBEAN SEA) AND THEIR CLIMATIC INTERPRETATION

Fred Rögl and Hans M. Bolli, Geology Department, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland

ABSTRACT
The Pleistocene to Holocene planktonic foraminifera of Site
147 in the Cariaco Basin, off the north coast of eastern
Venezuela, were investigated for their ecologic significance.
Characteristic species and their frequency, are plotted and the
results compared with curves by Emiliani (1966) and Ericson and
Wollin (1968). Several warm- and cold-water intervals are
distinguished. Site 147 falls into the upper part of the
Globorotalia truncatulinoides truncatulinoides Zone (approxi-
mately 320,000 years to Recent) and comprises from bottom to
top the Pleistocene Globorotalia hessi (part only), Globigerina
calida calida, Globigerina bermudezi and the Holocene Globoro-
talia fimbriata subzones. This compares with zones V to Z of
Ericson and Wollin (1968).
Fifty-nine planktonic foraminiferal species and subspecies
were distinguished, of which four are described as new. They are
Globigerina clarkei n. sp., Globigerina megastoma cariacoensis n.
ssp., Hastigerinella riedeli n. sp., and Globorotalia bermudezi n.
sp. Neogloboquadrina blowi is introduced as a new name for
Globigerina subcretacea Chapman. Variability and details of wall
structures of the well-preserved planktonic foraminifera are
illustrated by scanning electron micrographs.

CONTENTS
Abstract 553 Biostratigraphic Zonation of Site 147 561
Introduction 553 Systematics 561
Hydrological Setting 554 Globigerinidae 561
Paleoecological Investigations 554 Globigerininae 562
Working Method 554 Hastigerininae 566
Ecology of characteristic planktonic foraminifera 555 Globorotaliidae 567
Observations on Site 147 560 Remarks on other faunal and floral components
Paleoclimatic Interpretation of Site 147 560 in Site 147 residues 572
Climatic Zonation and Correlation 560 Acknowledgments 573
Climatologic Zonation of Site 147 561 References 573

INTRODUCTION situated in a water depth of 892 meters near the saddle on

the northern slope of the Western basin at 10°42.48'N;
The purpose of the Leg 15 Site 147 was to investigate 65°10.48'W.
the sediments of the Cariaco Basin, a small basin in the Site 147 was continuously cored to 162 meters and
Caribbean Sea, situated along the north coast of eastern recovered Holocene and late Pleistocene sediments
Venezuela. This basin is about 160 km long in an east-west exceedingly rich in well preserved planktonic faunas
direction, is about 60 km wide, and has a maximum depth including foraminifera. The 18 cores recovered 119.2
of some 1400 meters. It is cut off from the open Caribbean meters of sediments (recovery rate 74%). Additional holes
Sea by a sill having an average depth of approximately 100 — 147A and B — were drilled at the same location for
meters. The deepest passage is 146 meters near Farallon geochemical purposes.
Centinella (Figure 1). This barrier prevents the exchange of The rich and well-preserved planktonic foraminifera of
deep water between the trough and the open sea. Together this extraordinarily thick recent to young Pleistocene
with the low freshwater inflow, it is largely responsible for section proved most suitable for detailed systematic and
the euxinic bottom conditions and the particular faunal ecologic investigation, and for attempting paleoclimatic
population. The basin is divided by a north-south saddle interpretations and correlation with published data of the
into an eastern and western partial-basin. Site 147 is Caribbean and Atlantic.

553
F. ROGL, H. M. BOLLI

Figure 1. Cariaco Basin and location of Site 147 (from Mapa Batimetrico de la Rep. de Venezuela, III Congr. Geol.
Venezolano, 1959, and after Richards and Vaccaro, 1956). Depth is in fathoms.
Some of the Recent Cariaco Basin planktonic forami- From there to 520 meters the salinity decreases very slowly
nifera are included in the papers of Bermudez (1961), and remains constant at 36.20°/ oo from 520 meters to the
Bermudez and Bolli (1969), Seiglie (1963), and Seiglie and bottom. North of the Basin, in the open Caribbean, the
Bermudez (1963). values of temperature and salinity in the upper layers are
The figured specimens are deposited at the Museum of the same as in the Cariaco Basin, but they drop to 8.6°C
Natural History, Basel, under the numbers NMB C and 34.91°/oo, respectively, at 488 meters.
26943-27226 and C 27621-27622. The planktonic foraminifera living close to the surface
are not influenced by these peculiar conditions. But
HYDROLOGICAL SETTING deep-water forms, such as Sphaeroidinella dehiscens,
The hydrographical and chemical investigations in the flourishing at depths greater than 500 meters, and common
southern Caribbean Sea illustrate a number of different outside the trough, are very scarce in the Cariaco Basin
factors which influence the ecology in the Venezuelan sediments.
offshore area (Richards and Vaccaro, 1956; Richards, 1960; The surface conditions in the Cariaco Basin are
Gade, 1961). Because the Cariaco Basin is isolated from the influenced by a number of different water masses. Strong
open Caribbean by a sill, water circulation below sill depth upwelling of cold water along the north coast of Venezuela
is not possible and anaerobic conditions prevail from 475 gives rise to a planktonic foraminiferal population that is
meters to the bottom. The highest elevations of the ridge different from that of the open Caribbean Sea. For
surrounding the Cariaco Basin consist of an arch of islands instance, Globigerina bulloides is frequent in coastal waters
with Farallon Centinella, Tortuga, Margarita, Cubagua, but scarce in the warmer open Caribbean.
Coche and the Araya penninsula (Figure 1); the deepest
passage is near Farallon Centinella, 146 meters below sea
PALEOECOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS
level.
Isolation of the Cariaco water mass causes dissolved Working Method
oxygen to decrease to zero at 475 meters. Hydrogen sulfide
increases from there to the bottom. Temperature and The planktonic foraminifera of at least one sample from
salinity figures also show the abnormal conditions. The each section of the cores were investigated in detail. Addi-
temperature decreases from surface values of 24° to 26°C tional samples were checked for possible faunal changes
to 18°C at sill depth, and stays constant at 17°C from 460 within the core (about 110 samples from Site 147). The
meters to the bottom. The surface salinity varies from samples were washed through U.S. standard sieves and the
35.28%o in December (end of rainy season) to 36.57%o following fractions used: 0.420 mm, 0.177 mm, and 0.063
in February; at 180-meter depth it is a constant 36.33% O . mm. The fraction larger than 0.177 mm was selected for

554
 HOLOCENE TO PLEISTOCENE PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA, SITE 147

the statistical work. Depending on available material, 400 Changes in temperature are here regarded as being
to 1900 (average 800) specimens from each sample were expressed in the irregularities of the faunal composition. A
determined specifically. paleoclimatologic analysis of the sections by a grouping of
A comparison with sample intervals used in Emiliani the species that are abundant and characteristic of certain
(1966) and Ericson and Wollin (1968), based mainly on water temperatures is therefore feasible. Seasonal variations
piston cores, shows that coverage of the section at Site 147 of the number of specimens present can be ignored because
is comparable since the rate of sedimentation in the Cariaco the vertical thickness of samples used measures about 2 cm,
Basin is 20 to 50 times higher than in those sections. which represent approximately 40 years of sedimentation.
To obtain a curve representing the presumed climatic Glacial periods during the Pleistocene did not suffi-
changes in the examined sections, typical species were ciently lower the water temperature in the central part of
selected and their percentages of the total fauna were the Caribbean Sea to permit the entry of subpolar faunas.
determined (Table 1). The selected cold water forms are Only the upwelling of colder water masses, still active
Globigerina bulloides s.L, Globorotalia inflata, Neoglobo- today, can explain the presence of colder water
quadrina pachyderma pachyderma and N. pachyderma (transitional to subpolar) forms along the coastal area
incompta. Those indicative of warm water are Globigeri- including the Cariaco Basin.
noides ruber, G. trilobus sacculifer and the Globorotalia Association of the planktonic foraminifera at Site 147
cultrata-menardii-tumida group. The ratio of three typical ranges from temperate to tropical in character.
warm-water species against important cold and warm water
species as expressed by the formula Indicators of Cooler Waters
Globigerina bulloides: This species appears to be the
G. ruber + G. t. sacculifer + G. menardii-growp best marker for cooler intervals in the investigated samples
X 100 of Site 147. It is complementary in its occurrence to
G. ruber + G.t. sacculifer + G. menardii-group
+ G. bulloides + N. pachyderma + G. inflata Globigerinoides ruber, which is a distinct warm-water form.
The maximum occurrence of Recent Globigerina bulloides
is shown in the far right column ("warm-water indicators") is in subpolar waters, extending also into temperate and
of Table 1. subtropical areas.
For correlation with published temperature curves as Neogloboquadrina pachyderma-incompta is treated here
shown on Figure 2, only the G. menardii-tumida group and as one group and subdivided only on the direction of
percentage of warm-water indicators were used. For their coiling. Left coiling N. pachyderma pachyderma, represent-
climatic studies Ericson and Wollin (1968) used only the G. ing the extreme cold-water form, occurs in Site 147 but
menardii-tumida group, which, however, occurs only only in a few samples and in small numbers. Abundant in
sporadically at Site 147. Additional species were therefore the sections are dextrally coiled specimens of TV. pachyderma
included. A value of less than 10 percent of warm-water incompta, known from subpolar to temperate waters.
forms is regarded as indicating a cold environment, and a Globorotalia inflata is not a pronouncedly cold-water
rise above 80 percent a warm one. form but is complementary in its occurrence to the
Gaps in the climatic curve of Site 147, in the top 60 Globorotalia menardii-tumida group. The value of the
meters are due to incomplete core recovery. From 60 species for climatic interpretation is somewhat restricted
meters to bottom, recovery was practically complete. because of its apparent optimal development at different
In addition to this quantitative work, all fractions, temperatures, as was shown by Cifelli (1971).
including the finest, were investigated for additional
planktonic foraminiferal species and for other microfossils.
Indicators for Warm Waters
Ecology of Characteristic Planktonic Foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber is characteristic of subtropical-
The pertinent data for climatologic analysis were tropical areas, but its optimal occurrence is also dependent
obtained from publications dealing with the ecology of on salinities above the 36.0°/ oo or below 34.5°/ oo . G. ruber
planktonic foraminifera (Be, 1960, 1969; Be and is regarded as one of the most useful climatic indicators in
Tolderlund, 1971; Boltovskoy, 1969; Bradshaw, 1959; Site 147.
Cifelli, 1971;Zobel, 1971). Globigerinoides trilobus sacculifer occurs in identical
Cifelli (1971) shows that the distribution of planktonic temperature ranges as G. ruber but in salinity ranges
species is controlled by more than temperature. Other between 34.5 and 36.0°/ oo ; the interval not suitable for G.
factors, such as salinity, upwelling, or distribution of water ruber. The species is scarce at Site 147.
masses are also of significance. This is confirmed by Zobel Globorotalia menardii-tumida group: Here are included
(1971) on the distribution of Globigerinoides ruber and G. G. cultrata, G. fimbriata, G. menardii, G. tumida tumida,
trilobus sacculifer in the Arabian Sea. The distribution of and G. tumida flexuosa. All are typical for tropical-
these two tropical to subtropical species is apparently subtropical waters, G. tumida s.l. being confined to the
controlled also by salinity (Be and Tolderlund, 1969). warmest areas. Ericson and Wollin (1968) used this group
Optimal conditions for G. trilobus sacculifer seem to exist of species for their climatologic curve.
at salinities of 34.5 to 36.0%o and for G. ruber at either There are other species, but of lesser significance, than
higher or lower values. This may be the reason for the these two groups of distinct climatic indicators. The depth
scarcity of G. trilobus sacculifer in the Cariaco Basin, where and temperature ranges of some are taken from the
the average salinity is somewhat above 36°/ oo . literature, as shown on Figure 3.

555
F. ROGL, H. M. BOLLI

TABLE 1
Selected Species as Percentage of Total Planktonic Foraminifeial Fauna and Relationship
of Cold- and Warm-Water species
 HOLOCENE TO PLEISTOCENE PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA, SITE 147

TABLE 1 - Continued
F. ROGL, H. M. BOLLI

EMILIANI,C,I966 Leg 15 St. 147 j ERICSON,QB. &WOLLIN,G. 1968

Figure 2. Climatological interpretation of the planktonic foraminifera in Site 147 and the correlation with the
standard - curves of C. Emiliani (1966) and D. B. Ericson and G. Wollin (1968).
 HOLOCENE TO PLEISTOCENE PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA, SITE 147

Neogloboquαdrinα pαchydermα
pachyderma, sinistrαlly coiling
Globigerinitα uvula
Globorotalia cavernula
Globigerina quinqueloba
Neogloboquadrina pachyderma
pachyderma, de×trally coiling
N. pachyderma f. superficiaria
(= N. pachyderma incompta)
Globigerina bulloides
Globorotalia inflata
Globorotalia truncatulinoides
Orbulina universa
Globigerina calida
Globigerinita glutinata
Hastigerina pelagica
Globorotalia crassaformis
Neogloboquadrina dutertrei
Globigerinoides conglobatus
Globorotalia menardii - group
Globigerinella siphonifera
Pulleniatina obliquiloculata
Globigerinoides ruber
Globigerinoides sacculifer
Globorotalia tumida

Figure 3. Ecologic distribution of selected plank tonic foraminifera (after Be, 1967, 1969; Be and Tolderlund, 1971;
Boltovskoy, 1969).
F . ROGL, H. M. BOLLI

Observations on Site 147 distinct lowering of temperature, but still with 15 to 35

Due to the peculiar hydrological conditions in the percent warm-water forms.
Cariaco Basin, tests of planktonic animals are strongly This is underlain by a section indicating warm
predominant in the sediments, with planktonic foraminifera conditions, from Core 2, Section 3 (147-149 cm) to Core 2,
forming the largest part. Also frequent are planktonic living Section 4 (140-142 cm) (8.47-9.92 m), containing up to 98
larval stages of benthonic molluscs, pteropods, and fish percent warm-water forms.
debris. Radiolaria are present in some samples. Ostracods After a sampling gap from 9.92 meters to 14.00 meters,
are present, as well as sclerites and fragments of siliceous there is a gradual lowering of the temperature to Sample
sponges, corals, and echinoderms. Benthonic foraminifera — Core 3, Section 1 (100-102 cm) (15.02 m). The Samples
mostly Bolivinas and other dwarfed specimens — make up a Core 3, Section 2 (116-118 cm) to Core 4, Section 2 (40-42
negligible portion of the foraminiferal fauna. Postlarval cm) (16.66-24.92 m, with a gap from 18.40-23.48 m)have
stages of molluscs were present but scarce. They may mainly cold-water faunas, and only 3 to 6 percent of
possibly have been carried in along with some large-sized warm-water aspect.
benthonic foraminifera from the shallower and better Moderate temperatures with some intermittent tenden-
aerated areas of the trough. cies for cooling are indicated from Core 4, Section 3 (40-42
Fine quartz detritus was found in only one sample (Core cm) to Core 5, Section 2 (114-116 cm) (26.40-34.66 m). A
14, Section 4, 134-136 cm). No other indication exists for sample gap exists from 34.66 to 42.00 meters.
transportation or reworking in the material of Site 147. The The presence of Globorotalia tumida flexuosa in Core 6,
distribution of Recent sediments and planktonic forami- Section 1, top (42.00 m) represents an important
niferal faunas in the Cariaco Basin are illustrated in the stratigraphic and climatic level.
investigations of Miro (1971) and Miro and Orell (1971). An extended warm-water interval with short but distinct
Remarkable is the rich occurrence of Diatomeae at two cold interruptions follows from Core 5, core catcher to
levels (Core 2, Section 3, 30-101 cm and Core 6, Section 5, Core 9, Section 2 (119-121 cm) (42.00-71.71 m), with a
29-31 cm), both within cold-temperature intervals. sample gap from 52.46 to 60.00 meter.
The characteristic red color in Globigerinoides ruber and A second very cold interval with only 5 to 9 percent
Globigerina rubescens is particularly strong from the top to warm-water forms lies between Core 9, Section 3 (119-121
Core 6, gradually becoming weaker from there to Core cm) and Core 10, Section 1 (14-16 cm) (73.19-78.16 m). A
12, Section 4. Levels exist within this interval where the longer warm period in this section ranges from Core 11,
species have no red coloring. These levels seem to coincide Section 1 (34-36 cm) to Core 11, Section 6 (110-112 cm)
with cold-temperature intervals, which agrees with investi- (88.34-96.62 m), with 85 to 95 percent warm-water forms.
gations in the Recent, where noncolored Globigerinoides The interval from 79.76 to 84.61 meters shows an
ruber occur in colder water (Boltovskoy, 1969; Be and intermediate temperature range.
Tolderlund, 1971). The curve follows an irregular course within the
moderately warm to warm range of 40 to 80 percent
Pyrite and gypsum occur as fillings of foraminiferal tests
warm-water forms from 98.02 meters to the bottom of the
or as crystal aggregates in several samples, but these two
section. Some colder fluctuations are indicated in Core 15,
minerals are only rarely found together. A relation of these
Section 6 (48-50) (132.00 m) and Core 16, Section 4
minerals with climatic changes could not be established
(132-134 cm) to Core 17, Section 2 (81-83 cm)
with certainty, but pyrite seems to have a certain
(139.82-146.33 m). The bottom sample (Core 18, core
preference for temperate climates. Though no clear trend
catcher, at 162.00 meters) is again indicative of a cooling
could be seen for gypsum, it would appear that, in general,
period.
gypsum shows a preference for colder intervals but is often
also present with warm-water faunas. One reason for the
formation of gypsum may be the stronger isolation of the CLIMATIC ZONATION AND CORRELATION
Cariaco Basin from the open Caribbean due to lowering of The foraminiferal percentage curve of Site 147 is
the sea level in colder periods, causing lagoonal conditions compared on Figure 3 with the standard curves for marine
with increased salinity. Pleistocene climatology of the Caribbean and Atlantic area
by Emüiani (1966), and Ericson and Wollin (1968). The
PALEOCLIMATIC INTERPRETATION OF SITE 147 curve of Emiliani (1966) is based on O 1 8 / O 1 6 —
The uppermost samples available (Core 1, core catcher paleotemperature determinations compared with some
to Core 2, Section 1, 140-142 cm, to 5.42 m) contain a faunal changes within the Globorotalia menardii group and
fauna of planktonic foraminifera with about 50 percent also of Globigerinoides ruber, G. conglobatus, G. sacculifer,
warm-water forms, comparable to that living today in the and some other planktonic species (Emiliani, 1969).
Cariaco Basin, and corresponding to a surface temperature Ericson and Wollin's (1968) curve, based only on the
of24°to26°C. Globorotalia menardii-tumida group, provides a clear
The interval immediately below (Core 2, Section 2, though greatly simplified picture.
20-22 cm to Core 2, Section 2, 74-76 cm, 5.70-6.26 m) Some difficulties in our investigations arose from the
shows a period of warmer water with about 60 to 75 almost complete deficiency of detailed faunal investigations
percent warm-water forms. It probably corresponds to the in the Late Pleistocene. Only one well-established Late
warm period of the early Holocene. Pleistocene datum is known so far for the Caribbean/
The Samples Core 2, Section 2 (141-143 cm) to Core 2, Atlantic; that is the extinction level of Globorotalia tumida
Section 3 (137-139 cm) (6.91-8.39 m) indicate a fairly flexuosa at the top of stage 5 {flexuosa Zone) of Emiliani

