721

answers
Answers

Answers
Chapter 1 Number skills 2 = 3 − (3 + 3) ÷ (3 + 3)
3=3+3+3−3−3
Are you ready? 4 = 3 + 3 − (3 + 3) ÷ 3
1 a 91 b 7750 c 18 d 36 292 5=3+3÷3+3÷3
2 a 63 b 779 6=3×3−3+3−3
3 a 23.14 b 1196.25 7 = 3 × 3 − (3 + 3) ÷ 3
4 a 10 b 30 8=3+3+3−3÷3
5 a 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20 9=3+3+3+3−3
b 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 48 3 25 × 4 × 1958 = 100 × 1958 = 195 800
6 a 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 b 8, 16, 24, 32, 40 4 13 × 24 + 12 = 324 hours
7 a 1 --27- b --18- Exercise 1B — Special groups of
8 a 7
------ b 5
--- numbers
27 6
1 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24
9 a 22.7 b 42.86 2
10 a 4.44 b 36.544
11 a 90 b 500 Number Factors Number Factors
4 1, 2, 4 10 1, 2, 5, 10
Exercise 1A — Whole number
operations 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 65 1, 5, 13, 65
1 a 29 b 59 c 91 d 121 12 12
e 7750 f 25 464 g 1029 h 9942
i 55 017 j 44 720 34 1, 2, 17, 34 100 1, 2, 4, 5, 10,
2 a 18 b 42 c 38 d 16 20, 25, 50,
e 589 f 778 g 337 h 6242 100
i 36 352 j 45 546 k 6925 l 7087 5 1, 5 63 1, 3, 7, 9, 21,
3 a 66 b 84 c 450 63
d 779 e 22 336 f 441 896
g 2 159 514 h 332 148 i 129 015 60 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 27 1, 3, 9, 27
4 a 30 135 b 93 912 c 1 049 764 10, 12, 15, 20,
d 930 708 e 1 278 822 f 2 136 992 30, 60
5 a 16 b 59.5 c 23.14 d 222.5
e 1196.25 f 615.33 g 6953 h 27.08 21 1, 3, 7, 21 62 1, 2, 31, 62
i 2302.06 j 3822
23 1, 23 3 1, 3
6 a 59.5 b 9048 c 92 246 d 615
e 78.08 f 9328 g 2636 h 6149 9 1, 3, 9 17 1, 17
i 11 736 j 45.08 k 10 722 l 11 352
7 65 desks 8 2004 jelly beans 80 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 14 1, 2, 7, 14
9 17 Smarties each 10 $120 11 86 girls 10, 16, 20, 40,
12 a 63 b 51 c 8 d 26 80
e 16 f 250 g 70 h 30
46 1, 2, 23, 46 56 1, 2, 4, 7, 8,
i 70 j 26 k 14 l 3
14, 28, 56
13 a 68 b 44 c 68 d 65 e 26
f 94 g 20 h 56 i 35 j 36 3 HCF is 4.
14 a D b B
4 a 21 b 3 c 20 d 2
15 a 28 36 Yes
e 7 f 1 g 2 h 2
b 24 24 No
5 66
c 50 50 No
6 a 3 — 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18
d 76 216 Yes
b 5 — 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30
e 32 5 Yes
f 378 378 No c 7 — 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42
g 29 66 Yes d 10 — 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60
h 84 28 Yes e 4 — 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24
f 13 — 13, 26, 39, 52, 65, 78
Maths Quest challenge (page 8) g 21 — 21, 42, 63, 84, 105, 126
1 53 h 22 — 22, 44, 66, 88, 110, 132
2 Note: Other solutions are possible. 7 23, 29, 31, 37 1A
➔

1B
answers 722 Answers

8 a, b
7
Exercise 1D — Multiplication and
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10
division of fractions
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 3 1 6 5
1 a --- b ------ c ------ d ------
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 8 56 25 21

