Laboratory Report CHM 213 (Physical Chemistry)

LABORATORY REPORT
CHM 213
(PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY)
BIL. NAME STUDENT ID
1. LUQMAN AL HAKIM BIN EMLIR 2019211818
2. INTAN ZAFINA BINTI ZAMRE 2019243924
3. ZIANATUL ASYIQIN BINTI SAMSUL 2019205486
4. DYGKU AKMA ATHIRAH BT AWANG BUSRI 2019239702
5. NUR AIN IZATI BAHARIA 2019216872
GROUP : GROUP 4
PROGRAMME : AS115 2A
NO. AND TITLE OF EXPERIMENT : 6. PHASE EQUILIBRIUM 1
DATE OF EXPERIMENT : 30/4/2020
DATE OF REPORT SUBMISSION : 8/5/2020
NAME OF LECTURER : DR. NUR ROYHAILA MOHAMAD
Laboratory Report Marking Scheme:

Criteria Full Marks (to be filled by
Mark(s) lecturer)
Objective of the Experiment
Introduction
Experimental Procedure
Results and Observations
Calculations
Discussion
Conclusion
Answers to Questions
References
Format
Total Marks
EXPERIMENT 6
PHASE EQUILIBRIUM 1(PHASE DIAGRAM)
OBJECTIVE
To determine the eutectic temperature and eutectic composition for naphthalene / p-

nitrotoluene system.
INTRODUCTION
Phase diagrams are used to understand the relationship between different phases and are
usually represented as the change in the phase of a system as a function of temperature,
pressure or composition of the components in a system.
A binary phase diagram is a temperature - composition map which indicates the

equilibrium phases present at a given temperature and composition.
Eutectic temperature happen when a pure liquid consisting of only on substance is cooled
down to a very low temperatures, it will solidify at a certain temperature. However, the
freezing process of the liquid will take time and well below its freezing point. Therefore,
the existence of impurities will lower down the freezing point of a liquid or the melting
point of a solid.
CHEMICALS
 Solid naphthalene
 Solid p-nitrotoluene
APPARATUS
 Large test tube (boiling tubes)
 Conical flask
 Thermometer
 Water bath
PROCEDURE
1. Done weighing for two sets. There was accumulative addition for each set of
substance.
Set 1: Addition of p-nitrotoluene into naphthalene: PROCEDURE A
Set 2: addition of naphthalene into p-nitrotoluene: PROCEDURE B
PROCEDURE A:
p-nitrotoluene (g) 0 1 2 3
Naphthalene (g) 3 3 3 3
Freezing point temperature (°C) 80 69 57 34
Percentage of naphthalene (%) 100 88 75 50
PROCEDURE B:
Naphthalene (g) 0 1 2 3
p-nitrotoluene (g) 3 3 3 3
Freezing point temperature (°C) 100 78 56 34
Percentage of naphthalene (%) 0 17 40 50
2. For each composition, the solid mixture was put into a large test tube. For the
solid to dissolve completely, the test tube warmed in the water bath. The test tube
was placed in an empty beaker (Diagram 1). As the mixture starts to cool, its
decreasing temperature noted, a constant temperature upon justified time period
was taken as the freezing point temperature for the composition (Diagram 2).
RESULTS
1. Plot the phase diagram of naphthalene / p-nitrotoluene system (temperature versus
percent naphthalene). In the diagram label the following:
-Eutectic temperature
-Eutectic composition
-All areas
-Freezing / melting point of pure solid
percent naphthalene
120
100
80
60
percent naphthalene
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
2. What are the precautions that you take while doing the experiments? Give a few
examples.
Firstly, we must make sure to wear laboratory coat before entering the laboratory.
Then while doing the experiment, we must behave and conduct the apparatus
carefully. We cannot run or play jokes with other members because maybe we
will broke the apparatus. Some apparatus contain hazard chemical such as
thermometer. In this experiment we used thermometer to record the temperature
of the mixture. Thermometer contains mercury that can be very dangerous to
human and can cause radiation.
Next, while using the chemicals we cannot smell, taste or touch it because it
maybe a harmful to us. For example, if we using a strong acid in our experiment
and we touch with bare hand it will burn our skin.
Lastly, while measuring the chemicals we must be accurate and careful. Also
make sure when we taking the reading in the test tube, read at the meniscus.
DISCUSSION
In procedure A we can see that the effect of adding p-nitrotoluene into naphthalene will
decrease the freezing point of naphthalene from 80°C - 34°C. When the ratio of p-
nitrotoluene and naphthalene rich 3:3 the percentage of naphthalene remain become
lower same goes to freezing point of naphthalene. So that the more we adding p-
nitrotoluene into naphthalene, the lower the freezing point and percent of naphthalene.
In procedure B we can see that after we added naphthalene into p-nitrotoluene it also will
decrease the freezing point of p-nitrotoluene from 100°C - 34°C. Same situation like in
procedure A, when the ratio rich 3:3 the freezing point will decrease but the percent of
naphthalene increase. So the more we add naphthalene into p-nitrotoluene, the lower the
freezing point but the higher the percent of naphthalene.
CONCLUSION
Based on this experiment we are able to determine the eutectic temperature and eutectic
composition for naphthalene / p-nitrotoluene system.
QUESTION
1. What is the effect of adding p-nitrotoluene to the freezing point of naphthalene?
= Adding more p-nitrotoluene will lower the freezing point of naphthalene.
2. Define a eutectic mixture
= A eutectic mixture is defined as a mixture of two or more components which