560
 HOLOCENE TO PLEISTOCENE PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA, SITE 147

(1966), and in Zone X of Ericson et al. (1961). The last BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC ZONATION
occurrence of this subspecies in Site 147 is in Core 6, OF SITE 147
Section 1 (top) (42.00 m). This extinction of Globorotalia
Some of the climatologic boundaries found at Site 147
tumida flexuosa can apparently be taken as a fairly reliable
can be correlated with biostratigraphic zones. The entire
correlation level.
section is part of the Globorotalia truncatulinoides trun-
Another event is the extinction of Globorotaloides catulinoides Zone, ranging from Pleistocene to Holocene
hexagonus in the Atlantic, where the last scarce specimens (Bolli, 1970). The subdivision of this zone into subzonesis
also occur in Zone X of Ericson et al. (1961). proposed by Bolli (this volume) with reference to several
Climatologic Zonation of Site 147 Caribbean sites, including Site 147.
Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone (0-6.26 m; Core 2,
Zones V to Z of Ericson et al. (1961 and 1968), could
Section 2, 74-76 cm): Corresponds to Zone Z or the
be recognized in Site 147 as well as stages 1 through 7 of
Holocene, characterized by the range of Globorotalia
Emiliani (1966). The lower part of the Site 147 section
fimbriata. Also characteristics is the occurrence of thin-
cannot be clearly correlated with Emüiani's stages.
walled and flattened specimens of Globorotalia cultrata.
Zone Z (stage 1, 0 to 6.26 m): The post-glacial interval
Globigerina bermudezi Subzone (6.91-42.00 m; Core 2,
(11,000 years to Recent, according to Wollin, et al., 1971)
Section 2, 141-143 cm to Core 5, core catcher): Equals
can readily be correlated. It is characterized by the
Zone Y. This is the interval between the top of Globoro-
occurrence of Globorotalia cultrata fimbriata and Globoro-
talia tumida flexuosa and the first occurrence of Glororo-
talia cultrata (= modern G. menardii of Emiliani, 1969).
talia fimbriata. This subzone has no special marker and was
This correlation is also confirmed by the determination of
named after Globigerina bermudezi which is common in
an absolute age of 11,000 years on a nearby piston core at
sediments of Site 147, but is not restricted to the subzone
8.4 meters (Heezen et al., 1959).
and is still living.
Zone Y (stage 1, lower part, to stage 4; 6.91 to 42.00
Globigerina calida calida Subzone (42.00-69.00 m; Core
m): The top of the zone is characterized by a short cooling
6, Section 1, top to Core 8, core catcher): The subzone
period to 8.37 meters, corresponding with the short cooling
ranges from the first occurrence of Globigerina calida calida
in stage 1 of Emiliani. A warmer section underlies it to
to the extinction of Globorotalia tumida flexuosa. It is only
15.00 meters, the first warming of stage 1. Corresponding
part of the Globigerina calida calida-Sphaeroidinella
with stage 2 is the exceptionally cold period of 16.66 to
dehiscens excavata Zone of Blow (1969), and corresponds
24.92 meters. Temperatures are assumed to have been
to the larger part of Zone X and is therefore of Late
fluctuating between 24.92 meters and 34.66 meters, an
Pleistocene age. Globorotaloides hexagonus has its last
interval that corresponds with Emiliani's stage 3. A
occurrence in this zone.
recovery gap between 34.66 meters and 42.00 meters might
Globorotalia hessi Subzone (70.46-162.00 m; Core Bl. 9,
be equivalent to EmüianFs cold stage 4.
Section 1, 146-148 cm to bottom of section): The subzone
Zone X (stage 5, 42.00-71.71 m): This zone is
extends from the first occurrence of the zonal marker to
characterized by the extinction of Globorotalia tumida
the first appearance of Globigerina calida calida. The sub-
flexuosa at its top and by the abundance of this subspecies
zonal marker is absent in Site 147, but the top of the sub-
together with G. tumida tumida and small-sized G.
zone is determined by the first occurrence of Globigerina
menardii. The last scarce specimens of Globorotaloides
calida calida. Globigerina bermudezi appears in the upper
hexagonus occur in this interval. Globigerina calida calida
part of this zone. At Site 147, the subzone includes the
first occurs near the base of this zone, which allows a
lowermost part of Zones X, W, and V.
correlation with Blow's (1969) Globigerina calida calida-
Globorotalia crassaformis viola Subzone: This is the
Sphaeroidinella dehiscens excavata Zone boundary. This
lowest of the four Pleistocene subzones, with its marker
interval is climatically warm, but is interrupted by short,
becoming extinct at the base of the Globorotalia hessi
very cool periods.
Subzone. The marker is absent in Site 147; thus it may be
Zone W (stage 6; 73.19-84.61 m): This represents a concluded that the site bottomed within the Globorotalia
distinctly cold period of fairly short duration, characterized hessi Subzone.
by a small-sized fauna. Globigerina bermudezi appears here.
A second absolute age determination at 75 meters by
Broecker (this volume) gives 150,000 years. This is in good SYSTEMATICS
agreement with Zone W of Ericson and Wollin. Many authors (Bolli, Loeblich and Tappan, 1957; Banner and
Zone V (stage 7-?; 88.34-162.00 m): This zone begins Blow, 1959 and 1960; Loeblich and Tappan, 1964; Blow, 1965; El
with a long and distinct temperature maximum from 88.34 Naggar, 1971) have based the classification of planktonic foram-
inifera on the test morphology alone. To avoid resulting inconsis-
to 96.62 meters that corresponds to stage 7. With its tancies, some (Parker, 1962; Lipps, 1966; Be, 1967) made an
moderate temperatures, the zone becomes somewhat indis- attempt to arrive at a more natural system in that they regarded the
tinct in its lower part and consequently correlation with wall structure as of primary systematic importance. An attempt is
Emiliani's curve (that fluctuates between stages 8 and 15) is made in the following to select from the two systems the criteria
essential for the classification.
difficult.
By extrapolation of the sedimentation rate of about 50 Family GLOBIGERINIDAE Carpenter, Parker and Jones, 1862
cm/10 3 y in the upper part of the section, Site 147 has a Characterized by a perforate wall and the possession of long and
total age range of some 320,000 years and thus does not massive spines which are present at least during the earlier part of
extend to the base of Zone V. the ontogeny. In contrast, the family Globorotaliidae does not

561
F. ROGL, H. M. BOLLI

possess spines. Where the spines are lost in the adult stage, their base small aperture, is apparently largely restricted to colder waters,
may become covered by secondary calcite incrustations. The spines while forms with more delicate walls, larger apertures, and chambers
are clearly separated from the material of the chamber wall and arranged more loosely are indicative of temperate conditions, which
begin, as a rule, to grow on the primary membrane and are are also preferred by the more loosely coiled Globigerina bulloides
surrounded at the base by a cuff of plate-shaped calcite crystals. umbilicata. It is likely that factors other than temperature, still to
Those of older chambers may penetrate through the walls of the be determined, play a role in the distribution of the Globigerina
younger ones. Only exceptionally are the spines directly attached on bulloides subspecies.
the chamber wall. These features are discussed by, for example, Be
(1965), Hemleben (1969), and Be and Hemleben (1970). In the Globigerina bulloides bulloides d'Orbigny, 1826
cross section, the spines may be circular, triangular, or triradiate. (Plate 1, Figures 1-9 and 11; Plate 12, Figures 1 and 8)
Tests are trochospiral, streptospiral, planispiral, or spherical;
chambers are globular, oviform, or clavate; walls are smooth and 1826 Globigerina bulloides - d'Orbigny, A., Ann. Sci. Nat., 7, p.
rough to cancellate. The position of primary aperture is umbilical, 277, no. 1. 1960 Globigerina bulloides d'Orb. - Banner, F.T. and
extraumbilical, or spiroumbilical; secondary apertures are possible. Blow, W.H., Cushm. Found. Foram. Res. Contr., 11, p. 3, pi. 1,
fig. 1, 4 (lectotype).
Subfamily GLOBIGERININAE Carpenter, Shape of test low trochospiral; four chambers per whorl,
Parker and Jones, 1862 increasing regularly in size. Wall with small regularly distributed
pores and thin spines with circular cross section in between. At the
As the family definition but with the following restrictions: test base the spines are surrounded by plate shaped crystals. Forms with
trochospiral or spherical involute, chambers globular to oviform. distinctly incised sutures and large, semicircular apertures are
The position of the primary aperture is umbilical, sometimes also frequent (Plate 1, Figures 1-4, 5-7). Lower down in the section of
extraumbilical to spiroumbilical. Secondary apertures may occur. Site 147, and in intervals of colder water, chambers are less
The spines are circular to triangular in cross section. distinctly separated by sutural incisions, apertures are less highly
arched, and the walls are thicker (Plate 1, Figures 8-9). Another
Genus GLOBIGERINA d'Orbigny, 1826 variation of aperture is shown on Plate 1, Figure 11, by a form with
As for the subfamily definition but with the following restric- a large final chamber and low arched aperture.
tions: test trochospiral, primary aperture umbilical, sometimes also Very large sized Globigerina may possess secondary apertures on
extending extraumbilically. Without secondary apertures. the spiral side. However these cannot be directly compared with
those in Globigerinoides, because they are mostly of irregular shape
Globigerina bermudezi Seiglie, 1963 and appear at random. In Globigerina bulloides bulloides such
(Plate 2, Figure 11-19; Plate 2, Figure 4) secondary apertures are comparatively rare (Plate 1, Figure 3), they
are more frequent in the large, more loosely coiled forms, such as
1963 Globigerina bermudezi-Seiglie, G.A., Bol. Inst. Oceanogr., Globigerina bulloides umbilicata.
Univ. Oriente, 2 (1), p. 90, pi. 1, fig. 1-8.
The form shows much variation. The first one and a half to two
low trochospiral whorls are similar to Globigerina bulloides s.l., Globigerina bulloides cf. quadrilatera Galloway and Wisslei, 1927
however, the last few chambers are narrower and show typical (Plate 1, Figures 12-16; Plate 12, Figures 2-3 and 7)
umbilical extensions. The umbilicus is wide and large, the shape of Specimens are frequent within the variability range of Globi-
the aperture variable. Typical specimens (Plate 2, Figures 11-13, 15) gerina bulloides, where the final chamber is reduced in size. Such
possess a wide final chamber, distinctly elongated in spiro-umbilical smaller final chambers are as a rule delicate and transparent. The
direction, with a large low arched umbilical — extraumbilical aper- wall structure is identical to that in Globigerina bulloides where the
ture. The final, occasionally also the penultimate aperture. The final chamber is reduced in size. Such smaller final chambers are as a
final, occasionally also the penultimate chamber, may become rule delicate and transparent. The wall structure is identical to that
partially detached (Plate 2, Figures 14, 16-19), which results in a in Globigerina bulloides s.s. The wall of the final chamber may be
distinct size increase and a more variable shape of the aperture. This covered by widely spaced plate shaped crystals, indicators for a
partial detachment may also extend to the spiral side, where large beginning thickening of the wall (Plate 1, Figure 16; Plate 12, Figure
and irregular shaped secondary apertures may be formed fairly 7). A preferential radial arrangement of these crystals in rows may
frequently. The wall structure is similar to that of Globigerina serve as a strengthening of the newly formed wall. Plate 12, Figures
bulloides bulloides, but mostly somewhat more delicate and with 2-3 illustrate subsequent growth patterns of the wall surface, during
larger pores. which an increase of the pore radius takes place in the older
The form is present in Site 147 from top to Core 10, Section 5 chambers.
(59-61 cm) which coincides with the lower boundary of Zone W of Globigerina bulloides cf. quadrilatera also differs from Globi-
Ericson and Wollin (1968). It is living today in the Cariaco Basin. gerina bulloides bulloides in that the reduced final chamber no
Ancestral forms with umbilical apertures with the tendency to longer follows the normal coiling pattern but is tilted towards the
become extraumbilical and partially detached and widened final umbilicus. In Globigerina quadrilatera s.s. the chambers are more
chamber (Plate 1, Figure 21; Plate 2, Figure 18) reach down to Core closely appressed.
16, Section 1 (144-146 cm).

Globigerina bulloides — group Globigerina bulloidesriveroaeBolli and Bermudez, 1965

(Plate 1, Figure 10)
The test consists basically of a fairly low trochospire with four
globular chambers in the last whorl. The variability of this group is 1965 Globigerina riveroae - Bolli, H. M. and Bermudez, P. J., Asoc.
considerable and gave rise to the erection of a number of separate Venez. Geol., Min. Petrol., Bol. Inf., 8, no. 5, p. 137, pi. 1, fig.
but obviously closely related species. To indicate the close relation- 1-6.
ship they are all treated here as subspecies of Globigerina bulloides. Specimens assigned to this species differ from Globigerina
Compared with the central type, Globigerina bulloides quad- bulloides bulloides in their large and wide aperture, umbilical in
rilatera is characterized by a reduced final chamber, Globigerina position with tendency to become extraumbilical. The final cham-
bulloides umbilicata by an increase in the number of chambers. ber is not hemispherical, as is typical for Globigerina bulloides s.s.,
Globigerina bulloides riveroae differs by having a larger size and but slightly appressed tangentially and thus shows sometimes a
slightly extraumbilical position of the aperture. The variability certain affinity to Globigerina bermudezi.
within Globigerina bulloides bulloides is restricted to the size of
aperture, wall thickness, and more or less compact arrangement of Globigerina intermediate between G. bulloides bulloides and
chambers. G. bulloides umbilicata
It would appear that occurrence and distribution of the various (Plate 1, Figures 17-18)
subspecies depends on ecologic factors, mainly temperature. The This form also possesses four chambers per whorl. The chambers
more compact Globigerina bulloides bulloides, with thick wall and are arranged in a slightly wider spire than in Globigerina bulloides

562
 HOLOCENE TO PLEISTOCENE PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA, SITE 147

bulloides but are similar to Globigerina diplostoma Reuss, a form Type sample: Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 15, Site 147, Core
originally described from the Middle Miocene of the Vienna Basin. 4, core-catcher (32.00 m).
Globigerina diplostoma is close to Globigerina praebulloides Blow. Type stratum: Late Pleistocene; Globorotalia truncatulinoides
truncatulinoides Zone, Globigerina bermudezi Subzone; Zone Y
Globigerina bulloides umbilicata Orr and Zaitzeff, 1971 after Ericson and Wollin.
(Plate 1, Figures 19-20 and 22-24; Plate 11, Figures 13) Depository: Museum of Natural History, Basel, No. C-27173
1971 Globigerina umbilicata - Orr, W.N. and Zaitzeff, J.B., J. Description: Shape of test very low trochospiral, axially com-
Foram. Res., 1, p. 18, pi. 1, fig. la-3c. pressed; equatorial periphery subcircular — elongate, slightly lobu-
This form differs from Globigerina bulloides bulloides in the late; axial periphery rounded. Ten subglobular axially compressed,
wider spiral arrangement of the chambers and an increase of from 4 tightly arranged chambers, five in the last whorl, final chamber
to 4-1/2 to 5 chambers per whorl. Such five-chambered specimens slightly radially elongate. Sutures distinct, fairly incised, radial.
were referred to by Blow (1969, p. 317) as Globigerina bulloides Umbilicus small, shallow. Aperture a narrow slit, umbilical -
concinna Reuss. However Globigerina concinna was described from extraumbilical, with aperture flap. Wall very thick, almost smooth,
the Middle Miocene of the Vienna Basin and is more related to only slightly transparent, with few but large and widely spaced
Globigerina praebulloides. It has no phylogenetic relation to the pores, no spines visible.
Pliocene-Recent Globigerina bulloides umbilicata. Plate 1, Figure 24 Paratypes: Fifty specimens. Leg 15, Site 147, Core 4, core-
illustrates that secondary apertures may be present on the spiral catcher: NMB C-27171-72, 27226/1-24. Core 15, Section 2 (70-72
side. cm): NMB C-27226/25-48.
Dimensions (paratypes): Maximum diameter 0.103-0.132 mm;
Globigerina calida calida Parker, 1962 average 0.117 mm; minimum diameter 0.086-0.132 mm, average
0.099 mm.
(Plate 3, Figure 1-8; Plate 12, Figures 9-12) Number of chambers (paratypes): 9-13, average 11.31.
1959 Globigerina sp. - Bradshaw, J.S., Cushm. Found. Foram. Res., The shape of test is intermediate between Globigerina quin-
Contr., 10, p. 38, pi. 6, fig. 19, 26-28. 1962 Globigerina calida - queloba and Turborotalita humilis, somewhat elongate, only slightly
Parker, F.L., Micropaleont., 8 p. 221, pi. 1, fig. 9-13, 15. 1969 lobulate and axially compressed. Nine to thirteen chambers in two
Globigerina calida calida Parker - W. H., Proc. 1st Int. Conf. to two and a half whorls. Final chamber radially elongate. Aperture
Plankt. Microfoss. p. 380, pi. 13, fig. 9-10. narrow, usually with an apertural flap, extending towards the
The species was emended by Blow (1969) and is here treated umbilicus. In specimens with very thick walls the apertural slit may
accordingly. Shape of test low trochospiral with tendency to become almost completely closed (Plate 4, Figure 15). The wall is
become planispiral; chambers globular, those of the last whorl very thick; in more delicate specimens it may be covered by fine,
becoming radially elongate; four to six chambers in the last whorl; spine-like rugosities, similar to the bases of spines in Globigerina
aperture an asymmetrial arch, umbilical-extraumbilical in position, quinqueloba.
and surrounded by a wide asymmetrical lip. The wall is thick, Remarks: Until the origin of the new species is established it is
regularly perforated; radius of pores is wider in earlier chambers. placed in Globigerina with some reservation.
Chamber surface densely covered by massive spines which possess a Differential diagnosis: The new species appears to be closest to
circular to triangular cross section. The basal spine-cuffs merge in Globigerina quinqueloba from which it differs in the smaller size,
earlier chambers to high ridges and at the same time increase the thickness of chamber wall and the more umbilical-extraumbilical
wall thickness (Plate 12, Figure 10-12). The mode of coiling and the position of the aperture. With largest diameter varying between 0.11
shape of spines point to a certain affinity with Globigerinella, e.g., to 0.25 mm with an average of 0.19 mm, and 11 to 18 chambers,
Globigerinella siphonifera. average 13.3 chambers, Globigerina quinqueloba of Site 147, though
Occurrence: According to Blow, restricted to the ?Late Pleisto- small in size, is distinctly larger than the new species. According to
cene-Holocene. In Site 147 from Core 1 to Core 8 (core-catcher) Parker (1962, p. 225) G. quinqueloba reaches up to 0.27 mm in
(near the base of Zone X of Ericson and Wollin). diameter. The test is also more compressed, the chambers less
inflated and closer arranged in the new species, with shallower and
Globigerina calida praecalida Blow, 1969 less distinct intercameral sutures.
(Plate 3, Figure 9-13; Plate 13, Figure 2) Turborotalita humilis which possesses a similarity compressed
1969 Globigerina calida praecalida - Blow, W. H., Proc. 1st Int. test of about equal size in Site 147 as Globigerina clarkei n.sp.,
Conf. Plankt. Microfoss., p. 380, pi. 13, fig. 6-7; pi. 14, fig. 3. always has six to seven chambers in the last whorl against five in the
This form is the ancestor of Globigerina calida calida, from new species. Turborotalita humilis is further more circular in
which it differs in the narrower umbilicus and in having chambers equatorial outline and the much narrower chambers are more
that increase more slowly in size, show no radial elongation and are closely attached. The last chamber is not bulla-like in Globigerina
more closely appressed. The subspecies was originally described as clarkei n. sp. as it is in T. humilis.
having four chambers in the last whorl, but here also includes forms Occurrence: With some interruptions throughout Site 147, more
with five chambers. frequent in the lower part of the section of Site 147. In Site 147,
The coiling is very low trochospiral giving the test an almost from Late Pleistocene to Holocene, Globorotalia truncatulinoides
planispiral Globigerinella siphonifera-like look, but with the aper- truncatulinoides Zone; after Brönnimann and Resig, 1971, from
ture remaining in an interiomarginal umbilical-extraumbilical posi- Middle Pliocene to Middle Pleistocene.
tion. The aperture is similar to that in Globigerina calida calida. The The species is named for Captain J.A. Clarke, master of the
wall is very thick with large pores. Glomar Challenger.
Occurrence: Present in Site 147; predominant in the lower part
of the section, to become largely replaced by Globigerina calida Globigerina cf. falconensis Blow, 1959
calida in the lower part of Zone X (Ericson and Wollin). (Plate 2, Figure 20; Plate 13, Figure 1)
Range: Globorotalia dutertrei Zone to Holocene. 1962 Globigerina falconensis Blow - Parker, F. L., Micropaleont.,
8, p. 224, pi. 1, fig. 14, 16-19. 1971 Globigerina falconensis
Globigerina clarkei Rögl and Bolli n. sp. Blow - Be, A.W.H., Vilks, G. and Lott, L., Micropaleont, 17, pi.
(Plate 4, Figures 13-15) 1, fig- 5
1971 Globigerina aff. Globigerina quinqueloba Natland - The arrangement of chambers is similar to that in Globigerina
Brönnimann, P. and Resig, J., Init. Rept. DSDP, 7, p. 1300, pi. bulloides bulloides, but the aperture which possesses a broad
43, fig. 8-9. symmetrical lip is more distinctly umbilical in position, and the
Holotype: Plate 4, Figure 14. periphery is distinctly more lobate in equatorial view. The final
Dimensions: maximum diameter 0.135 mm; minimum diameter chamber is either distinctly larger and radially somewhat elongate or
0.118 mm; height of test 0.062.cm. much smaller than the penultimate chamber. The thin wall possesses
Type locality: Cariaco Basin, Caribbean Sea: lat 10°42,48'N; average sized and widely spaced pores and loosely spread delicate
long65°10,48'W. spines with circular cross section. The Recent lobate form evolves

563
F. ROGL, H. M. BOLLI

gradually from the Miocene form, which is more more compact

(Blow, 1959) and has more closely appressed chambers.

Globigerina megastoma cariacoensis Rögl and Bolli n. ssp.