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 5 1 11 1
e ------
12
f ---
3
g ------
30
h ---
5
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 11 3 4 1
i ------
32
j ---
5
k ---
5
l ---
4
c 15
9 3, 5, 17, 23 10 264 2 a 5 --35- 11
b 1 -----
25
- c 4
11 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36, 39, 42, 45, 48
12 40 d 8 3--4- 23
e 6 --------
100
- f 13 4--5-
13 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50. They all end in g 13 h 1 i 11 7--8-
either 0 or 5.
14 1, 3, 5, 7, 9. With the exception of 2, prime numbers 2 7 6
3 a ---
3
b ------
12
c ---
7
can only be odd numbers.
15 9 d 1 3--5- e 6
---
7
f 15
------
16
16 a 42 b 122 c 142 3 6
2 2 g --- h ------ i 2
d 20 e 34 f 652 5 25
17 a 36 b 25 c 121 4 a 1 b 1 5--7- c 7
------
12
d 196 e 529 f 4489
g 1156 h 60 025 d 5 1--7- e 1 3--5- f 14
------
25
18 a 3 b 6 c 7 d 9 3 8 7
e 11 f 24 g 10 h 30 g 2 -----
16
- h 4 -----
25
- i 1 --------
135
-

i 40 j 50 k 80 l 120 5 a 2
--- b 2
--- c 2
--- d 1 31
------
7
e 21 -----
-
19 a 8.06 b 4.58 c 11.83 d 18.25 3 5 3 32 18

20 a 25 b 95 c 35 f 8 --12- g 5
--- h 10 i 33 --56- 1
j 2 -----
-
6 10
d 25 e 161 f 133
k 18 8--9- l 1 1--2- 3
m -----
- n 12 4--9- o 12
10 Quick Questions 1 11

1 2861 2 39 299 6 12
3 True 4 41, 43, 47 7 a 1--5- b 15 lollies each
5 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 14, 21, 42 6 79 8 128 non-American caps
7 321 8 2 1
- of the cake each
9 -----
9 12 10 7.49 16
10 $30 to the children’s charity, $80 to the cruelty to
Exercise 1C — Addition and animals charity, $10 left over.
subtraction of fractions
9 5 12 4 10 Quick Questions 2
1 a ------ b ------ c ------ d ---
17 27 17 5 1 7019 2 True
2 a 1 --25- b 1 --14- c 2 d 23
------ 3 1, 2, 4, 8 4 15
50
5 15 6 9.15
13
3 a ------
20
b 1 3--8- c 1
---
5
d 18
------
25 7 $1783.60 8 1 11
------
20
7 43 37
e 1 -----
12
- f ------
70
g ------
42
h 2 13
------
30
9 Possible solution is 2 --23- × 2 --12- .
4 a 4 --13- b 1 --35- 6
c 3 -----
- d 17
------ e 1 --34- 10 --49- ÷ --83- = --16-
23 36

f 1 1--2- g 2 3--7- h 1 19
------ i 2 3--4- j 1 Exercise 1E — Fractions to decimals,
60
decimals to fractions
k 2 --56- 15
4
l 6 -----
-
10
7
m -----
-
17
n 1 -----
24
- 1 a 0.80 b 0.25 c 0.75 d 0.42 e 0.82
f 0.84 g 1.75 h 2.17 i 0.47 j 0.67
5 a 6 4--5- b 3 2--9- c 4 3--5- d 4 2--3- e 11 1--4-
2 a 1.83 b 1.75 c 3.40 d 8.80 e 12.90
f 7 g 9 1--2- h 8
21 -----
- i 1
13 -----
-
7
j 2 -----
- f 6.75 g 5.57 h 11.73 i 6.50 j 4.33
45 12 15
3
3 a 2--5- b 4--5- c 1 1--5- d 3 1--5-
6 a 3 -----
10
- b 2 --23- 17
c 4 -----
20
-
21
d 1 -----
40
-
e 5 3--5- f 3
---
3
g 1 -----
-
7
h 7 -----
-
7 1 — whole or all of it 4 10 50

8 1 --79- bottles were left over. 21

i 4 --------
100
-
25
1
j 10 -----
-
333
k 1 -----------
1000
-
1
l 8 -----
20
-

4 39
9 He has ------
15
of his pay left. m 7 --------
125
- n 9 47
------
50 200
9
o 12 --------
-
63
p 84 --------
500
-