usually do not interact to form a new chemical compound but, which at certain
ratios, inhibit the crystallization process of one another resulting in a system
having a lower melting point than either of the components.
3. The melting points of cadmium and bismuth are 321°C and 271°C respectively.
A mixture of cadmium and bismuth forms a eutectic mixture at 147°C containing
a mole fraction of cadmium of 0.6.
i) Sketch the freezing point-composition (eutectic) diagram for the
cadmium-bismuth system on a sheet of graph paper.
Temperature ( C)
350
300
250
200
150 Temperature ( C)
100
50
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
ii) And, then describe the physical nature of a mixture of cadmium and
bismuth, in the mole ratio of 1:3, at 180°C.
= Cadmium has higher melting points that make it suitable to be used as

protective plate on other metal but it also very soft metal and enough to be
cut by using knife. Cadmium can be found in rechargeable batteries,
pigment and coatings.
Bismuth is a soft metal that has bright and shiny surface. Meltring point
for bismuth is 271°C.
REFERENCES
1. https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=ALeKk02t5S8p_n1qYFqW1N-
OO3C7NiSx-
Q%3A1588909659183&ei=W9a0XrnVCpje9QOPqYuIDw&q=physical+nature+
of+bismuth&oq=physical+nature+of+bis&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQAxgAMggII
RAWEB0QHjIICCEQFhAdEB4yCAghEBYQHRAeMggIIRAWEB0QHjIICCE
QFhAdEB4yCAghEBYQHRAeMggIIRAWEB0QHjIICCEQFhAdEB4yCAghEB
YQHRAeMggIIRAWEB0QHjoECAAQRzoCCAA6BggAEBYQHlCdHli1JWDB
MGgAcAF4AIABjwGIAdYCkgEDMS4ymAEAoAEBqgEHZ3dzLXdpeg&sclie
nt=psy-ab
2. https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=ALeKk02Nh7rPu772k_WRHWII9N7p9v
KcZg%3A1588909641489&source=hp&ei=Sda0XuHMG8u6rQH-
iZmoBA&q=physical+nature+of+cadmium&oq=physical+nature+of+cad&gs_lcp
=CgZwc3ktYWIQARgCMggIIRAWEB0QHjIICCEQFhAdEB4yCAghEBYQHR
AeMggIIRAWEB0QHjIICCEQFhAdEB4yCAghEBYQHRAeMggIIRAWEB0Q
HjIICCEQFhAdEB4yCAghEBYQHRAeMggIIRAWEB0QHjoECCMQJzoFCA
AQgwE6AggAOgcIIxDqAhAnOgYIABAWEB5QsQdYt2xg4oMBaARwAHgAg
AFyiAHZDJIBBDI0LjKYAQCgAQGqAQdnd3Mtd2l6sAEK&sclient=psy-ab
3. Lab manual CHM213
4. https://www.longdom.org/open-access/pharmaceutical-applications-of-eutectic-
mixtures-2329-6631.1000e130.pdf

Laboratory Report CHM 213 (Physical Chemistry)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Laboratory Report CHM 213 (Physical Chemistry)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Laboratory Report CHM 213 (Physical Chemistry)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

LABORATORY REPORT

Laboratory Report Marking Scheme:

PHASE EQUILIBRIUM 1(PHASE DIAGRAM)

To determine the eutectic temperature and eutectic composition for naphthalene / p-

A binary phase diagram is a temperature - composition map which indicates the

Freezing point temperature (°C) 80 69 57 34

Percentage of naphthalene (%) 100 88 75 50

Freezing point temperature (°C) 100 78 56 34

Percentage of naphthalene (%) 0 17 40 50

= Adding more p-nitrotoluene will lower the freezing point of naphthalene.

2. Define a eutectic mixture

= A eutectic mixture is defined as a mixture of two or more components which

= Cadmium has higher melting points that make it suitable to be used as

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.