(Plate 2, Figures 1-10; Plate 12, Figures 5-6;text Figure 4a-c)
Holotype: Plate 2, Figure 2; text-Figure 4a-c.
Dimensions: Largest diameter 0.403 mm; height of spira 0.404
mm.
Type locality: Cariaco Basin, Caribbean Sea, lat 10°42,48'N;
long65°10,48'W.
Type sample: Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 15, Site 147, Core 0,5 mm
2, Section 1, top (4.00 m).
Type stratum: Holocene; Globorotalia truncatulinoides trun-
catulinoides Zone; Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone; Zone Z after Figure 4. Globigerina megastoma cariacoensis Rögl
Ericson and Wollin. and Bolli, n. ssp. - DSDP, Leg. 15, Site 147, Core 2,
Depository: Museum of Natural History, Basel (NMB), No. Section 1 (top), Holocene.
C-26962.
Description: Shape of test high trochospiral; equatorial peri- 8, p. 225, pi. 2, fig. 7-16. 1970 Globigerina quinqueloba egelida
phery fairly lobate; axial periphery rounded. Fifteen globular - Cifelli, R. and Smith, R.K., Smithson. Contr. Palaeobiol., 4, p.
chambers, increasing regularly in size, loosely arranged in slightly 32, pi. 3, fig. 4-7.
over three whorls. Umbilicus fairly shallow and large, near quad- Shape of test very low trochospiral; five chambers in the last
rangular in outline. Aperture a wide and low arch without lip; whorl. Chambers subglobular, last chamber radially elongate and
apertures of earlier chambers are visible in the umbilicus. The wall is extending over the umbilicus. The umbilicus and the umbilical-
transparent and delicate, densely and regularly covered by large extraumbilical aperture also may be partially covered by an
pores, and with not very frequent, fine spines, circular in cross apertural flap. Blow (1969, p. 373, no. 203) places the species in
section. Around the base of the spines are cuffs of small plate Turborotalita, which appears justified considering the shape of test
shaped crystals. and last chamber. However, living Globigerina quinqueloba possesses
Paratypes: Sixty-three specimens (NMB C-26960-64, 26981-83, very thin, long and flexible spines (Hemleben, 1969, pi. 17, fig. 4),
26986-87, 27082-83, 27223/1-50); Leg 15, Site 147, Core 2, which are not preserved in specimens from the sediment. With the
Section 1, top. possession of spines, Globigerina quinqueloba belongs to family
Dimensions (paratypes): Diameter 0.277-0.473 mm; height of Globigerinidae and not to Globorotaliidae and Turborotalita. The
spira 0.239-0.567 mm; average diameter 0.363 mm; average height position of Globigerina quinqueloba within the genus Globigerina
of spira 0.366 mm. looks questionable based on shape of test. The wall is thin, vitreous
Number of chambers (paratypes): 11-17; average 13.67. transparent, almost smooth, with few but large pores and only few
The height of spire is variable but always distinctly greater than and small bases of spines. The apertural flap is often missing in
in Globigerina bulloides s.l. The chambers are arranged in a loose globular final chambers. Such specimens compare well with
high spire of slightly over three whorls. The chambers are globular Globigerina quinqueloba egelida Cifelli & Smith. However, no
or somewhat elongate in the last whorl and the final chamber may distinct morphologic or stratigraphic difference was observed
be tilted over the umbilicus (Plate 2, Figure 6). The wall structure is between Globigerina quinqueloba s.s. and Globigerina quinqueloba
uniform. The wall is fairly thin, possesses regularly arranged large egelida.
pores with a diameter larger than in Globigerina bulloides. The cuffs
of small crystalls surrounding the spines at their base are clearly Globigerina rubescens Hofker, 1956
separated from each other. Only rarely are they enlarged giving the
surface a rough appearance (Plate 2, Figures 5-6). (Plate 4, Figure 6-9; Plate 13, Figure 3)
Differential diagnosis: The subspecies differs from Globigerina 1956 Globigerina rubescens - Hofker, J., Copenhagen Univ. Zool.
megastoma megastoma Earland, 1934 (see lectotype description of Mus., Spolia, 15, p. 234, pi. 32, fig. 26, pi. 35, fig. 18-21.
Banner and Blow, 1960, p. 14) in the wider aperture without lip and Small, high trochospiral test, consisting of globular chambers,
the larger number of chambers, 13 to 14 against 11. The four in the last whorl. Aperture high arched with thick, symmetrical
relationship is shown in the similar high trochospiral arrangement of lip. Umbilicus shallow. Occasionally specimens have a secondary
chambers and the similar shape of the ultimate chamber. It would aperture on the spiral side between ultimate chamber and inner
appear that differing ecological conditions account for the morpho- whorl (Plate 4, Figure 9). The wall is thick, rough, covered by a thin
logic differences between Globigerina megastoma cariacoensis and calcite crust which covers the honeycomb shaped pits containing the
the antarctic Globigerina megastoma megastoma. The elongated small pores. The delicate spines are circular in cross section. The
shape of chambers in some specimens suggests a relation to characteristic orange red coloring is preserved only in the upper part
Globigerina bermudezi, in which chambers, however, are arranged in of the section of Site 147.
a much lower spire and with an aperture having the tendency to be
more extraumbilical in position. Globigerina sp. 1
Globigerina megastoma cariacoensis is readily distinguished from (Plate 2, Figures 21-23; Plate 11, Figure 14)
Globigerina bulloides s.l. The chambers are arranged in a much This low trochospiral Globigerina is similar to Globigerina
higher trochospire, are more loosely coiled, and increase less rapidly bulloides s.s. in its early stage. The apertural face of the final
in size. Through this, the test becomes more circular in equatorial chamber appears compressed and contains an oblique umbilical,
view and the umbilicus is distinctly wider. The aperture is much extraumbilical extended aperture. The wall structure is similar to
larger, but not so highly arched, and the wall is more delicate with that in Globigerina bulloides. Occasional specimens may possess a
distinctly larger pores. secondary spiral aperture in the last chamber. The form was found
Occurrence: Throughout Site 147, particularly frequent in only in a few samples.
Cores 1 through 8 (Zone X to Z of Ericson and Wollin). Late
Pleistocene to Holocene. Globigerina sp. 2
(Plate 2, Figures 24-26; Plate 11, Figure 15)
? Globigerina quinqueloba Natland, 1938 1965 Globigerina bulloides d'Orb. - Cifelli, R., Smithson. Misc.
(Plate 4, Figure 10-12) Coll., 148, no. 4, p. 11, pi. 1, fig. 5.
1938 Globigerina quinqueloba - Natland, MX., Scripps Inst. The test of this scarce and stratigraphicaly restricted form
Oceanogr., Bull., Tech. Ser., 4, no. 5, p. 149, pi. 6, fig. 7. 1962 possesses four chambers in the last whorl. The umbilicus is
Globigerina quinqueloba Natland - Parker, F.L., Micropaleont., completely covered by a large bulla-like chamber, leaving a very

564
 HOLOCENE TO PLEISTOCENE PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA, SITE 147

small aperture only. One to two additional small bullae may occur cyclostoma Galloway and Wissler, 1927 from the Pleistocene of
in continuation of this large final chamber. The wall is very thin, California is probably a synonym.
transparent and possesses very delicate spines. It would appear that
these forms belong to the Globigerina bulloides group, but possess
aberrant bulla-like final chambers. Globigerinoides ruber pyramidalis (Van den Broeck, 1876)
(Plate 5, Figure 7-9; Plate 14, Figure 12)
1876 Globigerina bulloides d'Orb. var. rubra d'Orb. subvar.
Bulla like structures in some Globigerinas (Plate 11, Fig- pyramidalis - Broeck, E., van den, Ann. Soc. Belg. Micr., 2
ures 7-12) (1875-1876), p. 127, pi. 3, fig. 9-10. 1961 Globigerinoides ruber
var. pyramidalis (van den Broeck) - Bermudez, P.J., Mem. III.
Bulla-like structures or strongly aberrant final chambers Congr. Geol. Venez., Bol. Geol., 3, p. 1235, pi. 11, fig. 2-3.
may occur occasionally in species of Globigerina. They are Shape of test high trochospiral; chambers globular with large,
semicircular apertures; sutures distinct and deep. Like Globigeri-
not to be confused with true bullae as in Gbbigerinita noides ruber ruber, each chamber possesses two secondary spiral
dissimilis, where the structure is distinct and present in a apertures. The subspecies differes from it in the height of spire, the
high number of specimens. Of the investigated species, more loosely arranged chambers and the larger apertures. The wall is
only Globigerina sp. 2 (Plate 2, Figures 24-26) possesses similar in the two forms and also red coloring.
bullae-like final chambers in most specimens.
Globigerinoides cf. ruber pyramidalis (Van den Broeck, 1876)
(Plate 5, Figure 6; Plate 14, Figure 10)
Genus GLOBIGERINOIDES Cushman, 1927
Small-sized specimens are included here with a chamber
As the subfamily definition but with the following restrictions: arrangement similar to Globigerinoides ruber pyramidalis, but with
test trochospiral, primary aperture umbilical, with secondary sutural smaller chambers in a very tight and high spire. The wall structure is
apertures on spiral side, one or more per chamber, often confined to identical with that of juvenile Globigerinoides ruber ruber and
the last few chambers. Globigerinoides ruber pyramidalis.
Globigerinoides conglobatus (Brady, 1879)
(Plate 4, Figure 22) Globigerinoides suleki Bermudez, 1961
1879 Globigerina conglobata - Brady, H.B., Quart. J. Micr. Sci., (Plate 4, Figure 23; Plate 15, Figure 3)
London, n.s., 19, p.286. 1960 Globigerina conglobata Brady -
Banner, F.T. and Blow, W.H., Cushm. Found. Foram. Res., 1961 Globigerinoides suleki — Bermudez, P.J., Mem. III. Congr.
Contr., 11, p. 6, pi. 4, fig. 4 (lectotype). Geol. Venez., Bol. Geol., 3, p. 1241, pi. 10, fig. 9.
This characteristic species is very poorly represented in the 147 The average size, low trochospiral test consists of globular
section. chambers, which increase rapidly in size, three to three and a half
per whorl. Chambers are separated by deeply incised sutures. The
umbilicus is very small and deep, therefore the umbilical aperture is
Globigerinoides ruber ruber (d'Orbigny, 1839) only poorly visible. The wall is thin, with closely spaced, large pores,
(Plate 5, Figures 1-5 and 10; Plate 14, Figures 7-9) Delicate spines with circular cross section rest on bar-like bases. The
1839 Globigerina rubra - d'Orbigny, A., in de la Sagra, Hist. Phys. species is not frequent in the section and restricted mainly to the
Nat. He Cuba, p. 82-83, pi. 4, fig. 12-14. 1960 Globigerina rubra warm-water cycles.
d'Orb. - Banner, F.T. and Blow, W.H., Cushm. Found. Foram.
Res., Contr., 11, p. 19, pi. 3, fig. 8 (lectotype). Globigerinoides tenellus Parker, 1958
Test low to fairly distinct trochospiral, with three globular
chambers per whorl. The average sized, low to semicircular apertures (Plate 5, Figures 16-18; Plate 13, Figures 12)
are symmetrical above the intercameral sutures of previous whorls. 1958 Globigerinoides tenellus - Parker, F.L., Swed. Deep-Sea
The late chambers possess two secondary apertures each. The Exped., Rept., 8, fasc. 2, no. 4, p. 280, pi. 6, fig. 7-11.
sutures are distinctly and deeply incised. The chamber wall is thick Shape of test low to high trochospiral. Wall thick, coarse, with
and coarsely perforated. The increasing thickness of the wall and the small, widely spaced pores. Secondary calcite crusts cover the
development of pores in a single individual, from a delicate final contours of the surface as in Globigerina rubescens (Plate 13, Figure
chamber to earlier ones is shown on Plate 14, Figures 7-9. The 12). The bases of spines, circular in cross section, are distinct and
spines, circular to triangular in cross section, are present in newly fairly high. Typical is the high arched, umbilical aperture and the
formed chambers, but mostly broken off in earlier ones. Thin high spiral, secondary apertures (Plate 5, Figure 17). The species is
secondary calcite crusts cover the spine remains, their bases, and the intermittently present in the lower part of Site 147, where it may be
chamber wall. Calcite crests developing between spine bases form a common. It was not observed in its uppermost part.
honeycomb shaped surface. The red coloring, typical for this
species, is preserved interspaced with layers containing primary
white colored specimens down to Core 6, Section 1, top. Only Globigerinoides trilobus sacculifer (Brady, 1877)
scarce specimens are found down to Core 12, Section 4. The (Plate 5, Figures 13-15, Figures 1-2)
coloring becomes progressively weaker in the deeper part of the 1877 Globigerina sacculifera - Brady, H.B., Geol. Mag. London,
interval and remains particularly restricted to the early chambers. n.s., dec. 2, 4, p. 535. 1884 Globigerina sacculifera - Brady,
H.B., Rept. Voy. Chall., Zoll., 9, pt. 22, p. 604, pi. 80, fig.
Globigerinoides ruber elongatus (d'Orbigny, 1826) 11-17, pi. 82, fig. 4. 1957 Globigerinoides triloba sacculifera
(Plate 5, Figures 11-12; Plate 14, Figure 12) (Brady) - Bolli, H.M., U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull., 215, p. 113, pi. 25,
1826 Globigerina elongata - d'Orbigny, A., Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 1, 7, fig. 5-6. 1960 Globigerina sacculifera Brady - Banner, F.T. and
p. 277, no. 4. 1960 Globigerina elongata d'Orb. - Banner, F.T. Blow, W.H., Cushm. Found. Foram. Res., Contr., 11, p. 21, pi.
and Blow, W.H., Cushm. Found. Foram. Res., Contr., 11, p. 12, 4, fig. 1-2 (Lectotype and ideotype). 1970 Globigerinoides
pi. 3, fig. 10 (lectotype). trilobus sacculifer (Brady) - Bolli, H.M., Init. Repts. DSDP, 4, p.
Test medium to high trochospiral; chambers are not as globular 579, pi. 1, fig. 5.
and the distinct sutures less deeply incised compared with The species compares in its variability with the ideotype and
Globigerinoides ruber ruber. Apertures are semicircular and of holotype of Banner and Blow (1960). All stages within the
average size. There is a single secondary aperture per chamber, in population are included in the species, including those with
contrast to two in Globigerinoides ruber ruber. The wall is thick, spherical, laterally compressed (Plate 5, Figures 13-15) or typically
very coarsely perforated and shows no red coloring. Globigerina sack-like extended final chamber.

565
F. ROGL, H. M. BOLLI

Globigerinoides sp. Chambers globular to radially extended. Wall evenly covered with
(Plate 5, Figure 19-20) spines, which may be circular or triradiate in cross section.
The spherical, low to medium trochospiral test possesses two and
a half whorls of globular, closely arranged chambers, which are Globigerinella siphonifera siphonifera (d'Orbigny, 1839)
separated by distinct but only weakly incised sutures. The last whorl (Plate 3, Figures 14-15 and 19; Plate 13, Figure 4)
consists of three and a half to four chambers. The umbilicus is large 1839 Globigerina siphonifera - d'Orbigny, A., in de la Sagra, Hist.
and shallow. The primary aperture is wide, asymmetrical, low Phys. Nat. He Cuba, 8, p. 83, pi. 4, fig. 15-18. 1879 Globigerina
arched and extends toward the periphery. The secondary apertures aequilateralis - Brady, H.B., Quart. J. Micr. Sci., London, n.s.,
are also wide, low arched and asymmetrical. The wall is thick with 19, p. 285. 1960Hastigerina (Hastigerina) siphonifera (d'Orb.) -
spine bases similar to those in Globigerinoides tenellus but with Banner, F.T. and Blow, W.H., Micropaleont., 6, p. 22, fig. 2
smaller pores. (lectotype). 1962 Globigerinella siphonifera (d'Orb.) - Parker,
F.L., Micropaleont., 8, p. 228, pi. 2, fig., 22-28. 1969
Genus ORBULINA d'Orbigny, 1839 Globigerinella aequilateralis (Brady) — Be, A.W.H., Proc. 1st Int.
Conf. Plankt. Microfoss., p. 89, pi. 1-2.
Oibulina universa d'Orbigny, 1839 Shape of test in the adult is a loosely coiled planispire, slightly
(Plate 4, Figures 18-21; Plate 14, Figures 4-6) compressed laterally. The early stage often distinctly trochospiral.
1839 Orbulina universa - d'Orbigny, A., in de la Sagra, Hist. Phys. Globular chambers increase gradually in size. Wall rough, regularly
Nat. He Cuba, p. 3; pi. 1, fig. 1. 1971 Orbulina universa d'Orb. - covered by pores and bases of spines. Large triradiate spines
Thiede, J., Meteor-Forsch. Erg., Reihe C, no. 7, p. 25, pi. 1, fig. amongst numerous delicate ones with a circular cross section are
1-9. present in particular in juvenile tests (Plate 3, Figures 14 and 19,
The question whether Orbulina universa should be treated as a Plate 13, Figure 4). The similarity between the species and
single species has been discussed on several occasions, e.g., by Parker Hastigerina pelagica is discussed by Be (1969).
!(1962). Considerable variability exists also in the Site 147 material.
In addition to spherical forms of varying size, are present specimens Globigerinella siphonifera involuta (Cushman, 1917)
of egg shape, somewhat pointed in the polar areas, or of globular (Plate 3, Figures 16-18; Plate 13, Figures 5)
but slightly polygonal shape, somewhat pointed in the polar areas,
or of globular but slightly polygonal shape. Two- and three- 1917 Globigerina aequilateralis Brady var. involuta - Cushman,
.chambered forms occur which are here left in Orbulina, and are not J.A., U.S. Nat. Mus., Proc, 51, no. 2172, p. 662. 1921
included in Biorbulina, which is regarded as a synonym. The wall Globigerina aequilateralis Brady var. involuta - Cushman, J.A.,
structure js similar to that of other genera of the family, in that it U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull., 4, no. 100, p. 293, fig. 11. 1961
gradually thickens during ontogeny, during which an enlargement of Globigerinella involuta (Cushman) - Bermudez, P.J., Mem. III.
pore size also takes place. The calcification of test is shown also by Congr. Geol. Venez., Bol. Geol., 3, p. 1212, pi. 6, fig. 11, pi. 7,
Thiede (1971). The tendency of the average size specimens to be fig. 1. 1969 Hastigerina (Hastigerina) siphonifera involuta
smaller in cooler water is clearly illustrated in the Site 147 section, (Cushman) - Blow, W.H., Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Plankt. Microfoss.,
where in such intervals the specimens only reach a quarter or a third p. 375, no. 208.
of their normal size in warm waters (Plate 4, Figure 21). Typical for The subspecies is involute and tightly coiled, with chambers of
these colder water small forms are the much increased wall thickness the last whorl rapidly increasing in size and becoming distinctly
and the almost closed pores (Plate 14, Figure 6). broader. Aperture a very narrow equatorial arch. The structure of
the chamber wall is comparable with that of Globigerinella
siphonifera siphonifera. The distinction of this subspecies from the
Genus SPHAEROIDINELLA Cushman, 1927 central form is questioned by many authors. It is present mainly in
Sphaeroidinella dehiscens (Parker and Jones, 1865) the lower part of the Site 147 section.
1865 Sphaeroidina bulloides d'Orb. var. dehiscens - Parker, W.K.
and Jones, T.R., Roy. Soc. London, Phil. Trans., 155, p. 369, pi. Genus HASTIGERINA Thomson, 1876
19, fig. 5a-b. 1960 Sphaeroidina bulloides d'Orb. var. dehiscens Coiling planispiral throughout, aperture equatorial, chambers
Parker and Jones - Banner, F.T. and Blow, W.H., Cushm. subglobular to radially extended. Large triradiate spines concen-
Found. Foram. Res., Contr., 11, p. 35, pi. 7, fig. 3. trated mainly in the peripheral area.
This species is extremely scarce in Site 147 where only a few
specimens were found. The reason for this is probably the shallow Hastigerina pelagica (d'Orbigny, 1839)
Cariaco Basin sill, causing a partial isolation of the Basin from the (Plate 3, Figures 20-23; Plate 13, Figures 10-11)
open Caribbean Sea. Be' (1967) has noted that Sphaeroidinella 1839 Nonionina pelagica - d'Orbigny, A., Voy. Amer. Merid., 5, pt.
dehiscens occurs only in water depth of over 500 meters. 5, p. 27, pi. 3, fig. 13-14. 1876 Hastigerina murrayi - Thomson,
W., Roy. Soc, London, Proc, 24, p. 534, pi. 22-23. 1884
Genus CANDEINA d'Orbigny, 1839 Hastigerina pelagica (d'Orb.) - Brady, H.B., Rept. Boy. ChalL,
Candeina nitida nitida d'Orbigny, 1839 Zool., 9, p. 613, pi. 83, fig. 1-4, 6 (not 7-8). 1960 Hastigerina
(Hastigerina) pelagica (d'Orb.) - Banner, F.T. and Blow, W.H.,
1839 Candeina nitida - d'Orbigny, A., in de 1 a Sagra, Hist. Phys. Micropaleont., 6 p. 20 (neotype). 1969 Hastigerina pelagica
Nat. He Cuba, p. 107. 1969 Candeina nitida nitida d'Orb. - (d'Orb.) - Be, A.W.H., Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Plankt. Microfoss., p.
Blow, W.H., Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Plankt. Microfoss., p. 335, pi. 89, pi. 3-4.
23, fig. 1-4.
The species is present only in the core catcher of Core 1.
Test bi-umbilicate, involute and planispiral. Chambers subglob-
Subfamily HASTIGERININAE Bolli, Loeblich and Tappan, 1957 ular, regularly increasing in size. In juvenile stage, aperture low
arched, ranging from umbilicus to umbilicus. In gerontic specimens
As the family definition but with the following restrictions: test the last, strongly broadened chambers are slightly separated from
initially trochospiral later becoming streptospiral or planispiral. the inner whorl, which results in a considerable increase in the
Chambers globular, ovate to clavate. Dependent on coiling, the aperture volume (Plate 3, Figure 22). The wall of younger chambers
aperture is umbilical, extraumbilical, spiroumbilical or equatorial. is delicate, transparent, completely smooth, with wide spaced pores.
The spines are triangular or triradiate in cross section; circular cross In gerontic chambers, the wall is thicker, with large and more
sections are also found. The investigated genera are distinguished on closely arranged pores. The large, massive, triradiate spines are
the mode of coiling and not on the shape of spines. particularly present in the early chambers. They may pierce through
chambers of the next younger whorl, to which they may give
Genus GLOBIGERINELLA Cushman, 1927 support during their forming process (see Hemleben, 1969, p. 96, pi.
Synonym: Bolliella Banner and Blow, 1959. 6-8). In the gerontic stage the long spines of the early chambers are
Early portion of test low trochospiral becoming planispiral and often visible as short stumps penetrating the late chambers (Plate
biumbilicate involute to evolute. Aperture low arched, equatorial. 13, Figure 11).