5 9 21
10 ------
12
of the class get a lift. q 73 -----
10
- r ------------
5000
11
11 ------
8
or 1 3--8- of the cake was left. 4 0.75 5 2
---
5
6 0.56 7 1.1 8 7
------
20
9 0.57
 723

answers
Answers

Exercise 1F — Addition and subtraction 7

of decimals Simplified Estimated Exact
1 a 12.9 b 13 c 19.68 Question question answer answer
d 20.3 e 17.26 f 8.14
a 789 × 56 800 × 60 48 000 44 184
g 132.44 h 42.719 i 6.239
j 20.672 k 59.434 l 394.132 b 124 ÷ 5 100 ÷ 5 20 24.8
m 126.157 n 7113.556
c 678 + 98 + 46 700 + 100 + 50 850 822
2 a 2.24 b 7.32 c 121.66
d 54.821 e 42.33 f 1674.93 d 235 × 209 200 × 200 40 000 49 115
g 53.16 h 124.966 i 22.897
j 26.03 k 33.028 l 474.104 e 7863 − 908 8000 − 900 7100 6955
3 a E b B f 63 × 726 60 × 700 42 000 45 738
4 a 115.09 b 31.953
g 39 654 ÷ 227 40 000 ÷ 200 200 174.69
c 821.48 d 1954.291
e 1493.875 f 433.98 h 1809 − 786 + 467 2000 − 800 + 500 1700 1490
g 1553.589 h 8.884
i 598.018 j 4224.296 i 21 × 78 × 234 20 × 80 × 200 320 000 383 292
5 a 27 b 46 c 21 d 129 j 942 ÷ 89 900 ÷ 90 10 10.58
6 a Salmah spent $157.22.
b She would have $42.78 left. 492 × 94 500 × 100
k --------------------- ------------------------ 25 24.84
38 × 49 40 × 50
7 11.37 seconds 8 9.88 km
54 296 50 000
Exercise 1G — Multiplication and l --------------------- ------------------------ 2.5 3.04
97 × 184 100 × 200
division of decimals
1 a 4.96 b 9.48 c 210.24 8 a 4000 b 500 c 70 000
d 613.2 e 2.036 f 78.624 d 12 000 e 8000 f 400
g 582.659 h 1153.96 i 2183.14 9 a 20.5 b 150.175 c 20.25
j 40.74 k 156.78 l 0.2616 d 5.13 e 54.4 f 64.8
m 624.036 n 0.344 55 o 0.147 62 10 $500
2 a 6.17 b 130.98 c 790.14 11 a $300 000 b 640 mL c $200
d 95.54 e 6.41 f 2.53 d 5000 seconds e $1 080 000 f $16 000
3 a 88.83 b 1920.86 c 5355 g 4 000 000 pieces of litter
d 536 515 e 29 933.75 f 954 087.50
g 6466.25 h 89 920 i 134.60 Exercise 1I — Binary numbers
j 1714.36 k 7012.80 l 6.56 1 a 2) 2 b 2) 9
4 a 13.9 b 1.5 c 7.6 d 2.0 2 ) 1 Rem 0 2) 4 Rem 1
5 a D b B 0 Rem 1 2) 2 Rem 0
6 a 133 b 90 c 501 d 46 2) 1 Rem 0
7 $5.30 0 Rem 1
c 2 ) 11 d 2 ) 24
Exercise 1H — Estimation 2) 5 Rem 1 2 ) 12 Rem 0
1 Estimate: 72. Kim is correct. 2) 2 Rem 1 2 ) 6 Rem 0
2 a i 200 ii 300 iii 200
2) 1 Rem 0 2 ) 3 Rem 0
b i 5000 ii 5000 iii 4000
0 Rem 1 2 ) 1 Rem 1
c i 20 ii 30 iii 20
d i 50 000 ii 60 000 iii 50 000 0 Rem 1
e i 600 ii 600 iii 500 e 2 ) 30 f 2 ) 40
f i 1000 ii 2000 iii 1000 2 ) 15 Rem 0 2 ) 20 Rem 0
3 a 230 b 4520 c 20 2) 7 Rem 1 2 ) 10 Rem 0
d 53 620 e 590 f 1040 2) 3 Rem 1 2 ) 5 Rem 0
4 a 300 b 4600 c 100 2) 1 Rem 1 2 ) 2 Rem 1
d 53 700 e 600 f 1100 0 Rem 1 2 ) 1 Rem 0
5 a 4 b 340 c 520 d 1170 0 Rem 1
e 300 f 24 000 g 54 000 h 20 2 a 210 = 102 b 910 = 10012
i 9680 j 10 k 108 000 l 20 c 1110 = 10112 d 2410 = 110002
m 28 000 n 600 o 4000 p 810 000 e 3010 = 111102 f 4010 = 1010002
6 a 4 and 5 b 10 and 11 c 13 and 14 3 a 1112 b 11002 c 101102
d 15 and 16 d 1001112 e 1010102 f 1100102 1C
➔