566
 HOLOCENE TO PLEISTOCENE PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA, SITE 147

Genus HASTIGERINELLA Cushman, 1927

Synonym: Beella Banner and Blow, 1960.
Coiling becomes streptospiral after a trochospiral initial stage.
Chambers subglobular to radially extended, may become horn-
shaped. Aperture umbilical - extraumbilical to equatorial, may
become spiroumbilical in the streptospiral stage. Wall covered with
spines of trigonal or triradiate cross section.

Hastigerinella digitata (Brady, 1879)

(Plate 4, Figures 16-17;Plate 13, Figures 6-9)
1879 Globigerina digitata - Brady, H.B., Quart. J. Micr. Sci.,
London, n.s., 19, p. 286 (part). 1884 Globigerina digitata -
Brady, H.B., Rept. Voy. Chall., Zoll., 9, pi. 80, fig. 6-10 (not pi.
82, fig. 6-7). Non 1911 Hastigerina digitata - Rhumbler, L., 0,2
Plankt. Exped., Erg., 3 (1), p. 202, pi. 37, fig. 9-10 (homonym,
nom. nud.). 1957 Hastigerinella digitata (Brady) - Bolli, H.M., Figure 5. Hastigerinella riedeli Rögl and Bolli, n. sp. -
Loeblich, A.R., Jr. and Tappan, H., U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull., 215, p.
32, pi. 5, fig. 3 a-b. 1960 Globorotalia (Beella) digitata (Brady) DSDP, Leg 15, Site 147, Core 6 (core catcher);
- Banner, F.T. and Blow, W.H., Micropaleont., 6, p. 26, fig. 11 Late Pleistocene.
a-c. 1962 Globigerina digitata Brady - Parker, F.L.,
Micropaleont., 8, p. 222, pi. 1, fig. 20-25. which is also apparent in the position of the apertures (Plate 4,
Early whorls trochospiral, becoming extremely streptospiral in Figure 4; Plate 14, Figure 3).
the adult. Aperture umbilical - extraumbilical to spiroumbilical Remarks: The species is placed in Hastigerinella because of its
depending on stage of coiling, with distinct lip. Chambers spine development and also because of the slight tendency to
subglobular in the juvenile, later becoming distinctly radial elongate streptospiral coiling. The concentration of the spines at the distal
and increasing rapidly in size. Chambers of the last whorl have ends of chambers is also typical for the genus. The new species is
tube-like extensions with rounded to conical ends. Wall thick, close to Hastigerinella rhumbleri Galloway, which has a similar
regularly covered by pores and with widely spaced, very delicate arrangement of spines, but differs from it in the much smaller size.
spines of triangular to triradiate cross section (Plate 13, Figures 7-9). Hastigerinella rhumbleri is not present in Site 147. Occasionally
specimens may have a reduced final chamber showing that the end
of growth has been reached. The species differs from five chambered
Hastigerinella riedeli Rögl and Bolli, n.sp. Globigerinas such as Globigerina quinqueloba in the robust
(Plate 4, Figures 1-5; Plate 14, Figures 1-3; text Figure 5 a-b) triangular spines concentrated at the distal end of chambers and in
the mode of coiling.
Holotype: Plate 4, Figure 2; Text Figure 5 a-b. Distribution: The species is present throughout the section of
Dimensions: Largest diameter 0.172 mm; height of spira 0.111 Site 147, from the Globorotalia hessi to the Globorotalia fimbriata
mm. Subzone of the Globorotalia truncatulinoides truncatulinoides
Type locality: Cariaco Basin, Caribbean Sea, lat 10°42,48'N; Zone, Pleistocene to Holocene.
long65°10,48'W.
Type sample: Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 15, Site 147. Core Family GLOBOROTALIIDAE Cushman, 1927
6, core-catcher (51.00 m).
Type stratum: Late Pleistocene; Globorotalia truncatulinoides The definition of Parker (1962) is here adopted, following which
truncatulinoides Zone, Globigerina calida calida Subzone; Zone X the family is characterized by the absence of spines, the presence of
after Ericson and Wollin. which is typical for the Globigerinidae. Secondary knobs, pustules,
Depository: Museum of Natural History, Basel (NMB), No. crystallites and incrustations may cover the originally smooth wall
C-27164 surface. The test is trochospiral to streptospiral, chamber shape
Description: Test very small, low trochospiral to fairly angular, oviform or globular. The perforated wall is smooth, rough
streptospiral. Twelve subglobular chambers in slightly over two or pitted.
whorls. Chambers increase slowly and regularly in size, are attached
to each other fairly loosely and separated by distinct, deeply incised Genus GLOBOROTALIA Cushman, 1927
sutures. Last chamber slightly tilted towards the umbilicus, which is Test low trochospiral, chambers subglobular to angular. A keel
small and shallow. The final chamber possesses a small, low arched, or imperforate band may be present along the periphery. Aperture
umbilical aperture with a narrow, raised lip. The wall is delicate, umbilical - extraumbilical. Wall smooth with secondary thickening.
transparent, smooth and shiny, with very small, widely spaced Turborotalia is included in Globorotalia because presence or absence
pores. Clusters of triangular, strong spines are positioned at the of a peripheral keel is regarded as of specific significance only.
peripheral ends of chambers. At their base, the spines are
surrounded by small, irregular, conical cuffs formed by calcite Globorotalia bermudezi Rogl and Bolli n. sp.
crystals. (Plate 6, Figures 16-20; Plate 16, Figures 1-3; text Figure 6 a-c)
Paratypes: Sixty-four specimens. Leg 15, Site 147, Core 2,
Section 1 (top): NMB C-27162, 27224/1-4; Core 3, Section 1971 Globorotalia (Turborotalia) sp. - Reiss, Z., Merling-Reiss, P.
1(100-102 cm): NMB C-27224/5-6; Core 4 (core-catcher): NMB and Moshkovitz, S., Israel J. Earth-Sci., 20, p. 157, pi. 10, fig.
C-27224/7-12; Core 5, Section 2 (114-116 cm): NMB 1-2.
C-27224/13-17; Core 6 (core-cather): NMB C-27163, 27165, 27170, Holotype: Plate 6, Figure 17; Plate 16, Figures 2-3; text Figure
27224/18-60. 6 a-c.
Dimensions: Maximum diameter 0.237 mm; minimum diameter
Dimensions (paratypes): Diameter 0.088-0.182 mm; height of 0.190 mm; height of spira 0.083 mm.
spire 0.052-0.126 mm; average diameter 0.141 mm; average height Type locality: Cariaco Trench, Caribbean Sea, lat 10°42,48'N;
of spire 0.084 mm. long65°10,48'W.
Number of chambers (paratypes): 10-17, average 12.16. Type sample: Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 15, Site 147, Core
The variability of the species is largely restricted to the test size 2, Section 1, top (4.00 m).
and the number of chambers, which are arranged in two to two and Type stratum: Holocene; Globorotalia truncatulinoides trun-
a half, exceptionally, three whorls. High spired specimens are rare. catulinoides Zone; Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone; Zone Z after
The five chambers of the last whorl are distinctly larger and are Ericson and Wollin.
on a lower plane than those of the inner portion (Plate 4, Figures 3 Depository: Museum of Natural History, Basel (NMB), No.
and 5). This is caused by a streptospiral arrangement of chambers, C-27087

567
F. ROGL, H. M. BOLLI

0,2 mm
j

Figure 6. Globorotalia bermudezi Rögl and Bolli, n. sp. - DSDP, Leg 15, Site 147, Core 2, Section 1,
(top); Holocene.
Description: Shape of test low trochospiral, axially strongly Range: Pleistocene to Recent, Globorotalia truncatulinoides
compressed, biconvex; equatorial periphery subcircular to slightly trauncatulinoides Zone.
elongate, and lobulate; Axial periphery rounded, irregularly
biconvex, slightly inflated spiral and more inflated umbilical side; Globorotalia cavernula Be, 1967
peripheral margin without keel, but with a broad imperforate band. (Plate 7, Figures 5-6)
Twelve angled chambers in about two and a half whorls, five
chambers in the last whorl. Chambers increase rapidly in size. 1967 Globorotalia cavernula - Be, A.W.H., Cushm. Found. Foram.
Sutures distinct, fairly deep, slightly curved, somewhat more so on Res., Contr., 18, p. 128, pi. 10, fig. 1-6. 1969 Globorotalia
the spiral side. Umbilicus average sized, deep and open. Aperture a cavernula Be and Boltovskoy, E., Micropaleont., 15, p. 252, pi.
low umbilical - extraumbilical slit with a distinct lip. Wall very thin, 2, fig. 13-14.
transparent, smooth, with small, circular, but not very regularly The sinistrally coiling test possesses a flat spiral and a high
distributed pores, which are more closely spaced on the umbilical umbilical side. The equatorial periphery is only slightly lobate.
than on the spiral side, where they are more frequent in the Angle between spiral and umbilical side fairly acute. Last whorl with
peripheral area (Plate 16, Figure 2). Very small and isolated knobs five chambers. Umbilicus characteristically wide and deep.
are present on the umbilical side (Plate 6, Figure 17; Plate 16, The species was originally described from the subantarctic
Figure 2, white spots). Pacific and was later recognized by Boltovskoy from the transition
zone of the Indian Ocean. Currents probably carried the species
from the south into the Caribbean. Few specimens occur in Site 147
Paratypes: Sixty-four specimens. Leg 15, Site 147, Core 2, in the Samples Core 2, Section 1, top and Core 4, core-catcher,
Section 1 (top)(NMB C-27086, 27088-95, 27225/1-30); Core 4 latest Pleistocene to Holocene.
(core-catcher)(27225/31-37); Core 11, Section 3 (101-103 cm)
(27225/38-45); Core 18 (core-catcher)(27225/46-55). Globorotalia crassaformis crassaformis (Galloway and Wissler, 1927)
Dimensions (paratype): Maximum diameter 0.162-0.294 mm; (Plate 7, Figures 7-14; Plate 16, Figures 7-8)
average 0.229 mm; minimum diameter 0.132-0.254 mm; average
0.191 mm; height of spire 0.071-0.137 mm; average 0.103 mm. 1927 Globigerina crassaformis - Galloway, J.J. and Wissler, St.G., J.
Number of chambers (paratype): 10-16; average 12.81. Paleont., 1, p. 41, pi. 7, fig. 12a-c. 1969 Globorotalia
The coiling mode is somewhat variable with the result that in (Turborotalia) crassaformis crassaformis (Galloway and Wissler)
axial view the spiral side can be slightly concave, plane or convex. - Blow, W.H., Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Plankt. Microfoss., p. 347, pi.
The umbilical side is always distinctly convex. 4, fig. 1-3, pi. 37, fig. 1-4.
Remarks: Globorotalia bermudezi n. sp. is apparently identical Last whorl with four to five chambers. Spiral side flat, umbilical
with the Globorotalia sp. described by Reiss et al. (1971) from the side high but somewhat variable. High-conical forms with acute
Mediterranean. A superficial similarity exists with Globorotalia periphery and four chambers are closest to the original description
scitula but the new species has a distinctly more open and deeper (Plate 7, Figures 7-10). A peripheral keel or imperforate band is
umbilicus. Furthermore, the chambers in Globorotalia bermudezi usually present. Coiling is mostly sinistral. The wall is thin, often
are higher on the umbilical side and more clearly separated. In transparent, with few pustules, particularly on the umbilical side of
Globorotalia scitula, the spiral intercameral sutures are much more earlier chambers (Plate 16, Figure 8). The pores are large, of
curved and become almost tangential to the periphery. The wall of irregular oval shape (Plate 16, Figure 7), more regularly distributed
the new species is finer and more irregular perforated. Its average on umbilical than on spiral side.
size is smaller and it also possesses smaller chambers.
Globorotalia cultrata (d'Orbigny, 1839)
Occurrence: Mostly common throughout Site 147, an indication
that the new species lives closer to the surface than Globorotalia (Plate 6, Figures 1-2)
scitula which is rare. The new species is also present in the 1839 Rotalina (Rotalina) cultrata - d'Orbigny, A., in de la Sagra,
Pleistocene of the Caribbean Sites 148, 149, and 154A, and was Hist. Phys. Nat. He Cuba, p. 76, 8, pi. 5, fig 7-9. 1960 Rotalina
reported by Reiss et al. (1971) from Mediterranean Late Pleistocene cultrata d'Orb. - Banner, F.T. and Blow, W.H., Cushm. Found.,
to Recent. Foram. Res., Contr., 11, p. 34, pi. 6, Fig. 1 a-c (neotype). 1960

568
 HOLOCENE TO PLEISTOCENE PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA, SITE 147

Rotalina nitida Fornasini - Banner, F.T. and Blow, W.H., Globorotalia truncatulinoides truncatulinoides (d'Orbigny, 1839)
ibidem, p. 33, pi. 6, fig. 3 a-c (lectotype). 1969 Globorotalia (Plate 6, Figures 8 and 12)
(Globorotalia) cultrata (d'Orb.) - Blow, W.H., Proc. 1st Int. 1839 Rotalina truncatulinoides - d'Orbigny, A., in Barker-Webb, P.
Conf. Plankt. Microfoss., p. 358, no. 168, pi. 6, fig. 4-8. and Berthelot, S., Hist. Nat. lies Canaries, 2 (2), p. 132, pi. 2, fig.
This species is restricted in the section of Site 147 to the 25-27. 1969 Globorotalia (Globorotalia) truncatulinoides trunca-
Globigerina bermudezi to Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone. tulinoides (d'Orb.) - Blow, W.H., Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Plankt.
Microfoss., p. 403, pi. 5, fig. 10-12, pi. 49, fig 6 (neotype). 1969
Globotalia fimbriata (Brady, 1884) Globorotalia (Globorotalia) truncatulinoides pachytheca -
Blow, W.H., ibidem, p. 405, pi. 5, fig. 13-15, pi. 48, fig. 1-5.
1884 Pulvinulina menardü (d'Orb.) var. fimbriata - Brady, H.B., The specimens present in the Site 147 section are mostly thin
Rept. Voy. Chall., Zool., 9, pt. 22, p. 691, pi. 103, fig. 3 a-b. walled, but transitional forms to the thicker walled Globorotalia
1960 Pulvinulina menardü (d'Orb.) var. fimbriata - Banner, F.T. truncatulinoides pachytheca, separated by Blow, occur. The species
and Blow, W.H., Cushm. Found. Foarm. Res., Contr., 11, p. 25, is not common in the section and its coiling direction is generally
pi. 5, fig. 2 a-b (lectotype). 1969 Globorotalia (Globorotalia) random.
fimbriata (Brady) - Blow, W.H., Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Plankt.
Microfoss., p. 362, pi. 42, fig. 6.
The species differs from Globorotalia cultrata in the spine-like Globorotalia tumida tumida (Brady, 1877)
(Plate 6, Figures 10-11)
knobs along the peripheral keel. Present only in the Holocene of
Site 147. 1877 Pulvinulina menardii (d'Orb.) var. tumida - Brady, H.B., Geol.
Mag., n.s., dec. 2, 4, p. 535. 1884 Pulvinulina tumida Brady -
Globorotalia hirsuta (d'Orbigny, 1839) Brady, H.B., Rept. Voy. Chall., Zool., 9, pt. 22, pi. 103, fig. 4-6.
1839 Rotalina hirsuta - d'Orbigny, A., in Barker-Webb, P. and 1960 Pulvinulina menardii (d'Orb.) var. tumida Brady - Banner,
Berthelot, S., Hist. Nat. lies Canaries, 2 (2), p. 131, pi. 1, fig. F.T. and Blow, W.H., Cushm. Found. Foram. Res., Contr., 11, p.
37-39. 1969 Globorotalia (Globorotalia) hirsuta hirsuta (d'Orb.) 26, pi. 5, fig. 1 a-c (lectotype).
- Blow, W.H., Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Plankt. Microfoss., p. 398, pi. The species is common in the warmer parts of Site 147.
8, fig. 1-3, pi. 43, fig. 1-2 (neotype).
Only a few specimens of the species are present, which, Globorotalia tumida flexuosa (Koch, 1923)
according to Be and Tolderlund (1971), is confined mainly to the (Plate 6, Figure 9)
deeper waters of the subtropical region. 1923 Pulvinulina tumida Brady var. flexuosa - Koch, R., Eel. Geol.
Helv., 18, p. 357, fig. 9 a - 10 b. 1961 Globorotalia menardii
Globorotalia inflata (d'Orbigny, 1839) flexuosa (Koch) - Ericson, D.B., Ewing, M., Wollin, G. and
(Plate 7, Figures 15-22; Plate 16, Figure 6) Heezen, C, Geol. Soc. Amer., Bull., 72, p. 260, pi. 3. 1967
1839 Globigerina inflata - d'Orbigny, A., in Barker-Webb, P. and Globorotalia tumida (Brady) - Parker, F.L., Bull. Amer. Paleont.,
Berthelot, S., Hist. Nat. lies Canaries, 2 (2), p. 134, pi. 2, fig. 52, p. 182, pi. 32, fig. 7 (only). 1970 Globorotalia tumida
7-9. 1967 Globorotalia (Turborotalia) inflata (d'Orb.) - Banner, flexuosa (Koch) - Bolli, H.M., Init. Rept. DSDP, 4, p. 583, pi. 6,
F.T. and Blow, W.H., Micropaleont., 13, p. 144, pi. 4, fig. 1 a-c, fig. 7-12.
11 (neotype). 1971 Globorotalia inflata (d'Orb.) - Thiede, J., The subspecies has a wide distribution in the tropical Pleistocene
Meteor Forsch.-Ergeb., Reihe C, 7, p. 41, pi. 8, fig. 8-12, pi. 9, and disappears suddenly in the Atlantic and Caribbean at the end of
fig. 1-2. the warm interstadial of the Wisconsin (Zone X or flexuosa-Zone).
This species is characteristic for temperate to cooler water It is found in Site 147 down from Core 6, Section 1, top to near the
masses of the oceans. The form occurs commonly in Site 147 only bottom in the warm intervals.
in intervals indicative for cooler water, but is not restricted to those.
Globorotalia inflata and the Globorotalia menardü - group Globorotalia ungulata Bermudez, 1960
practically exclude each other. (Plate 6, Figures 5-7)
1960 Globorotalia ungulata -Bermudez, P.J., Mem. III. Congr. Geol.
Globorotalia menardü (Parker, Jones and Brady, 1865) Venez., Bol. Geol., 3 p. 1304, pi. 15, fig. 6 a-b. 1969
(Plate 6, Figures 3-4) Globorotalia (Globorotalia) ungulata Bermudez-Blow, W.H.,
1826 Rotalia (Rotalia) menardü — d'Orbigny, A., Ann. Sci. Nat., Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Plankt. Microfoss., p. 372, pi. 8, fig. 13-15.
Paris, ser. 1, 7, p. 273, no. 26 (nom. nudum). 1865 Rotalia Test shape is similar to that of Globorotalia tumida.
menardü - Parker, W.K., Jones, T.R. and Brady, H.B., Ann. Characterized by a very high umbilical side and oval equatorial
Mag. Nat. Hist., London, 16, ser. 3, p. 20, pi. 3, fig. 81. 1960 outline. Characteristic is the angular apertural face, almost
Rotalia menardü Parker, Jones and Brady - Banner, F.T. and perpendicular to the spiral side of the chamber. The wall is thin
Blow, W.H., Cushm. Found. Foarm. Res., Contr., 11, p. 31, pi. compared with Globorotalia tumida, with only the earlier chambers
6, fig. 2 a-c (lectotype). 1969 Globorotalia (Globorotalia cultrata sometimes possessing some small secondary pustule-like calcite
menardii (Parker, Jones and Brady) - Blow, W.H., Proc. 1st Int. deposits. The species was originally described from the Recent. In
Conf. Plankt. Microfoss., p. 359, no. 17J_, pi. 6, fig. 9-11. Site 147, it is not common and is restricted to the Globigerina calida
The species is restricted in Site 147 to the lower part of the calida to Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone. Blow (1969) gives its
section down from Core 6, Section 4 (28-30 cm to near the range as from within Pliocene to Holocene. Further data on the
bottom). distribution of Globorotalia ungulata may well show that the species
is restricted to the latest Pleistocene and Holocene.
Globorotalia scitula scitula (Brady, 1882)
(Plate 6, Figures 13-15; Plate 16, Figure 5) Globorotalia sp.
1882 Pulvinulina scitula - Brady, H.B., Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, Proc, (Plate 7, Figures 1-4; Plate 16, Figure 4)
11, 1880-1882, no. I l l , p. 716. 1960 Pulvinulina scitula Brady Included here are fairly frequent, sinistrally coiling specimens of
- Banner, F.T. and Blow, W.H., Cushm. Found. Foram. Res., average size, axially compressed and biconvex; two and a half to
Contr., 11, p. 27, pi. 5, fig. 5 a-c (lectotype). 1971 Globorotalia three whorls with five chambers in the last whorl. Equatorial
(Turborotalia) scitula scitula (Brady) - Reiss, Z., Merling-Reiss, periphery subcircular and slightly lobate. Peripheral margin in axial
P. and Moshkovitz, S., Israel J. Earth-Sci., 20, p. 157, pi. 9, fig. view rounded with a broad nonperforated band in the earlier
4-6. chambers (Plate 7, Figure 3), the periphery of the last chamber
The low biconvex test consists of about fourteen chambers with possesses pores. Wall delicate, transparent and coarsely perforated.
four to five in the last whorl. The intercameral sutures are strongly Coiling direction and shape of pores (Plate 16, Figure 4) are similar
curved on the spiral but radial to only slightly curved on the to Globorotalia crassaformis, from which however it differs by a
umbilical side. The umbilicus is small, almost closed. Rare in Site higher spiral and less inflated umbilical side. Equatorial and axial
147. profiles are similar to Globorotalia scitula.

569
F. ROGL, H. M. BOLLI

Genus GLOBOROTALOIDES Bolli, 1957 result in a further thickening of the wall, resulting in the pore
diameters becoming reduced and the surface having a "sugar grain"
This genus differs from Turborotalita in the pitted wall structure texture (Plate 17, Figures 4-6).
and from Neogk>boquadrina in the bulla-like shape of the final
chamber. As typical for the Pleistocene and Recent forms of the species,
the direction of coiling is almost exclusively dextral. The species is
present in varying frequences throughout Site 147.
Globorotaloides hexagonus (Nattend, 1938)
1938 Globigerina hexagona-Natland, M. L., Scripps Inst. Neogloboquadrina dutertrei blowi Rögl and Bolli, nom. nov.
Oceanogr., Bull., 4, no. 5, p. 149, pi. 7, fig. 1 a-c. 1962 (Plate 9, Figures 19-22; Plate 17, Figure 12)
Globoquadrina hexagona (Natland)-Parker, F. L., Micro-
paleont., 8, p. 244, pi. 8, fig. 5-13. 1969 Globorotaloides 1884 Globigerina {cretacea d'Orb.?)-Brady, H. B., Rept. Voy.
hexagona hexagona (Natland)-Blow, W. H., Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Chall., Zool., 9, p. 596, pi. 82, fig. 10. Non 1900 Globigerina
Plankt. Microfoss., p. 373. 1970 Globorotalia subcretacea {cretacea d'Orb.?)-Lomnicki, J. R., Kosmos, Lemberg, 1899, 24
(Lomnicki)-Bolli, H. M., Init. Rept. DSDP, 4, p. 582, pi. 8, fig. (4-5), pi. 1, fig. 2. Non 1901 Globigerina subcretacea -Chapman,
16-18. 1971 Globorotaloides hexagona Natland-Cita, M. B., F. J., Linn. Soc. London, Zool., 28, no. 184, p. 410, pi. 36, fig.
Rev. Micropaleont., 14 (5), p. 37. 16 (homonym). 1968 Globigerina dutertrei Orbigny 1839 forma
C-Zobel, B., Geol. Jb., 85, p. I l l , Abb. 3. 1969 Globorotalia
The species is present in Site 147 sporadically from bottom to {Turborotalia) Subcretacea (Lomnicki)-Blow, W. H., Proc. 1st
Core 8, Section 3 (127-129 cm), Globigerina calida calida Subzone, Int. Conf. Plankt, Microfoss., p. 392, pi. 4, fig. 18-20 (lectotype
Zone X of Ericson and Wollin. It disappears in the Atlantic- of Globigerina {cretacea d'Orb.?) Brady, 1884). Nomen novum
Caribbean province within the Late Pleistocene, but continues to introduced for Globigerina subcretacea Chapman, 1902.
the Recent in the Indo-Pacific (Ericson et al., 1961; Blow, 1969; The large test is low trochospiral with five chambers in the last
Cita, 1971). whorl. The arched aperture is of average height and remains
umbilical-extraumbilical in position throughout ontogeny. The wall
Genus NEOGLOBOQUADRINA Bandy, Frerichs & Vincent, 1967 is similar to Neogloboquadrina dutertrei dutertrei, usually with
thick incrustations and a fine crystalline surface (Plate 17, Figure
Test mostly low trochospiral, chambers subglobular, without 12). The species differs from N. dutertrei dutertrei in that the
peripheral keel. Aperture umbilical-extraumbilical, during the early aperture remains umbilical-extraumbilical, and from Neoglobo-
part of ontogeny at least, may become umbilical in the adult and quadrina dutertrei pseudopima in the increased number of chambers
may possess a tooth-like lip. Wall originally smooth, without spines, in the last whorl and in the wider umbilicus.
later thickened and pitted through secondary calcite deposits.
It is assumed that the genus develops from Globorotalia from
which it differs in the pitted wall surface and the often umbilical Taxonomic remarks: Globigerina subcretacea was described by
position of the aperture in the adult. Neogloboquadrina differs from Lomnicki from the Miocene of Wielicka, Poland, and compared by
Globoquadrina in the position of the aperture which is always him with Globigerina {cretacea d'Orb.?) of Brady, 1884. This
umbilical in the latter. Globoquadrina also differs in the straight comparison was based on the similarity of coiling between the
apertural face and in the presence of an apertural tooth which only Miocene form and the Recent one figured by Brady. Examination of
occasionally occurs in Neogloboquadrina. The genus differs from material from Wieliczka, kindly made available by Mrs. E.
Globigerina in the structure of the aperture and in the absence of Luczkowska, Krakow, has shown that the Miocene Globigerina
spines. subcretacea Lonicki is a true spinose Globigerina with an
umbilical-extraumbilical aperture. It is likely that the species
Neogloboquadrina dutertrei dutertrei (d'Orbigny, 1839) evolved from the Miocene Globigerina concinna Reuss.
Plate 9, Figures 1-9; Plate 10, Figures 1-10; Plate 17, Figures 1-6 Blow (1969) selected a lectotype for Globigerina subcretacea
Lomnicki from the Globigerina {cretacea d'Orb.?) Brady material,
1839 Globigerina dutertrei-d'Oibigny A., in de la Sagra, Hist. Phys. without having seen specimens from the Miocene type locality.
Nat. He Cuba, p. 84, 8, pi. 4, fig. 19-21. 1960 Globigerina Because the synonymy proposed by Lomnicki with the Recent form
dutertrei d'Orb.-Banner, F. T. and Blow, W. H., Cushm. Found. of Brady is erroneous, Blow's lectotype is also not valid.
Foram. Res., Contr., 11, p. 11, pi. 2, fig. 1 a-c (lectotype). 1967 Only the Recent Globigerina subcretacea described by Chapman,
Neogloboquadrina dutertrei dutertrei (d'Orb.)-Bandy, O. L., 1902, where Brady's form is also cited in the synonymy list,
Frerichs, W. E. and Vincent, E., Cushm. Found. Foram. Res., compares with the lectotype of Blow. As a homonym it is, however,
Contr., 18, p. 152, pi. 14, fig. 3, 6-12. 1967 Neogloboquadrina invalid. Neogloboquadrina dutertrei blowi nom. nov. is therefore
dutertrei subcretacea (Lomnicki)-Bandy et al., ibidem, pi. 14, introduced here.
fig. 4-5. 1965 Globigerina dutertrei d'Orb.-Cifelli, R., Smith. Occurrence: According to Blow from Late Pliocene to Recent.
Misc. Coll., 148, no. 4, p. 12, pi. 2, fig. 1-2. 1970 Globigerina With some interruptions present through Site 147.
dutertrei d'Orb.-Cifelli, R. and Smith, R. K., Smith. Contr.
Paleobiol., 4, p. 21, pi. 2, fig. 1-2, text-fig. 13.
This large-sized species possesses four to six chambers in the last Neogloboquadrina dutertrei pseudopima (Blow, 1969)
whorl, is usually low but may also be fairly high trochospiral. The (Plate 9, Figures 13-18; Plate 17,.Figures 7-9)
aperture in the juvenile stage is umbilical-extraumbilical in position 1969 Globorotalia (Turborotalia) acostaensis pseudopima -Blow,
with distinct tooth (Plate 9, Figures 1-2 and 4). During ontogeny, W. H., Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Plankt. Microfoss., p. 387, pi. 35, fig.
the position of the aperture moves to umbilical, occasionally still 1-7. 1970 Globorotalia dutertrei pseudopima Blow-Bolli, H. M.,
with a tendency towards an extraumbilical position. In the adult, Init. Rept. DSDP, 4, p. 580, pi. 2, fig. 7-9.
apertural teeth are often absent. They are present mainly in This four chambered species is flattened on the spiral side,
specimens of warm-water areas and may therefore be controlled by tightly coiled and possesses an umbilical-extraumbilical aperture
ecology (Bandy et al., 1967; Zobel, 1968). Specimens with apertural
teeth are rare in Site 147. throughout. Characteristic and particularly typical in specimens
Very large specimens with many chambers, such as are typical from the lower part of the section is the very small umbilicus. The
for Neogloboquadrina dutertrei eggeri (Brady) are absent. wall is strongly thickened, coarse and pitted.
Specimens with six chambers in the last whorl are here placed
within Neogloboquadrina dutertrei dutertrei. Juvenile stages of the Neogloboquadrina dutertrei ssp.
five to six chambered adult forms often consist of four chambers (Plate 9, Figures 10-12; Plate 17, Figures 10-11)
only per whorl. A subspecific differentiation of the four chambered In some samples of Site 147, there were observed specimens of
adult forms (Plate 9, Figures 8-9) does not therefore seem justified. the dutertrei group with bullae. It is a four chambered, fairly high
The wall is primarily thin, transparent and smooth. As a first trochospiral form, tightly coiled, with a near smooth surface. The
stage the wall becomes strengthened by narrow, rib-like calcite pits are covered by a thin calcite crust (Plate 17, Figures 10-11).
deposits which finally unite between pores and form the well known Some specimens possess a bulla-like final chamber, covering the
pitted surface (Plate 17, Figures 1-3). Additional calcite deposits umbilicus.

570
 HOLOCENE TO PLEISTOCENE PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA, SITE 147

Neogloboquadrina pachyderma pachyderma (Ehrenberg, 1861) and Resig, J., Init. Rept. DSDP, 7, pt. 2, p. 1324, pi. 23, fig. 6-8.
(Plate 11, Figures 2-6; Plate 16, Figure 12) Test low trochospiral, four and a half to five chambers in the last
1861 Aristospira pachyderma -Ehrenberg, C. G., K. Akad. Wiss. whorl; the somewhat elongate final chamber extends and becomes
Berlin, Monatsber., p. 276, 277, 303. 1873 Aristospira narrower towards the umbilicus. The umbilicus is often covered by
pachyderma -Ehrenberg, C. G., K. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, Abh. a small bulla which may extend along the intercameral sutures,
(1872), pi. 1, Fig. 4. 1881 Globigerina bulloides d'Orb. var. possessing there infralaminal apertures. Wall thin, transparent,
òθA efl//s-Brady, H. B., Ann. Mag. Natur. Hist., ser. 5, 8, no. 48, smooth, turning whitish in large specimens with secondary
p. 412. 1960 Globigerina pachyderma (Ehrenberg)-Bé, incrustations (Plate 8, Figures 21-23; Plate 16, Figure 9). The
A. W. H., Cushm. Found. Foram. Res., Contr., 11, p. 66, species is frequent in many parts of Site 147. Following Parker, it is
text-fig. 1. 1969 Globigerina pachyderma (Ehrenberg) forma frequent in the South Pacific down to 50° S, absent in the arctic
typica-Boltovskoy, E., Micropaleont, 15, p. 248, pi. 1, fig. 11 region.
a-c.
Turborotalita humilis (Brady, 1884)
This species is placed in Neogloboquadrina for the wall structure
and apertural position. The wall possesses no spines (Be, 1969; Be 1884 Truncatulina humilis - Brady, H.B., Rept. Boy. Chall., Zool.,
and Tolderlund, 1971). The aperture is umbilical-extraumbilical in 9, pt. 22, p. 665, pi. 94, fig. 7 a-c. 1960 Truncatulina humilis
the juvenile stage and may become almost umbilical in the adult. Brady — Banner, F.T. and Blow, W.H., Cushm. Found. Foram.
The wall is strongly thickened by secondary calcite incrustations. Res., Contr., 11, p. 36, pi. 8, fig. 1 a-c (lectotype). 1962
The surface has a pitted, "sugar grain" like texture (Plate 16, Figure Globigerinita humilis (Brady) - Parker, F.L., Micropaleont., 8,
12). Differences exist between arctic and antarctic populations p. 249, pi. 10, fig. 1-25. 1962 Turborotalita humilis (Brady) -
(Kennett, 1968, 1970). The specimens of Site 147 compare with the Blow, W.H. and Banner, F.T., in Eames, Banner, Blow and
arctic forms. Clarke, Fundam. Mid-Tertiary Strat. Correl., p. 122.
Typical forms were found in only a few samples from Site 147.
Neogloboquadrina pachyderma incompta (Cifelli, 1961) Turborotalita sp.
(Plate 10, Figures 11-22; Plate 16, Figures 10-11) (Plate 8, Figures 8-14; Plate 15, Figures 11-12)
1961 Globigerina incompta -Cifelli, R., Cushm. Found. Foram. A small- to medium-sized sinistrally coiling form with a modified
Res., Contr., 12, p. 83, pi. 4, fig. 1-7 (non fig. 2). 1965
Globigerina pachyderma incompta Cifelli—Cifelli, R., Smithson. final chamber occurs in the higher part of Site 147, down to Core 8,
Misc. Coll., 148, no. 4, p. 11, pi. 1, fig. 4-6. 1969 Globigerina Section 1, top. The low trochospiral test is formed by ten to eleven
pachyderma (Ehrenberg) forma superficiaria-Boltovskoy, E., subglobular chambers with four to five chambers in the last whorl.
Micropaleont., 15, p. 248, pi. 1, fig. 12 a-b, pi. 2, fig. 1. 1970 Wall thin, transparent and smooth in small sized specimens; may be
Globigerina incompta Cifelli-Cifelli, R. and Smith, R. K., thick and covered by small calcite crystals in larger ones (Plate 15,
Smithson. Contr. Paleobiol., 4, p. 26, fig. 3, text-fig. 14. Figure 12), but is never pitted as in the genus Neogloboquadrina.
Pore size and distribution are similar to Turborotalita anfracta. The
The subspecies is close to Neogloboquadrina pachyderma
pachyderma but differs in the test being larger, with four and a half final chamber extends toward the umbilicus and possesses a large
to five more loosely coiled chambers in the last whorl. The wall is apertural flap which covers the aperture and partically also the
deeply pitted but not as thickly calcified as in TV. pachyderma umbilicus. In some specimens the final chamber may spread
pachyderma. The main distribution of Recent forms is from close to bulla-like partially across the umbilicus (Plate 8, Figure 11). Parker
the surface down to 500 meters. Boltovskoy, for this reason, (personal communication) indicates that the form may be related to
distinguished this form as forma superficiaria. Small and thick the dutertrei - group from which it differs, however, in the
walled specimens, comparable to N. pachyderma pachyderma are direction of coiling and in the nonpitted wall texture.
predominant between 500 and 2000 meters. The subspecies is Genus GLOBIGERINITA Brönnimann, 1951
restricted to subpolar and temperate areas.
Test fairly high trochospiral, chambers subglobular, wall smooth
The subspecies is closely connected also with the dutertrei group or with secondary incrustations of small crystallites, without spines,
as is shown by the similarity of the juvenile stages (Cifelli and Aperture umbilical, bullae with infralaminal apertures are possible.
Smith, 1970). Variability in test size and height of spire are
considerable in Site 147 specimens. However, adult specimens never Globigerinita glutinata (Egger, 1895)
reach the size of the Neogloboquadrina dutertrei group. Dextrally
coiling specimens are predominant. (Plate 5, Figures 21-23; Plate 15, Figures 4-5)
1895 Globigerina gultinata - Egger, J.G., Bayer. Akad. Wiss., Abh.,
Genus TURBOROTALITA Blow and Banner, 1962 18 2 Abt. (1893), p. 371, pi. 13, fig. 19-21. 1951 Globigerinita
naparimaensis - Brönnimann, P., Cushm. Found. Foarm. Res.,
The genus differs from Globorotalia in the presence of a bulla or Contr., 2, p. 16, 17, pi. 1-14. 1957 Tinophodella ambitacrena -
of umbilical modifications in the final chamber. Loeblich, A.R. and Tappan, H., Wash. Acad. Sci., J., 47 (4), p.
114, fig. la-3c. 1962 Globigerinita glutinata (Egger) - Parker,
Turborotalita anfracta (Parker, 1967) F.L., Micropaleont., 8, p. 246, pi. 9, fig. 1-16.
(Plate 8, Figures 1-7; Plate 15, Figure 10) The final chamber possesses a narrow, slit-like, umbilical
1967 Globorotalia anfracta -Parker, F. L., Bull. Amer. Paleont., 52, aperture with distinct symmetrical lip, which eventually becomes
p. 175, pi. 28, fig. 3-8. 1971 Globorotalia (Turborotalia) covered by a bulla. The wall is delicate, transparent and finely
anfracta Parker-Brönnimann, P. & Resig, J., Init. Rept. DSDP, perforate. Secondary incrustations may be present in the shape of
7, pt. 2, pi. 43, fig. 2-3, 6; pi. 47, fig. 2, pi. 48, fig. 4. coarse crystalline pustules (Plate 15, Figure 4-5).
The very low trochospiral test possesses four to five and a half
chambers in the last whorl and is broadly rounded at the periphery. Globigerinita uvula uvula (Ehrenberg, 1861)
Spiral side fairly concave. The inflated chambers of the last whorl (Plate 5, Figure 24; Plate 15, Figure 7)
are oblique to the coiling axis which results in a lobulate periphery. 1861 Pylodexia uvula - Ehrenberg, C.G., K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss.
The modified final chamber is inflated on the umbilical side and Berlin, Monatsber., p. 276, 277, 308. 1873 Pylodexia uvula -
possesses a large apertural flap covering the aperture. Wall smooth, Ehrenberg, C.G., K. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, Abh. (1872), pi. 2, fig.
delicate, transparent and finely perforate. 24-25. 1960 Globigerina bradyi Wiesner - Banner, F.T. and
Occurrence: With some interruptions throughout Site 147. Blow, W.H., Cushm. Found. Foram. Res., Contr., 11, p. 5, pi. 3,
According to Parker the species occurs from Late Pliocene. fig. 1-2 (lectotype). 1962 Globigerinita uvula (Ehrenberg) -
Parker, F.L., Micropaleont., 8, p. 252, pi. 8, fig. 14-26.
Turborotalita iota (Parker, 1962) The very small and slender test is high trochospiral. The wall is
(Plate 8, Figures 17-23; Plate 16, Figure 9) thin, transparent and smooth, with few pustules. The species is
1962 Globigerinita /ota-Parker, F. L., Micropaleont., 8, p. 250, pi. known mainly from colder environments; in Site 147 it occurs
10, fig. 26-30. 1971 Turborotalita iota (Parker)-Bronnimann, P. throughout, but is more frequent in the colder cycles.