1I
answers 724 Answers

4 a 1 × 21 + 1 × 1 g 64 h 729 i 12.96
b 1 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 1 j 0.0036 k 635.04 l 40.96
c 1 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 0 × 1 7 a 1 11
------
1
b 5 -----
- c 1 5--8-
d 1 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 0 × 1 21 10

e 1 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 1 7
d 1 -----
-
7
e 4 -----
- f 4 2--5-
20 64
f 1 × 24 + 0 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 1
14
5 a 310 b 510 c 1210 8 ------
15
d 610 e 1310 f 2110 7 6
9 a ------ b --- c 2 2--3-
6 a 410 b 710 c 1010 20 7
d 1610 e 3110 f 3610 d 41 --16- e 18 f 9
------
34
7 10000002 = 6410
10 Hurricane Katrina $160
Exercise 1J — Operations on binary Starlight Foundation $48
numbers Remainder $32
1 10112, 11002, 11012, 11102, 11112 11 a 0.75 b 1.40 c 6.25
2 111002 d 1.80 e 4.14 f 12.38
3 101012 7
12 a -----
-
9
b -----
-
23
c 1 --------
-
10 20 100
4 10112, 11012, 11112, 100012
2 73 1
5 a 10112 b 10102 c 11102 d 3 -----
25
- e 24 --------
200
- f 17 -----
25
-
d 101112 e 101102 f 1001102
13 a 6.1 b 6.73 c 14.94
6 a 1112, 10002 b 101012
d 5.56 e 30.192 f 3514.5903
7 a 110012 b 110002
14 19.95 km
c 1100012 d 4910
15 a 865.8 b 265.268 c 4530.83
8 a 110002 b 11112 c 1001002
d 8.77 e 0.415 377 f 106 042.86
d 1100012 e 10000012 f 111000012
16 a i 40 000 ii 40 000 iii 30 000
9 a 11012 b 101010012 c 169
10 a Odd. The binary number ends in 1, and all b i 200 ii 300 iii 200
numbers ending in a 1 are odd. c i 3000 ii 4000 iii 3000
b 910 c 1112 and 10112 17 a 70 b 800 c 1000
d 10102 e 4 f 100112 18 3.75
g 101002 h 11112 19 a 3600 b 103 330 c 200 d 15 000
20 11001002
Summary 21 12810
1 multiplication, division 22 100102, 100112, 101002
2 brackets, of, addition, subtraction 23 1110012
3 prime 4 factor 24 a 11002 b 100100002 c 14410
5 composite 6 multiple
7 squaring 8 square root
9 numerator, denominator
10 mixed number 11 proper Chapter 2 Positive and negative
12 greater 13 equivalent numbers
14 decimal points 15 estimation, up, down
Are you ready?
16 ten, two 17 decimal, binary
1 a 5>1 b 17 < 71 c 1 < 10
18 one 19 lots
2 a 0, 3, 5, 15, 120 b 42, 25, 24, 19, 4
Chapter review 3 b a c
1 a 2877 b 1554.5 c 45 288
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
d 55 175 e 2770 f 36 732
2 a 103 b 127 c 265 4 a 2 and 4 b 6 and 10
d 61 e 38 f 140 5 a 9 b 8 c 3
3 144 4 $666 666.67 6 a 19 b 12 c 1
5 a 31, 37, 41, 43, 47 7 a 5--6- b 11
------
35 12
5
c 4 -----
-
b iii 1, 2, 13, 26 5
iii 1, 2, 4 d ------
14
e 1 --12- 25
9
f 1 -----
-