571
F. ROGL, H. M. BOLLI

Globigerinita uvula minuta (Natlaπd, 1938) Diatomeae: They may occur in great numbers in thin
(Plate 5, Figure 25; Plate 15, Figure 8) intervals containing cold-water foraminiferal faunas.
1933 Globigerinoides minuta - Natland, M.L., Scripps Inst. Benthonic Foraminifera: Most specimens present are
Oceanogr., Bull., Tech. Ser., 3, no. 10, line 34 of table (nom. dwarfed and delicate. Benthonic foraminifera are poor in
nudum). 1938 Globigerinoides minuta - Natland, M.L., ibidem,
4, no. 5, p. 150, pi. 7, fig. 2-3. 1959 Globigerinoides cf. minuta species and number except for small bolivinids which are
Natland - Bradshaw, J.S., Cushm. Found. Foarm. Res., Contr., common in certain samples. Arenaceous species are very
10, p. 40, pi. 7,fig.9-11. scarce. The Cariaco Trench benthonic foraminifera, espe-
A form similar to Globigerinita uvula uvula, but distinctly larger, cially from the Gulf of Cariaco, have been published by
with strongly inflated chambers and comparatively low trochospiral Bermudez and Seiglie (1963), Seiglie (1964) and Seiglie
test, occurs in Core 2, Section 2 (2-4 cm to the core catcher). Like
G. uvula s.s., it possesses a smooth wall, which is finely perforated and Bermudez (1963). Dr. P.J. Bermudez (Caracas) has
but with stronger incrustations of crystalline knobs. Parker includes kindly aided in the determination of the following species
both forms in Globigerinita uvula, with the larger sized forms present in Site 147:
restricted to warmer waters. Following Bradshaw, the distribution
of the species is from subarctic to temperate. Clavulina mexicana Cushman.
Dorothia sp.
Genus PULLENIATINA Cushman, 1927 Karreriella bradyi (Cushman)
Banner and Blow (1967) regard Pulleniatina as a descendent Martinotiella communis d'Orb.
from Globorotalia. This finds support in the globorotaloid test Textularia calva Lalicker
shape of the early Pulleniatina obliquiloculata primalis. Wall surfaces Textularia conica d'Orb.
of juvenile tests of Pulleniatina obliquiloculata obliquiloculata are Cyclogyra involvens (Reuss)
pitted (Plate 15, Figures 6 and 9), as in Neogloboquadrina, but also
possess short spines, which however may be secondary pseudo- Spiroloculina convexa Said
spines. Lipps (1966) maintains that the juvenile test of Pulleniatina Quinqueloculina div. sp.
is spinose, whereas, Be (1967) is of the opinion that there are no Quinqueloculina angulata (Williamson)
spines. Brönnimann and Resig's (1971) figures indicate that the wall Quinqueloculina bosciana (d'Orb.)
ornamentations are pustules or crystallites rather than spines. Lagena hexagona (Williamson)
Compared with Globigerina the spines in juvenile Pulleniatina are
very short, thick and with crystallite like points at their ends. Origin Lagena striata d'Orb.
and evolution of the genus still remains doubtful and a globigerinid Lagena filicosta Reuss
origin can not entirely be excluded. Dentalina communis d'Orb.
Dentalina cuvieri d'Orb.
Pulleniatina obliquiloculata obliquiloculata Dentalina pauperata d'Orb.
(Parker and Jones, 1865)
(Plate 8, Figures 15-16; Plate 15, Figures 6 and 9) Nodosaria pyrula d'Orb.
1862 PuUenia obliquiloculata Parker and Jones - in Carpenter,
Astacolus crepidulus (F.&M.)
Introduct. Foram., p. 183 (nom. nudum). 1865 PuUenia Frondicularia sagittula Van den Broeck
sphaeroides (d'Orb.) var. obliquiloculata - Parker, W.K. and Lenticulina div. sp.
Jones, T.R., Roy. Soc. London, Phil. Trans., 155, p. 365, 368, Lenticulina americana americana (Cushm.)
pi. 19, fig. 4 a-b. 1957 Pulleniatina obliqueloculata (Parker and Lenticulina american spinosa (Cushm.)
Jones) - Bolli, H.M., Loeblich, A.R. and Tappan, H., U.S. Nat.
Mus., Bull., 215, p. 33, pi. 4, fig. 3a-5 (lectotype designated, not Planularia div. sp.
described). 1960 PuUenia sphaeroides (d'Orb.) var obliquilocu- Saracenaria latifrons (Brady)
lata Parker and Jones - Banner, F.T. and Blow, W.H., Cushm. Ramulina globulifera (Brady)
Found. Foram. Res., Contr., 11, p. 25, pi. 7, fig. 4 a-c Seabrookia sp.
(lectotype). 1967 Pulleniatina obliquiloculata obliquiloculata
(Parker and Jones) - Banner, F.T. and Blow, W.H., Fissurina div. sp.
Micropaleont., 13, p. 137, pi. 3, fig. 4 a-c, pi. 4, fig. 9. 1971 Buliminella elegantissima (d'Orb.)
Pulleniatina obliquiloculata obliquiloculata (Parker and Jones) - Buliminella silviae Bermudez & Seiglie
Brönnimann, P. and Resig, G.J., Init. Rept. DSDP, 7, pt. 2, p. Tretomphalus bulloides (d'Orb.)
1318, pi. 16, fig. 1-11, pi. 17, fig. 1-4, pi. 18, fig. 1-7, pi. 19, fig.
6. Bolivina div. sp.
The evolution of the test from a low trochospiral early stage Bolivina capitata Cushm.
(Plate 15, Figure 6) to a streptospiral chamber arrangement (Plate 8, Bolivina interiuncta Cushm.
Figure 15) is demonstrated. The wall is pitted with some pustules or Bolivina lowmanni Phleger & Parker
short spines in the early stage (Plate 15, Figure 9) to become Bolivina plicatella mera Cushm. & Ponton
covered in the adult by a thick cortex of glassy calcite (Plate 8,
Figure 16). The species is common in Site 147 with some Bolivina spathulata (Will.)
interruptions. Bolivina striatula Cushm.
Bolivina tortuosa Brady
Cassidulinoides sp.
Remarks on other faunal and floral components in Site Bulimina marginata Cushm.
147 residues Bulimina inflata Seg.
The biogenic remains, other than planktonic foraminif- Bulimina pupoides d'Orb.
era, are also of significance for ecologic interpretation. Uvigerina auberiana d'Orb.
They were investigated along with the planktonic foram- Uvigerina peregrina Cushm.
inifera and their distribution included in the range chart of Sagrina pulchella d'Orb.
Site 147 (Table 2). For calcareous nannoplankton and Siphogenerina sp.
pteropods, reference is made to the chapters by W. W. Hay Cancris sagrai d'Orb.
and P. Jung, respectively, in this volume. Discorbis cushmani Palmer & Bermudez

572
 HOLOCENE TO PLEISTOCENE PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA, SITE 147

Siphonina pulchra Cushm. , 1960. The taxonomy, morphology and affinities

Spirillina vivipara Ehrenberg of the genera included in the subfamily Hastigerininae.
Patellina corrugata Will. Micropaleontology 6, 19.
Planulina foveolata (Brady) ., W.H., 1967. The origin, evolution and taxonomy
Cibicides div. sp. of the foraminiferal genus Pulleniatina. Cushman, 1927.
Micro paleontol. 13, 133.
Fursenkoina squammosa (d'Orb.) Be, A.W.H., 1960. Some observations on Arctic planktonic
Loxostomum sp. foraminifera. Contrib. 11, 64. Cushman Found. Foram.
Cassidulima subglobosa (Brady) Res.
Chilostomella oolina Schwager , 1965. The influence of depth on shell growth in
Chilostomella ovoidea Reuss Globigerinoides sacculifer (Brady). Micropaleontology
Florilus grateloupi (d'Orb.) 11,81.
Nonionella atlantica Cushm. _, 1967. Foraminifera. Families: Globigerinidae and
Nonionella opima Cushm. Globorotaliidae. Fiches d'ident. Zooplancton, Charlot-
Pullenia bulloides (d'Orb.) tenlund Slot, Danemark, Sheet 108
Melonis affinis (Reuss) , 1969. Planktonic foraminifera. Antarctic Map
Folio Ser. Geogr. Soc. 11,9.
Gyroidina sp. Be, A.W.H. and Hemleben, G., 1970. Calcification in a
Anomalina div. sp. living foraminifer, Globigerinoides sacculifer (Brady). N.
Hanzawaia concentrica (Cushm.) Jb. Geol. Palàont., Abh. 134, 221.
Hoeglundia elegans (d'Orb.) Be, A.W.H. and Tolderlund, D.S., 1971. Distribution and
ecology of living planktonic foraminifera in surface
Mollusca: Juvenile stages of gastropods and bivalves waters of the Atlantic and Indian oceans. In Funnel,
are present in addition to pteropods. Fragments of adult B.M. and Riedel, W.R. Micropaleontology of Oceans.
molluscs are scarce. London (Cambridge Univ. Press) 105.
Bermudez, P.J., 1961. Contribucion al estudio de las
Enchinodermata: Sclerites of Holothurians, spines and Globigerinidea de la region Caribe — Antillana
plates of echinoids, and fragments of Ophiuroids are com- (Paleoceno — Reciente). Mem. 3d Congr. Geol. Venez.
paratively frequent. Small spines (Plate 18, Figures 1 and Bol. Geol., Caracas. 1119.
15) are common in the finest fraction; they were deter- Bermudez, P.J. and Bolli, H.M., 1969. Consideraciones
mined to be spines of ophiurian arms by H. Mostler (Inns- sobre los sedimentos del Mioceno Medio al Reciente de
bruck), who regards them as belonging to the Recent las costas central y oriental de Venezuela. Bol. Geol.,
Ophiothela danae and Ophientrena laucostictum. Small Caracas. 10(20), 137.
calcareous sclerites (Plates 18, Figures 2-14), occurring in Bermudez, P.J. and Seiglie, G.A., 1963. Estudio sistematico
the upper part of Site 147 were determined by G. Deflandre de los Foraminiferos del Golfo de Cariaco. Inst.
(Paris) as internal skeletons of Echinopulteus, the plank- Oceanogr. Univ. Oriente, Bol., Cumana, 2(2), 3.
tonic larval stage of echinoids.
Blow, W.H., 1965. Clavatorella, a new genus of the
Other remains: There are fish bones and scales which Globorotaliidae. Micropaleontology. 11, 365.
may be common, scarce sponge spicules and sclerites of , 1969. Late Middle Eocene to Recent Planktonic
octocorallia. foraminiferal biostratigraphy. Proe. 1st Int. Conf.
Plankt. Microfoss., Geneva 1967. 199.
Blow, W.H. and Banner, F.T., 1962. The Mid-Tertiary
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (Upper Eocene to Aquitanian) Globigerinaceae. In
The writers wish to thank the Deep Sea Drilling Project Eames, F.E., Banner, F.T., Blow, W.H. and Clarke, W.J.,
for having made Site 147 samples available for the present (Eds.) 1962. Fundamentals of Mid-Tertiary strati-
study. The Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, graphical correlation. Cambridge, Univ. Press, 61.
provided laboratory facilities and technical help. The Swiss Bolli, H. M., 1970. The foraminifera of Sites 23 - 31, Leg
National Science Foundation made it possible for one of 4. In Bader, R.G., Gerard, R.D. et al., 1970. Initial
the authors (F. Rògl) to work on the project. The authors Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Volume IV.
wish to express their thanks to J.P. Beckmann for reading Washington (U.S. Government Printing Office). 577.
the manuscript and discussing its contents. Frances L. Bolli, H.M. Loeblich, A.R., Jr. and Tappan, H., 1957.
Parker, P.J. Bermudez, G. Deflandre, W.W. Hay, H. Mostler, Planktonic foraminiferal families Hantkeninidae, Orbu-
and W.R. Riedel have contributed to this study through linidae, Globorotaliidae and Globotruncanidae. Bull.
discussions and the determination of various fossil groups. U.S. Nat. Mus. 215,3.
Eva Luczkowska kindly made available comparative Boltovskoy, E., 1969. Living planktonic foraminifera at the
material from the Miocene of Poland. The scanning electron 90° E meridian from the equator to the Antarctic.
micrographs were taken by H.E. Franz. Micropaleontology 15, 237.
REFERENCES
Bradshaw, J.S., 1959. Ecology of living planktonic
foraminifera in the north and equatorial Pacific Ocean.
Bandy, O.L., Frerichs, W.E. and Vincent, E., 1967. Origin, Contrib., Cushman Found. Foram. Res. 10, 25.
development, and geologic significance of Neoglobo- Brönnimann, P. and Resig, J., 1971. A Neogene
quadrina. Bandy, Frerichs, and Vincent, gen. nov. Globigerinacean biochronologic time-scale of the South-
Cushm. Found. Foram. Res., Contr. 18, 152. western Pacific. In Winterer, EX. et al., (Eds.) Initial
Banner, F.T. and Blow, W.H., 1959. The classification and Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Volume VII
stratigraphical distribution of the Globigerinaceae. (2). Washington (U.S. Government Printing Office)
Palaeontology 2, 1. 1235.

573
F. ROGL, H. M. BOLLI

Chapman, F.J., 1902. On the foraminifera collected round Loeblich, A.R., Jr. and Tappan, H., 1964. Protista 2,
the Funafuti Atoll from shallow and moderately deep Sarcodina chiefly "Thecamoebians" and Foraminiferida.
water. Linn. Soc. London, J., Zool. 28(184), 410. In Moore, R.C., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology,
Cifelli, R., 1971. On the temperature relationships of Part C. 1-2.
planktonic foraminifera. J. Foram. Res. 1(4), 170. Miro, M. D. de, 1971. Los foraminiferos planctonicos vivos
Cifelli, R. and Smith, R.K., 1971. Distribution of y sedimentados del margin continental de Venezuela
planktonic foraminifera in the vicinity of the North (resumen). Acta Geol. Hisp. Barcelona. 6 (4), 102.
Atlantic Current. Smithson. Contr. Paleobiol. 4, 1. Miro Orell, M. de, 1971. Morfologia submarina y sedi-
Cita, M.B., 1971. Biostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy and mentos marinos recientes del margin continental del
paleoenvironment of the Pliocene of Cape Verde (North nororiente de Venezuela (resumen). Acta Geol. Hisp.
Atlantic). Rev. Micropaleontol. 14(5), 17. Barcelona. 6 (1), 24.
El-Naggar, Z.R., 1971. On the classification, evolution and Parker, F.L., 1962. Planktonic foraminiferal species in
stratigraphical distribution of the Globigerinacea. Proc. 2nd Pacific sediments. Micropaleontology 8, 219.
Plankt. Conf., Roma 1970, Reiss, Z., Merling - Reiss, P. and Moshkovitz, S., 1971.
Emiliani, C , 1966. Paleotemperature analysis of Caribbean Quaternary planktonic Foraminiferida and nanno-
cores P 6304-8 and P 6304-9 and a generalized plankton from the Mediterranean continental shelf and
temperature curve for the past 425,000 years. J. Geol. slope of Israel. Israel J. Earth-Sci. 20, 141.
74(2), 109. Richards, F.A., 1960. Some chemical and hydrographic
, 1969. A new paleontology. Micropaleontology observations along the north coast of South America. I.
15,265. Cabo Tres* Punts to Curacao, including the Cariaco
Ericson, D.B. and Wollin, G., 1956a. Correlation of six Trench and the Gulf of Cariaco. Deep-Sea Res. 7, 163.
cores from the equatorial Atlantic and the Caribbean. Richards, F.A. and Vaccaro, R.F., 1956. The Cariaco
Deep-Sea Res. 3, 104. Trench, an anaerobic basin in the Caribbean Sea.
, , 1956b. Micropaleontological and isotopic deter- Deep-Sea Res. 3,214.
minations of Pleistocene climates. Micropaleontology 2, Seiglie, G.A., 1963. Una nueva especie del genero Globi-
257. gerina del Reciente de Venezuela. Bol. Inst. Oceanogr.
., 1968. Pleistocene climates and chronology in Univ. Oriente. 2(1), 89.
deep-sea sediments. Science 162, 1227. , 1964. Algunos Foraminiferos arenaceos recientes
Ericson, D. B., Ewing, M., Wollin, G. and Heezen, B.C., de Venezuela. Bol. Inst. Oceanogr. Univ. Oriente. 3(1-2),
1961. Atlantic deep-sediment cores. Bull. Geol. Soc. 5.
Am. 72, 193. Seiglie, G.A. and Bermudez, P.J., 1963. Distribucion de los
Gade, H.G., 1961. On some oceanographic observations in Foraminiferos del Golfo de Cariaco. Bol. Inst. Oceanogr.
the southeastern Caribbean Sea and adjacent Atlantic Univ. Oriente. 2(1), 5.
Ocean with special reference to the influence of the Thiede, J., 1971. Plaktonische Foraminiferen in Sedi-
Orinoco River. Bol. Inst. Oceanogr. Univ. Oriente, 1(2), menten vom ibero-marokkanischen Kontinentalrand.
287. Meteor Forsch.-Ergeb., Reihe C. 7, 15.
Hemleben, C , 1969. Zur Morphogenese planktonischer Wollin, G., Ericson, D.B. and Ewing, M., 1971. Late
Foraminiferen. Zitteliana, München. 1, 91. Pleistocene climates recorded in Atlantic and Pacific
Kennett, J.P., 1968. Latitudinal variation in Globigerina deep-sea sediments. In Turekian, K.K., The Late Ceno-
pachyderma (Ehrenberg) in surface sediments of the zoic glacial ages. London (Yale Univ.) 199.
southwest Pacific Ocean. Micropaleontology 14, 305. Zobel, B., 1968. Phánotypische Varianten von Globigerina
, 1970. Comparison of Globigerina pachyderma dutertrei d'Orbigny (Foram.); ihre Bedeutung für die
(Ehrenberg) in Arctic and Antarctic areas. Contrib. Stratigraphie in quartáren Tiefsee - Sedimenten. Geol.
Cushman Found. Foram. Res. 21, 47. Jb.,85,97.
Lipps, J. H., 1966. Wall structure, systematics, and , 1971. Foraminifera from plankton tows, Arabian
phylogeny studies of Cenozoic planktonic foraminifera. Sea; areal distribution as influenced by Ocean water
J. Paleont. 40, 1257. masses. Proc. 2nd Plankt. Conf., Roma 1970. 1323.

574
F. ROGL, H. M. BOLLI

TABLE 2
Distribution of Microfossils
HOLOCENE TO PLEISTOCENE PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA, SITE 147

TABLE 2 - Continued
F. ROGL, H. M. BOLLI

TABLE 2 - Continued
 HOLOCENE TO PLEISTOCENE PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA, SITE 147

TABLE 2 - Continued
F. ROGL, H. M. BOLLI

PLATE 1
All figures 100X.

Figures 1-4 Globigerina bulloides bulloides d'Orb.; juvenile. From Site 147, Core 2,
Section 1 (top). Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone: Holocene.
Figure 1: Umbilical view (NMB C-26957). Figure 2: Spiral view (NMB
C-26958). Figure 3: Spiral view, with secondary aperture (NMB
C-26956); see Plate 12, Figure 8. Figure 4: Side view (NMB C-26959).

Figures 5-7 Globigerina bulloides bulloides d'Orb.; adult. From Site 147, Core 2,
Section 1 (top). Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone; Holocene.
Figure 5: Umbilical view (NMB C-26952). Figure 6: Spiral view (NMB
C-26953). Figure 7: Side view (NMB C-26946).

Figure 8-9 Globigerina bulloides bulloides d'Orb. From Site 147, Core 18, Section
1(29-31 cm). Globorotalia hessi Subzone; Pleistocene.
Figure 8: Spiral view (NMB C-27115). Figure 9: Umbilical view (NMB
C-27114).

Figure 10 Globigerina bulloides aff. riveroae Bolli & Bermudez; umbilical view
(NMB C-27116). From Site 147, Core 9, Section 2 (119-121 cm).
Globorotalia hessi Subzone; Pleistocene.

Figure 11 Globigerina bulloides bulloides d'Orb; umbilical view (NMB C-26951).

See Plate 12, Figure 1. From Site 147, Core 2, Section 1 (top).
Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone; Holocene.

Figures 12-16 Globigerina bulloides cf. quadrilatera Galloway & Wissler. From Site
147, Core 2, Section 1 (top). Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone;
Holocene.
Figurel2: Umbilical view (NMB C-26955). Figure 13: Umbilical view
(NMB C-26949). Figure 14: Spiral view (NMB C-26954). Figure 15:
Side view (NMB C-26947). Figure 16: Spiral view (NMB C-26948), see
Plate 12, Figures 2-3 and 7.

Figures 17-18 Globigerina intermediate between G. bulloides bulloides and G.

bulloides umbilicata. From Site 147, Core 2, Section 1 (top).
Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone; Holocene.
Figure 17: Umbilical view (NMB C-26966). Figure 18: Umbilical view
(NMB C-26943).

Figures 19-20 Globigerina bulloides umbilicata Orr & Zaitzeff. From Site 147, Core 2,
Section 1 (top). Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone; Holocene.
Figure 19: Umbilical view (NMB C-26969). Figure 20: Spiral view
(NMBC-26971).

Figure 21 Globigerina intermediate between G. bulloides bulloides and G.

bermudezi; umbilical view (NMB C-26965). From Site 147, Core 2,
Section 1 (top). Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone; Holocene.

Figures 22-24 Globigerina bulloides umbilicata Orr & Zaitzeff. From Site 147, Core 2,
Section 1 (top). Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone; Holocene.
Figure 22: Umbilical view (NMB C-26968). Figure 23: Umbilical view
(NMB C-26970). Figure 24: Spiral view, with secondary apertures
(NMB C-26967); see Plate 11, Figure 13.

580
HOLOCENE TO PLEISTOCENE PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA, SITE 147

581
F. ROGL, H. M. BOLLI

PLATE 2

Figures 1-10 Globigerina megastoma cariacoensis Rögl and Bolli n. ssp. From Site
147, Core 2, Section 1 (top). Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone;
Holocene. Figures 1 through 7: 100X; Figures 8 through 10: 75X.
Figure 1: Umbilical view (NMB C-26964). Figure 2: Spiral view (NMB
C-26962); holotype. Figure 3: Side view (NMB C-26961). Figure 4.
Side view (NMB C-26981). Figure 5: Side view (NMB C-26986).
Figure 6: Side view (NMB C-26982). Figure 7: Side view (NMB C-26983);
see Plate 12, Figures 5-6. Figure 8: Side view (NMB C-27081).
Figure 9: Side view (NMB C-27082). Figure 10: Oblique umbilical
view (NMB C-27083). From Site 147, Core 2, Section 1 (top).
Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone; Holocene. Figures 1 through 7: 100X;
Figures 8 through 10: 75X.

Figures 11-19 Globigerina bermudezi Seiglie. From Site 147, Core 2, Section 1 (top).
Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone; Holocene. All figures (11-19) 75X.
Figure 11: Umbilical view (NMB C-26980). Figures 12: Spiral view
(NMB C-26972). Figure 13: Side view (NMB C-26985). Figure 14:
Umbilical view, partially detached final chamber (NMB C-26974).
Figure 15: Umbilical view (NMB C-26984); see Plate 12, Figure 4.
Figure 16: Umbilical view, specimen with large secondary spiral
aperture (NMB C-26979). Figure 17: Spiral view, with large secondary
aperture (NMB C-26978). Figure 18: Oblique umbilical view, partially
detached final chamber (NMB C-26977). Figure 19: Oblique umbilical
view, partially detached final chamber (NMB C-26976).

Figure 20 Globigerina cf. falconensis Blow. Umbilical view (NMB C-27120); see
Plate 13, Figure 1. From Site 147, Core 5, Section 2 (114-116 cm).
Globigerina bermudezi Subzone; Late Pleistocene. 100X.

Figures 21-23 Globigerina sp. 1. From Site 147, Core 9, Section 2 (119-121 cm).
Globorotalia hessi Subzone; Pleistocene. All figures (21-23): 100X.
Figure 21: Spiral view (NMB C-27119). Figure 22: Umbilical view
(NMB C-27118); see Plate 11, Figure 14. Figure 23: Umbilical view
(NMBC-27117).

Figures 24-26 Globigerina sp. 2. From Site 147, Core 3, Section 3 (138-140 cm).
Globigerina bermudezi Subzone; Late Pleistocene. All figures (24
through 26): 100X.
Figure 24: Umbilical view, with removed bulla like final chamber (NMB
C-27132); see Plate 11, Figure 15. Figure 25: Oblique spiral view (NMB
C-27134). Figure 26: Oblique umbilical view, to see second bulla like
chamber (NMB C-27133).

582
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583
F. ROGL, H. M. BOLLI

PLATE 3

Figures 1-8 Globigerina calida calida Parker. From Site 147, Core 2, Section 1
(top). Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone; Holocene. Figures 1 through 5:
100X; Figures 6 through 8: 75×.
Figure 1: Umbilical view, juvenile specimen (NMB C-27016); see Plate
12, Figure 9. Figure 2: Umbilical view (NMB C-27020). Figure 3:
Umbilical view, near to G. calida praecalida (NMB C-27017); see Plate
12, Figure 10. Figure 4: Umbilical view (NMB C-27018). Figure 5:
Umbilical view (NMB C-27019). Figure 6: Umbilical view (NMB
C-27021); see Plate 12, Figure 12. Figure 7: Umbilical view (NMB
C-27023). Figure 8: Spiral view (NMB C-27022); see Plate 12, Figure
11.

Figures9-13. Globigerina calida praecalida Blow. From Site 147, Core 8 (core
catcher). Boundary Globorotalia hessi/ Globigerina calida calida Sub-
zone; Pleistocene. All figures (9 through 13): 75X.
Figure 9: Umbilical view (NMB C-27198). Figure 10: Spiral view
(specimen destroyed). Figure 11: Spiral view (NMB C-27197); see Plate
13, Figure 2. Figure 12: Umbilical view (NMB C-27195). Figure 13:
Side view (NMB C-27196).

Figures 14-15 Globigerinella siphonifera siphonifera (d'Orb.). From Site 147, Core 2,
Section 1 (top). Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone; Holocene. Figure 14:
75X; Figure 15: 50X.
Figure 14: Equatorial view, juvenile specimen (NMB C-27026). Figure
15: Equatorial view, adult specimen (NMB C-27025).

Figure 16 Globigerinella siphonifera involuta (Cushman); equatorial view (NMB

C-27024); see Plate 13, Figure 5. From Site 147, Core 2, Section 1
(top). Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone, Holocene. 75X.

Figures 17-18 Globigerinella siphonifera involuta (Cushman). From Site 147, Core 8
(core catcher). Boundary Globorotalia hessi/Globigerina calida calida
Subzone; Pleistocene. Figure 17: 50X; Figure 18: 75X.
Figure 17: Lateral view (NMB C-27200). Figure 18: Equatorial view
(NMBC-27201).

Figure 19 Globigerinella siphonifera siphonifera (d'Orb.); equatorial view, juvenile

specimen, with shrunken final chamber, supported by strong triradiate
spines (NMB C-27027); see Plate 13, Figure 4. From Site 147,Core 2,
Section 1 (top). Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone; Holocene. 100X.

Figures 20-23 Hastigerina pelagica (d'Orb.). From Site 147, Core 2, Section 1 (top).
Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone; Holocene. Both figures (22 and 23):
50X.
Figure 20: Lateral view (NMB C-27048). Figure 21: Equatorial view
(NMB C-27029); see Plate 13, Figure 10. Figure 22: Equatorial view,
gerontic specimen (NMB C-27050). Figure 23: Lateral view, gerontic
specimen (NMB C-27030); see Plate 13, Figure 11.

584
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585
F. ROGL, H. M. BOLLI

PLATE 4

Figure 1 Hastigerinella riedeli Rögl and Bolli, n. sp; umbilical view (NMB
C-27162); see Plate 14, Figure 1. From Site 147, Core 2, Section 1
(top). Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone; Holocene. 250X.

Figures 2-5 Hastigerinella riedeli Rögl and Bolli, n. sp. From Site 147, Core 6 (core
catcher). Globigerina calida calida Subzone; Pleistocene. Figures 2
through 4: 250X; Figure 5: 200X.
Figure 2: Side view (NMB C-27164), holotype. Figure 3: Spiral view
(NMB C-27163). Figure 4: Umbilical view (NMB C-27165); see Plate
14, Figures 1 and 3. Figure 5: Spiral view (NMB C-27170).

Figures 6-9 Globigerina rubescens Hofker. From Site 147, Core 2, Section 1 (top).
Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone; Holocene. All figures (6 through 9):
100X.
Figure 6: Umbilical view (NMB C-27084). Figure 7: Side view (NMB
C-27085). Figure 8: Spiral view (NMB C-27000); see Plate 13, Figure 3.
Figure 9: Spiral view, specimen with secondary aperture (NMB
C-27129).

Figures 10-12 Globigerina quinqueloba Natland. From Site 147, Core 2, Section 1
(top). Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone; Holocene. All figures (10
through 12): 150X.
Figure 10: Umbilical view (NMB C-27105). Figure 11: Spiral view
(NMB C-27222). Figure 12: Side view (NMB C-27106).

Figures 13-15 Globigerina clarkei Rögl and Bolli, n. sp. From Site 147, Core 4 (core
catcher). Globigerina bermudezi Subzone; Late Pleistocene. All figures
(13 through 15): 250X.
Figure 13: Umbilical view (NMB C-27171). Figure 14: Spiral view
(NMB C-27173), holotype. Figure 15: Umbilical view (NMB C-27172).

Figure 16 Hastigerinella digitata (Brady); umbilical view, juvenile specimen (NMB

C-26989); see Plate 13, Figure 6. From Site 147, Core 2, Section 1
(top). Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone; Holocene. 100X.

Figure 17 Hastigerinella digitata (Brady); umbilical view, adult specimen, spines

visible at thirdlas chamber (NMB C-27121); see Plate 13, Figure 7-9.
From Site 147, Core 2, Section 2 (20-22 cm). Globorotalia fimbriata
Subzone; Holocene. 75X.

Figures 18-20 Orbulina universa d'Orb. From Site 147, Core 2, Section 1 (top).
Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone; Holocene. Figures (18 through 20):
75X.
Figure 18: Fine perforated specimen (NMB C-27044); see Plate 14,
Figure 4. Figure 19: Coarsely perforated specimen (NMB C-27045); see
Plate 74, Figure 5. Figure 20: Coarsely perforated small specimen
(NMB C-27043).

Figure 21 Orbulina universa d'Orb; thickwalled, small specimen (NMB C-27221);

see Plate 74, Figure 6. From Site 147, Core 12, Section 6 (121-123 cm).
Globorotalia hessi Subzone; Pleistocene.

Figure 22 Globigerinoides conglobatus (Brady); umbilical view (NMB C-27199).

From Site 147, Core 8 (core catcher). Boundary Globorotalia hessi/
Globigerina calida calida Subzone; Pleistocene. 50X.

Figure 23 Globigerinoides suleki Bermudez; umbilical view (NMB C-26988); see

Plate 15, Figure 3. From Site 147, Core 2, Section 1 (top). Globorotalia
fimbriata Subzone; Holocene. 100X.

586
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PLATE 5

Figures 1-5 Globigerinoides ruber ruber (d'Orb.) From Site 147, Core 2, Section 1 (top). Globorotalia fimbriata
Subzone; Holocene. Figure 1: 100X; Figures 2 through 5: 50X.
Figure 1: Umbilical view, juvenile specimen (NMB C-26999). Figure 2: Umbilical view (NMB C-26998).
Figure 3: Spiral view (NMB C-26997). Figure 4: Side view (NMB C-26996); see Plate 14, Figures 7 - 9.
Figure 5: Side view (NMB C-26995).

Figure 6 Globigerinoides cf. ruber pyramidalis (Van den Broeck); side view (NMB C-26990); see Plate 14, Figure 10.
From Site 147, Core 2, Section 1 (top). Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone; Holocene. 100X.

Figures 7-9 Globigerinoides ruber pyramidalis (Van den Broeck). From Site 147, Core 2, Section 1 (top). Globorotalia
fimbriata Subzone; Holocene. All Figures (7 through 9): 50X.
Figure 7: Umbilical view (NMB C-26991). Figure 8: Spiral view (NMB C-26992). Figure 9: Side view (NMB
C-26993); see Plate 14, Figure 11.

Figure 10 Globigerinoides ruber ruber (d'Orb.); spiral view (NMB C-26994). From Site 147, Core 2, Section 1 (top).
Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone; Holocene. 5 OX.

Figure 11 Globigerinoides ruber elongatus (d'Orb.); umbilical view (NMB C-27122); see Plate 74, Figure 12. From
Site 147, Core 2, Section 4 (70-72 cm). Globigerina bermudezi Subzone; Late Pleistocene. 50X.

Figure 12 Globigerinoides ruber elongatus (d'Orb.); side view (NMB C-27123). From Site 147, Core 9, Section 1
(146-148 cm). Globorotalia hessi Subzone; Pleistocene. 50X.

Figures 13-15 Globigerinoides trilobus sacculifer (Brady). From Site 147, Core 2, Section 1 (top). Globorotalia fimbriata
Subzone, Holocene. All figures (13 through 15): 50X.
Figure 13: Umbilical view (NMB C-27077). Figure 14: Umbilical view (NMB C-27080). Figure 15: Spiral
view (NMB C-27079).

Figures 16-17 Globigerinoides tenellus Parker. From Site 147, Core 2, Section 4, (70-72 cm). Globigerina bermudezi
Subzone; Late Pleistocene. Both figures (16 and 17): 100X.
Figure 16: Umbilical view (NMB C-27124); see Plate 13, Figure 12. Figure 17: Spiral view (NMB C-27125).

Figure 18 Globigerinoides tenellus Parker; side view, high spired specimen (NMB C-27126). From Site 147, Core 12,
Section 4 (4345 cm). Globorotalia hessi Subzone; Pleistocene. 100X.

Figures 19-20 Globigerinoides sp. From Site 147, Core 13, Section 5 (74-76 cm). Globorotalia hessi Subzone; Pleistocene.
Both figures (19 and 20): 75X.
Figure 19: Umbilical view (NMB C-27127). Figure 20: Spiral view (NMB C-27128).

Figures 21-23 Globigerinita glutinata (Egger). From Site 147, Core 2, Section 1, (top). Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone;
Holocene. All Figures (21 through 23): 150X.
Figure 21: Umbilical view (NMB C-27013); see Plate 15, Figure 4. Figure 22: Umbilical view (NMB
C-27014). Figure 23: Spiral view (NMB C-27015); see Plate 15, Figure 5.

Figure 24 Globigerinita uvula uvula (Ehrenberg); side view (NMB C-27130); see Plate 15, Figure 7. From Site 147,
Core 2, Section 3, (5-7 cm). Globigerina bermudezi Subzone; Late Pleistocene. 250X.

Figure 25 Globigerinita uvula cf. minuta (Natland); side view (NMB C-27131); see Plate 15, Figure 8. From Site 147,
Core 2, Section 4 (70-72 cm). Globigerina bermudezi Subzone; Late Pleistocene. 200X.

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PLATE 6

Figures 1-2 Globorotalia cultrata (d'Orb.) From Site 147, Core 2, Section 1 (top).
Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone; Holocene. Both figures (1 and 2):
37.5X.
Figure 1: Spiral view (NMB C-27033). Figure 2: Umbilical view (NMB
C-27034.

Figures 3-4 Globorotalia menardii (Parker, Jones and Brady). From Site 147, Core
15, Section 1, (18-20 cm). Globorotalia hessi Subzone; Pleistocene.
Both figures (3 and 4): 75X.
Figure 3: Spiral view (NMB C-27204). Figure 4: Umbilical view (NMB
C-27203).

Figures 5-7 Globorotalia ungulata Bermudez. From Site 147, Core 2, Section 1
(top). Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone: Holocene. Figures 5 and 7; 50×j
Figure 6: 37.5×.
Figure 5: Spiral view (NMB C-27032). Figure 6: Umbilical view (NMB
C-27035). Figure 7: Side view (NMB C-27031).

Figure 8 Globorotalia truncatulinoides truncatulinoides (d'Orb.); umbilical view

(NMB C-27010). From Site 147, Core 2, Section 1 (top). Globorotalia
fimbriata Subzone;Holocene. 90 X.

Figure 9 Globorotalia tumida flexuosa (Koch); umbilical view (NMB C-27202).

From Site 147, Core 6, Section 1 (top). Globigerina calida calida
Subzone; Pleistocene. 50X.

Figures 10-11 Globorotalia tumida tumida (Brady). From Site 147, Core 11, (core
catcher). Globorotalia hessi Subzone: Pleistocene. Both figures (10
and 11): 50X.
Figure 10: Umbilical view (NMB C-27205). Figure 11: Side view (NMB
C-27206).

Figure 12 Globorotalia truncatulinoides truncatulinoides (d'Orb.). Umbilical view,

thick walled specimen (NMB C-27185). From Site 147, Core 18,
Section 2, (75-77 cm). Globorotalia hessi Subzone; Pleistocene. 90X.

Figures 13-15 Globorotalia scitula scitula (Brady). From Site 147, Core 18 (core
catcher). Globorotalia hessi Subzone; Pleistocene. All figures (13
through 15): 100X.
Figure 13: Umbilical view (NMB C-27174); see Plate 16, Figure 5.
Figure 14: Side view (NMB C-27176). Figure 15: Spiral view (NMB
C-27175).

Figures 16-20 Globorotalia bermudezi Rogl and Bolli, n. sp. From Site 147, Core 2,
Section 1 (top). Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone; Holocene. All figures
(16 through 20): 150X.
Figure 16: Spiral view (NMB C-27086); see Plate 16, Figure 1. Figure
17: Umbilical view (NMB C-27087); holotype; see Plate 16, Figure 2-3.
Figure 18: Side view (NMB C-27088). Figure 19: Umbilical view (NMB
C-27092). Figure 20: Spiral view (NMB C-27095).

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PLATE 7

Figures 1-4 Globorotalia sp. From Site 147, Core 2, Section 1 (top). Globorotalia
fimbriata Subzone; Holocene. All Figures (1 through 4): 100X.
Figure 1: Umbilical view (NMB C-27039). Figure 2: Umbilical view
(NMB C-27041). Figure 3: Side view (NMB C-27038). Figure 4: Spiral
view (NMB C-27040); see Plate 16, Figure 4.

Figures 5-6 Globorotalia cavenula Be. From Site 147, Core 2, Section 1 (top).
Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone; Holocene. Both figures (5 and 6):
100X.
Figure 5: Umbilical view (NMB C-27036). Figure 6: Side view (NMB
C-27037).

Figures 7-8 Globorotalia crassaformis crassaformis (Galloway and Wissler). From

Site 147, Core 2, Section 1 (top).Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone;
Holocene. Both figures (7 and 8): 100X.
Figure 7: Umbilical view (NMB C-27008). Figure 8: Side view (NMB
C-27007).

Figure 9 Globorotalia crassaformis crassaformis (Galloway and Wissler); umbili-

cal view (NMB C-27183). From Site 147, Core 17, Section 5 (71-73
cm). Globorotalia hessi Subzone; Pleistocene. 90X.

Figure 10 Globorotalia crassaformis crassaformis (Galloway and Wissler); side

view (NMB C-27184). From Site 147, Core 17, Section 6 (76-78 cm).
Globorotalia hessi Subzone; Pleistocene. 90X.

Figures 11-13 Globorotalia crassformis crassaformis (Galloway and Wissler). From

Site 147, Core 2, Section 1 (top). Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone,
Holocene. Figure 11: 90X; Figures 12 and 13: 100X.
Figure 11: Umbilical view (NMB C-27006); see Plate 16, Figure 8.
Figure 12: Side view (NMB C-27002). Figure 13: Spiral view (NMB
C-27001); see Plate 16, Figure 7.

Figure 14 Globorotalia crassaformis crassaformis (Galloway and Wissler); umbili-

cal view, thick walled specimen (NMB C-27191). From Site 147, Core 4
(core catcher). Globigerina bermudezi Subzone; Late Pleistocene.
100X.

Figures 15-16 Globorotalia inflata (d'Orb.). From Site 147, Core 4, Section 5 (19-21
cm). Globigerina bermudezi Subzone; Late Pleistocene. Both figures
(15 and 16): 100X.
Figure 15: Umbilical view (NMB C-27186). Figure 16: Side view (NMB
C-27188).

Figures 17-19 Globorotalia inflata (d'Orb.). From Site 147, Core 17, Section 5 (71-73
cm). Globorotalia hessi Subzone; Pleistocene. All figures (17-19):
100X.
Figure 17: Umbilical view (NMB C-27190). Figure 18: Side view (NMB
C-27189). Figure 19: Spiral view (NMB C-27194).

Figures 20-21 Globorotalia inflata (d'Orb.). From Site 147, Core 4, Section 5 (19-21
cm). Globigerina bermudezi Subzone; Late Pleistocene. Figure 20:
100X; Figure 21: 90X.
Figure 20: Umbilical view (NMB C-27187). Figure 21: Spiral view
(NMB C-27193); see Plate 16, Figure 6.

Figure 22 Globorotalia inflata (d'Orb.); umbilical view, small specimen (NMB

C-27213). From Site 147, Core 2, Section 3 (99-101 cm). Globigerina
bermudezi Subzone; Late Pleistocene. 150X.

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PLATE 8

Figure 1 Turborotalita anfracta (Parker); umbilical view (NMB C-27167). From

Site 147, Core 6 (core catcher). Globigerina calida calida Subzone;
Pleistocene. 250X.

Figures 2-4 Turborotalita anfracta (Parker). From Site 147, Core 2, Section 1 (top).
Globorotalia flmbriata Subzone; Holocene. All figures (2 through 4):
150X.
Figure 2: Umbilical view (NMB C-27102), see Plate 15, Figure 10.
Figure 3: Side view (NMB C-27103). Figure 4: Spiral view (NMB
C-27104).

Figures 5-7 Turborotalia anfracta (Parker). From Site 147, Core 6 (core catcher).
Globigerina calida calida Subzone; Pleistocene. All figures (5 through
7): 150X.
Figure 5: Umbilical view (NMB C-27166). Figure 6: Side view (NMB
C-27169). Figure 7: Spiral view (NMB C-27168).

Figures 8-12 Turborotalita sp., small form. From Site 147, Core 2, Section 1 (top).
Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone; Holocene. All figures (8 through 12):
150X.
Figure 8: Umbilical view (NMB C-27101). Figure 9: Spiral view (NMB
C-27100). Figure 10: Side view (NMB C-27099). Figure 11: Umbilical
view (NMB C-27096). Figure 12: Spiral view (NMB C-27097); see Plate
15, Figure 11.

Figures 13-14 Turborotalita sp., large form. From Site 147, Core 3, Section 1
(100-102 cm). Globigerina bermudezi Subzone; Late Pleistocene. Both
figures (13 and 14): 150X.
Figure 13: Umbilical view (NMB C-27150); see Plate 15, Figure 12.
Figure 14: Spiral view (NMB C-27151).

Figures 15-16 Pulleniatina obliquiloculata obliquiloculata (Parker and Jones). From

Site 147, Core 2, Section 1 (top). Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone;
Holocene. Both figures (15 and 16): 100X.
Figure 15: Umbilical view (NMB C-27011). Figure 16: Umbilical view,
specimen with thick cortex (NMB C-27012).

Figures 17-20 Turborotalita (Parker). From Site 147, Core 2, Section 1 (top).
Globorotalita fimbriata Subzone; Holocene. All figures (17 through
20): 150X.
Figure 17: Umbilical view (NMB C-27108). Figure 18: Side view (NMB
C-27109). Figure 19: Umbilical view, specimen with bulla (NMB
C-27111). Figure 20: Spiral view (NMB C-27110).