iii 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15, 30 8 a 0.76 b 1.24 c 0.06

c iii 3 d 0.16 e 9.6 f 0.8
iii 15
iii 6 Exercise 2A — Integers on the number
d iii 6, 12, 18, 24 line
iii 11, 22, 33, 44 1 a −15 b +23 c −20 d −150
iii 20, 40, 60, 80 e +20 f +11 g −2 h +5
6 a 8 b 5 c 100 i +1 billion j +600 k –2 l +15
d 13 e 12 f 19 m –75% n –18 o –800 p –700
 725

answers
Answers

2 a Yes b Yes c No d No 7 y
e No f Yes g Yes h No 10
9 a
3 a T b T c F d T 8
e T f T g T h T 7
6
i F j T k F l T 5
4
4 a < b > c < d < 3 b c
e < f > g < h < 2
1
i > j < k > l < 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
5 a −8, −3, 0, 1, 2 b −38, −6, 0, 3, 5
c −21, −8, −4, −1, 4 a Square
6 a –7, –6, –5, –4, –3 b –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 b Right-angled triangle
c –9, –8, –7
7 a 5, 3, 0, −2, −5 b 2, −1, −9, −18, −20 c Parallelogram
c 33, 20, 10, −9, −22 Exercise 2C — Integers on the number
8 a −2, −4, −6 b −12, −15, −18 plane
c −8, −4, −2 1 a (3, 1); 1st quadrant b (−2, 4); 2nd quadrant
a d b c c (−6, −5); 3rd quadrant d (0, −3); y-axis
9
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
e (6, −6); 4th quadrant
2 a C; 2nd quadrant b L; y-axis
10 a D b E c A c D; 4th quadrant d E; 1st quadrant
11 a b e G; x-axis
0 2 4 6 5 6 7 3 a 3 b 3 c 7 d 0
4 a 2 b −6 c 0 d −3
c d 5 0 6 0 7 H 8 4
0 1 2 3 9 10 11
9 a T b T c T d F e F f T
10 a D b B c C
e f
8 9 10 11 12 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 11 y a Parallelogram
6 b Isosceles
g h 4
triangle
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 –8 –7–6 –5 –4 –3–2 a c Kite
2 d Square
i j
–2 –1 0 1 2 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 c
0 x
–6 –4 –2 d 2 4 6
k l –2
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 b
–4
12 a > 1 or ≥ 2 b < −1 or ≤ −2
c Between −8 and −4 d ≥ −20 –6
e Between −12 and −8 f ≤1
12 a (2, 1) b (1, −2) c Draw line DO
d (−3, 1), (−2, 1), (−1, 1) etc e (−5, −2)
Exercise 2B — Positive integers and
zero on the number plane 10 Quick Questions 1
1 a (3, 4) b (8, 4) c (4, 8) 1 False
d (0, 7) e (5, 0) f (3, 7) 2 True
2 a G b F c H 3 −10, −9, −8
d J e L f K 4 −15, −3, 0, 7, 10
3 The y-coordinate is 4 for both A and B. They are on 5 Integers between −6 and 1 or integers from −5 to 0
the same horizontal line or level. inclusive
4 D and G, A and M, B and H 6
5 y 6 A distorted star –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
8 7 C = (−2,−3), Quadrant 3
7 8 F
6 9 False
10 y The shape is a quadrilateral.
5
5
4 4
3
3 2
1
2 –5–4–3–2–1–1 1 2 3 4 5 x
–2
1 –3
–4
0
1 2 3 4
x –5
1J
➔