Figures 21-23 Turborotalita iota (Parker), large specimens. From Site 147, Core 2,
Section 4 (24 cm). Globigerina bermudezi Subzone; Late Pleistocene.
All figures (21 through 23): 150X.
Figure 21: Umbilical view, specimen with bulla (NMB C-27135). Figure
22: Umbilical view (NMB C-27136); see Plate 16, Figure 9. Figure 23;
Spiral view, specimen with bulla (NMB C-27137).

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PLATE 9
All Figures are 75X

Figures 1-5 Neogloboquadrina dutertrei dutertrei (d'Orb.) From Site 147, Core 2,
Section 1 (top). Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone; Holocene.
Figure 1: Umbilical view, juvenile specimen (NMB C-27075). Figure 2:
Umbilical view, juvenile specimen (NMB C-27071). Figure 3: Umbilical
view, thick walled small specimen (NMB C-27076). Figure 4: Umbilical
view, juvenile specimen (NMB C-27074). Figure 5: Umbilical view
(NMB C-27052); see Plate 17, Figures 2-3.

Figure 6 Neogloboquadrina dutertrei dutertrei (d'Orb.); umbilical view, small

multichambered specimen (NMB C-27144). From Site 147, Core 9,
Section 4 (50-52 cm). Globorotalia hessi Subzone; Pleistocene.

Figures 7-9 Neogloboquadrina dutertrei dutertrei (d'Orb.). From Site 147, Core 2,
Section 1 (top). Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone; Holocene.
Figure 7: Umbilical view (NMB C-27071). Figure 8: Umbilical view
(NMB C-27053); see Plate 17, Figures 1 and 4. Figure 9: Umbilical view
(NMB C-27054); see Plate 17, Figures 5-6.

Figures 10-12 Neogloboquadrina dutertrei ssp. Samples for 10 and 12 are from Site
147, Core 17, Section 5 (71-73 cm); sample for 11 is from Site 147,
Core 17, Section 4 (8-10 cm). Globorotalia hessi Subzone; Pleistocene.
Figure 10: Umbilical view, with bulla (NMB C-27179); see Plate 17,
Figure 11. Figure 11: Umbilical view, specimen with bulla (NMB
C-27180); see Plate 17, Figure 10. Figure 12: Spiral view, specimen
without bulla (NMB C-27178).

Figures 13-16 Neogloboquadrina dutertrei pseudopima (Blow). From Site 147, Core
2, Section 1 (top). Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone; Holocene.
Figure 13: Umbilical view (NMB C-27058); see Plate 17, Figure 7.
Figure 14: Spiral view (NMB C-27057). Figure 15: Umbilical view
(NMB C-27055); see Plate 17, Figures 8-9. Figure 16: Side view (NMB
C-27056).

Figures 17-18 Neogloboquadrina dutertrei pseudopima (Blow). From Site 147, Core 4
(core catcher). Globigerina bermudezi Subzone: Late Pleistocene.
Figure 17: Umbilical view (NMB C-27142). Figure 18: Side view (NMB
C-27143).

Figures 19-20 Neogloboquadrina dutertrei blowi Rögl and Bolli, nom. nov. From Site
147, Core 9, Section 2 (119-121 cm). Globorotalia hessi Subzone;
Pleistocene.
Figure 19: Umbilical view (NMB C-27141). Figure 20: Side view (NMB
C-27140).

Figures 21-22 Neogloboquadrina dutertrei blowi Rögl and Bolli, nom. nov. From Site
147, Core 4 (core catcher). Globigerina bermudezi Subzone; Late
Pleistocene.
Figure 21: Umbilical view (NMB C-27145), see Plate 17, Figure 12.
Figure 22: Side view (NMB C-27146).

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PLATE 10

Figures 1-8 Neogloboquadrina dutertrei dutertrei (d'Orb.). Samples for 1 through 3

and 6 through 8 are from Site 147, Core 2, Section 1 (top).
Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone; Holocene. Samples for 4 and 5 are
from Site 147, Core 4 (core catcher). Globigerina bermudezi Subzone;
Late Pleistocene. Samples shown in 1 through 3 are five-chambered
axially compressed specimens. Those shown in 4 through 5 are
six-chambered and those in 6 through 8 have the last whorl higher
coiled. All figures (1 through 8): 50X.
Figure 1: Umbilical view (NMB C-27065). Figure 2: Spiral view (NMB
C-27064). Figure 3: Side view (NMB C-27063). Figure 4: Umbilical
view (NMB C-27148). Figure 5: Spiral view (NMB C-27147). Figure 6:
Umbilical view (NMB C-27062). Figure 7: Spiral view (NMB C-27060).
Figure 8: Side view (NMB C-27059).

Figures 9-10 Neogloboquadrina dutertrei dutertrei (d'Orb.); high spired specimens.

From Site 147, Core 18 (core catcher). Globorotalia hessi Subzone:
Pleistocene. Both figures (9 and 10): 50X.
Figure 9: Umbilical view (NMB C-27182). Figure 10: Side view (NMB
C-27181).

Figures 11-16 Neogloboquadrina pachy derma incompta (Cifelli). Samples for 11 and
12 are from Site 147, Core 2, Section 3 (5-7 cm); samples for 13 and 14
are from Site 147, Core 2, Section 3 (99-101 cm); samples for 15 and
16 are from Site 147, Core 5, Section 2 (114-116 cm). Globigerina
bermudezi Subzone; Late Pleistocene. All figures show typical right-
coiled specimens. All figures (11 through 16): 150X.
Figure 11: Umbilical view (NMB C-27152). Figure 12: Umbilical view
(NMB C-27153). Figure 13: Umbilical view (NMB C-27207); see Plate
16, Figure 10. Figure 14: Spiral view (NMB C-27209). Figure 15:
Umbilical view (NMB C-27155); see Plate 16, Figure 11. Figure 16:
Side view (NMB C-27154).

Figures 17-20 Neogloboquadrina pachy derma incompta (Cifelli). Samples for 17, 19
and 20 are from Site 147, Core 9, Section 2 (119-121 cm); Globorotalia
hessi Subzone; Pleistocene. Sample for 18 is from Site 147, Core 2,
Section 3 (99-101 cm); Globigerina bermudezi Subzone; Late Pleisto-
cene. All figures show large specimens with similarity to the N.
dutertrei — group, especially by separation of the final chamber. Figure
17: 150X; Figures 18-20: 100X.
Figure 17: Umbilical view, specimen with separated final chamber
(NMB C-27215). Figure 18: Umbüical view (NMB C-27212). Figure 19:
Umbilical view (NMB C-27214). Figure 20: Side view (NMB C-27216).

Figures 21-22 Neogloboquadrina pachyderma incompta (Cifelli). From Site 147, Core
12, Section 6 (121-123 cm). Globorotalia hessi Subzone; Pleistocene.
All figures show typical sinistrally coiled specimens. Both figures (21
and 22): 150X.
Figure 21: Umbilical view (NMB C-27156). Figure 22: Umbilical view
(NMBC-27157).

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PLATE 11

Figure 1 Neogloboquadrina intermediate between pachyderma

pachyderma and pachyderma incompta; umbilical
view (NMB C-27177). From Site 147, Core 18 (core
catcher). Globorotalia hessi Subzone; Pleistocene.
150X.

Figures 2-6 Neogloboquadrina pachyderma pachyderma (Ehren-

berg). From Site 147, Core 12, Section 6 (121-123
cm). Globorotalia hessi Subzone; Pleistocene. All
figures (2-6): 150X.
Figure 2: Umbilical view (NMB C-27218). Figure 3:
Umbilical view (NMB C-27161). Figure 4: Umbilical
view (NMB C-27160); see Plate 16, Figure 12. Figure
5: Umbilical view (NMB C-27158). Figure 6: Spiral
view (NMB C-27159).

Figure 7 Globigerina megastoma cariacoensis Rögl and Bolli, n.

ssp; side view, specimen with aberrant, bulla like final
chamber (NMB C-26960); see Plate 11, Figure 10.
From Site 147, Core 2, Section 1 (top). Globorotalia
fimbriata Subzone; Holocene. 100X.

Figure 8 Globigerina bulloides s.l.; umbilical view, specimen

with bulla like chamber (NMB C-26945); see Plate 11,
Figure 11. From Site 147, Core 2, Section 1 (top)
Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone; Holocene. 100X.

Figure 9 Globigerina bermudezi Seiglie; spiral view, specimen

with bulla like chamber (NMB C-26973); see Plate 11,
Figure 12. From Site 147, Core 2, Section 1 (top),
Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone; Holocene. 75X.

Figure 10 Globigerina megastoma cariacoensis Rögl and Bolli, n.

ssp. See Plate 11, Figure 7. 250X.

Figure 11 Globigerina bulloides s.l. See Plate 11, Figure 8.

250X.

Figure 12 Globigerina bermudezi Seiglie. See Plate 11, Figure 9.

500X.

Figure 13 Globigerina bulloides umbilicata Orr and Zaitzeff. See

Plate 1, Figure 24. 1000X.

Figure 14 Globigerina sp. 1. See Plate 2, Figure 22. 1000X.

Figure 15 Globigerina sp. 2. See Plate 2, Figure 24. 1000X.

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PLATE 12

Figure 1 Globigerina bulloides bulloides d'Orb.; final chamber.

See Plate 1, Figure 11.1 OOO×.

Figure 2 Globigerina bulloides cf. quadrilatera Galloway and

Wissler; penultimate chamber. See Plate 1, Figure 16.
1000X.

Figure 3 Globigerina bulloides cf. quadrilatera Galloway and

Wissler; third last chamber. See Plate 1, Figure 16.
1000X.

Figure 4 Globigerina bermudezi Seiglie; third last chamber. See

Plate 2, Figure 15. 1000X.

Figure 5 Globigerina megastoma cariacoensis Rögl and Bolli n.

ssp.; penultimate chamber. See Plate 2, Figure 7.
1000X.

Figure 6 Globigerina megastoma cariacoensis Rögl and Bolli,

n. ssp.; penultimate chamber. See Plate 2, Figure 7.
5000X.

Figure 7 Globigerina bulloides cf. quadrilatera Galloway and

Wissler; final chamber. See Plate 1, Figure 16. 1000X.

Figure 8 Globigerina bulloides bulloides d'Orb.; spiral side

with secondary aperture. See Plate 1, Figure 3. 500X.

Figure 9 Globigerina calida calida Parker; penultimate cham-

ber. See Plate 3, Figure 1. 1000X.

Figure 10 Globigerina calida calida Parker; penultimate cham-

ber. See Plate 3, Figure 3. 1000X.

Figure 11 Globigerina calida calida Parker; penultimate cham-

ber. See Plate 3, Figure 8. 1000X.

Figure 12 Globigerina calida calida Parker; first chamber of the

last whorl. See Plate 3, Figure 6. 1000X.

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PLATE 13

Figure 1 Globigerina cf. falconensis Blow; final chamber. See

Plate 2, Figure 20. 1000X.

Figure 2 Globigerina calida praecalida Blow; final chamber.

See Plate 3, Figure 11. 1000X.

Figure 3 Globigerina rubescens Hofker; penultimate chamber.

See Plate 4, Figure 8. 1000X.

Figure 4 Globigerinella siphonifera siphonifera (d'Orb.); spiral

side. See Plate 3, Figure 19. 500X.

Figure 5 Globigerinella siphonifera involuta (Cushman); final

chamber. See Plate 3, Figure 16. 1000X.

Figure 6 Hastigerinella digitata (Brady); penultimate chamber.

See Plate 4, Figure 16. 1000X.

Figure 7 Hastigerinella digitata (Brady); third last chamber.

See Plate 4, Figure 17.1850X.

Figure 8 Hastigerinella digitata (Brady); spines. See Plate 4,

Figure 17. 10J50X.

Figure 9 Hastigerinella digitata (Brady); triradiate spine. See

Plate 4, Figure 17. ll,000X.

Figure 10 Hastigerina pelagica (d'Orb.); younger part. See Plate

3,Figure21.250X.

Figure 11 Hastigerina pelagica (d'Orb.); older chamber. See

Plate 3, Figure 23. 1000X.

Figure 12 Globigerinoides tenellus Parker; penultimate cham-

ber. See Plate 5, Figure 16. 1000X.

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PLATE 13

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605
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PLATE 14

Figure 1 Hastigerinella riedeli Rögl and Bolli, n. sp.; older

chamber. See Plate 4, Figure 4. 2500X.

Figure 2 Hastigerinella riedeli Rögl and Bolli n. sp.; spines. See

Plate 4, Figure 1.2500X.

Figure 3 Hastigerinella riedeli Rögl and Bolli n. sp.; aperture.

See Plate 4, Figure 4. 1000X.

Figure 4 Orbulina universa d'Orb. See Plate 4, Figure 18.

1000X.

Figure 5 Orbulina universa d'Orb. See Plate 4, Figure 19.

1000X.

Figure 6 Orbulina universa d'Orb. See Plate 4, Figure 21.

1000X.

Figure 7 Globigerinoides ruber ruber (d'Orb.); final chamber.

See Plate 5, Figure 4. 1000X.

Figure 8 Globigerinoides ruber ruber (d'Orb.); penultimate

chamber. See Plate 5, Figure 4. 1000X.

Figure 9 Globigerinoides ruber ruber (d'Orb.); third last cham-

ber, see Plate 5, Figure 4. 1000X.

Figure 10 Globigerinoides cf. ruber pyramidalis (Van den

Broeck); third last chamber. See Plate 5, Figure 6.
1000X.

Figure 11 Globigerinoides ruber pyramidalis (Van den Broeck);

older chamber. See Plate 5, Figure 9. 1000X.

Figure 12 Globigerinoides ruber elongatus (d'Orb.); third last

chamber. See Plate 5, Figure 11. 1000X.

606
HOLOCENE TO PLEISTOCENE PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA, SITE 147

607
F. ROGL, H. M. BOLLI

PLATE 15

Figure 1 Globigerinoides trilobus sacculifer (Brady); final

chamber (NMB C-27078). From Site 147, Core 2,
Section 1 (top). Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone;
Holocene. 1000X.

Figure 2 Globigerinoides trilobus sacculifer (Brady); penulti-

mate chamber. Same specimen as Figure 1. 1000X.

Figure 3 Globigerinoides suleki Bermudez; penultimate cham-

ber. See Plate 4, Figure 23. 500X.

Figure 4 Globigerinita glutinata (Egger); penultimate chamber.

See Plate 5, Figure 21. 2500X.

Figure 5 Globigerinita glutinata (Egger); older chamber. See

Plate 5, Figure 23. 1500X.

Figure 6 Pulleniatina obliquiloculata obliquiloculata (Parker

and Jones); Opened specimen (NMB C-27049). See
Plate 15, Figure 9. From Site 147, Core 4, core
catcher. Globigerina bermudezi Subzone; Late Pleis-
tocene. 150X.

Figure 7 Globigerinita uvula uvula (Ehrenberg); third last

chamber. See Plate 5, Figure 24. 2500X.

Figure 8 Globigerinita uvula cf. minuta (Natland); penultimate

chamber. See Plate 5, Figure 25. 2500X.

Figure 9 Pulleniatina obliquiloculata obliquiloculata (Parker

and Jones); inner chamber. See Plate 15, Figure 6.
750X.

Figure 10 Turborotalita anfracta (Parker); third last chamber.

See Plate 8, Figure 2. 1000X.

Figure 11 Turborotalita sp.; penultimate chamber. See Plate 8,

Figure 12. 1000X.

Figure 12 Turborotalita sp.; final chamber. See Plate 8, Figure

13.2000X.

608
 HOLOCENE TO PLEISTOCENE PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA, SITE 147

PLATE 15
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609
F. ROGL, H. M. BOLLI

PLATE 16

Figure 1 Globorotalia bermudezi Rögl and Bolli, n. sp.; pen-

ultimate chamber, spiral side. See Plate 6, Figure 16.
500X.

Figure 2 Globorotalia bermudezi Rögl and Bolli, n. sp.; pen-

ultimate chamber, umbilical side. See Plate 6, Figure
17.500X.

Figure 3 Globorotalia bermudezi Rögl and Bolli n. sp.; penulti-

mate chamber, umbilical side. See Plate 6, Figure 17.
1000X.

Figure 4 Globorotalia sp.; penultimate chamber, spiral side.

See Plate 7, Figure 4. 1000X.

Figure 5 Globorotalia scitula scitula (Brady); penultimate

chamber, umbilical side. See Plate 6, Figure 13.
1000X.

Figure 6 Globorotalia inflata (d'Orb.); penultimate chamber,

spiral side. See Plate 7, Figure 21. 1000X.

Figure 7 Globorotalia crassaformis crassaformis (Galloway and

Wissler); penultimate chamber, spiral side. See Plate
7, Figure 13. 1000X.

Figure 8 Globorotalia crassaformis crassaformis (Galloway and

Wissler); penultimate chamber, umbilical side. See
Plate 7, Figure 11. 1000X.

Figure 9 Turborotalita iota (Parker; penultimate chamber,

umbilical side. See Plate 8, Figure 22. 1000X.

Figure 10 Neogloboquadrina pachyderma incompta (Cifelli);

final chamber. See Plate 10, Figure 13. 1000X.

Figure 11 Neogloboquadrina pachyderma incompta (Cifelli);

penultimate chamber. See Plate 10, Figure 15.
1000X.

Figure 12 Neogloboquadrina pachyderma pachyderma (Ehren-

berg); penultimate chamber. See Plate 11, Figure 4.
1000X.

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HOLOCENE TO PLEISTOCENE PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA, SITE 147

611
F. ROGL, H. M. BOLLI

PLATE 17

Figure 1 Neogloboquadrina dutertrei dutertrei (d'Orb); final

chamber. See Plate 9, Figure 8. 500X.

Figure 2 Neogloboquadrina dutertrei dutertrei (d'Orb); final

chamber. See Plate 9, Figure 5. 1000X.

Figure 3 Neogloboquadrina dutertrei dutertrei (d'Orb.); pen-

ultimate chamber. See Plate 9, Figure 5. 1000X.

Figure 4 Neogloboquadrina dutertrei dutertrei (d'Orb.); third

last chamber. See Plate 9, Figure 8. 1000X.

Figure 5 Neogloboquadrina dutertrei dutertrei (d'Orb.); final

chamber. See Plate 9, Figure 9. 1000X.

Figure 6 Neogloboquadrina dutertrei dutertrei (d'Orb.); pen-

ultimate chamber. See Plate 9, Figure 9. 1000X.

Figure 7 Neogloboquadrina dutertrei pseudopima (Blow); final

chamber. See Plate 9, Figure 13. 1000X.

Figure 8 Neogloboquadrina dutertrei pseudopima (Blow);

umbilical area. See Plate 9, Figure 15. 25OX.

Figure 9 Neogloboquadrina dutertrei pseudopima (Blow); pen-

ultimate chamber. See Plate 9, Figure 15. 1000X.

Figure 10 Neogloboquadrina dutertrei ssp., bulla. See Plate 9,

Figure 11. 500X.

Figure 11 Neogloboquadrina dutertrei ssp.; final chamber. See

Plate 9, Figure 10. 1000X.

Figure 12 Neogloboquadrina dutertrei blowi Rögl and Bolli,

nom. nov.; final chamber. See Plate 9, Figure 21.
1000X.

612
HOLOCENE TO PLEISTOCENE PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA, SITE 147

613
F. ROGL, H. M. BOLLI

PLATE 18

Figure 1 Spine from the arms of Ophiuroidea. From Site 147,

Core 2, Section 1 (top). Globorotalia fimbriata
Subzone; Holocene. 190X.

Figure 2-14 Internal skeletons of Echinopluteus (planktonic larval

stage of Echinoidea).
Figure 2: From Site 147, Core 3, Section 1 (100-102
cm). Globigerina bermudezi Subzone; Late Pleisto-
cene. 150X. Figure 3: From Site 147, Core 2, Section
2 (141-143 cm). Globigerina bermudezi Subzone;
Late Pleistocene. 25X. Figure 4: From Site 147, Core
2, Section 1 (140-142 cm). Globorotalia fimbriata
Subzone; Holocene. 75X. Figure 5: From Site 147,
Core 2, Section 3 (99-101 cm). Globigerina ber-
mudezi Subzone; Late Pleistocene. 100X. Figure 6:
From Site 147, Core 2, Section 1 (140-142 cm).
Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone; Holocene. 100X.
Figure 7: From Site 147; Core 2, Section 1 (140-142
cm). Globorotalia fimbriata Subzone; Holocene.
250X. Figure 8: From Site 147, Core 2, Section 3
(99-101 cm). Globigerina bermudezi Subzone; Late
Pleistocene. 300X. Figure 9: From Site 147, Core 2,
Section 2 (20-22 cm). Globorotalia fimbriata Sub-
zone; Holocene. 150X. Figure 10: See Plate 18,
Figure 6 (detail). 1000X. Figure 11: See Plate 18,
Figure 6 (detail). 1000X. Figure 12: See Plate 18,
Figure 9 (detail). 500X. Figure 13: See Plate 18,
Figure 9 (detail). 1000X. Figure 14: See Plate 18,
Figure 2 (detail). 1000X.

Figure 15 Spine from the arms of Ophiuroidea. See Plate 18,

Figure 1 (detail). 1000X.

614
HOLOCENE TO PLEISTOCENE PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA, SITE 147

PLATE 18

615