2C
answers 726 Answers

Exercise 2D — Addition of integers 7 a −8 b −6 c 10 d −7

1 a +1 + +2 = +3 b −2 + −3 = −5 e 3 f 1 g 9 h −25
c −2 + +3 = +1 i 5
2 a −4 + +4 = 0 b −1 + +3 = +2 8 a 3 b −10 c 7 d 6
c −2 + −4 = −6 d +2 + −4 = −2 e −5 f 15 g 15 h −11
e +6 + −4 = +2 f −1 + −3 = −4 i −1
3 a –1 9 −2°C
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 +1 +2 +3
10 12 m
b –1 Exercise 2F — Multiplication of integers
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 1 a −10 b −18 c −63
c 0 d −30 e 6 f 20
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 g 25 h 36 i 0
d +1 j 8 k 49 l Not possible
–2 –1 0 +1 +2 +3
m −24 n −10 o −30
e –2 p −54 q 200 r 36
s −8 t −3 u −1
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 +1
2 a −8, −8 b −6, −6 c −6, −6 d −20, −20
f –2
3 a −24 b 18 c −18 d −8
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 e 36 f 4 g 144 h 16
4 a 5 + −2 = 3 b −3 + −4 = −7 4 Odd index, negative result; even index, positive result
c −2 + 2 = 0 d 6 + −5 = 1 5 a 6p b −12t c 10b d 8a
e −5 + 5 = 0 f 4 + −6 = −2 e −15c f 14d g −12ab h 10xg
g −5 + 7 = 2 h 6 + −9 = −3 6 a 18 b −3 c −6 d 1
i −4 + 6 = 2 j 3 + −3 = 0 e −1 f 0 g −1 h 3
k −8 + −2 = −10 l 0 + −6 = −6 i −18
5 a −7 b −2 c 0 d −4 7 a −7 b 10 c −3 d 10
e 4 f −10 g 4 h −3 e 30 f −11 g 1 h −50
i −100 j 10 k 2 l −22 8 E
6 a b Even numbers; 9 −$15
+ –2 –1 0 1 2
doubles
–2 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 c Zeroes (addition of Exercise 2G — Division of integers
–1 –3 –2 –1 0 1 opposites) 1 a 4 b −4 c −4 d −4
0 –2 –1 0 1 2 d Yes e −3 f 2 g 9 h −8
e Discuss i −6 j 6 k 0 l −21
1 –1 0 1 2 3
m −92 n 25 o 67 p −43
2 0 1 2 3 4 q −71 r −56 s 0 t 12
7 u −3
+ –13 5 2 a −3 b 3 c −1
21 8 26 d 1 e −2 f 1 1--2-
–18 –31 –13
3 a 3 b 32 c −72
8 a 4 b −3 c 7°C d −11 e 0 f −16
d −1°C e −1 f −7 g 7 h −48 i 6
9 a −2 + −3 = −5 b −3 + 5 = 2 4 a B b A c D
c 5 + −6 = −1 d −50 + 63 = 13 5 a 2 b −3 c 1
e 3 + −5 = −2 f 1 + −6 = −5 d 1 e 9 f −3
g −50 + 26 = −24 h 200 + −350 = −150 g 4 h 1 i 4
10 B 6 8 flies
11 a to e Discuss
12 a 9 cm below the light switch Exercise 2H — Combined operations
b 34 cm 1 a −6 b 22 c −6
d 6 e −2 f −27
Exercise 2E — Subtraction of integers g 0 h −1 i 3
1 a −5 b −9, −3 c −5, −7 d +8, −1 j −18 k −40 l 35
2 a 2 b 10 c −10 d 2 2 a −19 b −1 c −2
e −9 f −10 g 0 h −4 d −9 e 0 f 21
i 3 j 10 k −14 l 0 g 2 h −5 i 9
3 a T b T c T d T j −3 k −7 l 32
4 a −10 b 13 c 3 d 12 3 a −20 b −1 c 32
e −16 f −17 g 23 h −12 d −36 e −68 f 12
5 a 1 b −11 c −7 d −9 e 6 f 12 g −54 h 5
6 a D b B 4 D
 727

answers
Answers

5 a −100 + 60 + −25 = −65 11 0

b 274 + 2 × −68 + 3 × 50 = 288 12 0
c 600 d 8 kg 13 K, G, H
e iii Melbourne 9 h ahead 14 a T b F c F
iii Singapore 6 h ahead d F e T f F
f iii Merlin: −3 × 10 = −30, 30 km west of bridge; 15 a (−2, 2) b (2, 2) c (−1, 1)
iii Morgan: −3 × −8 = 24, 24 km east of bridge
d ( --12- , 1) e (−1 --12- , −1 --12- ) f (− --14- , − --34- )
iii Merlin: 2 × 10 = 20, 20 km east of bridge;
iii Morgan: 2 × −8 = −16, 16 km west of bridge g (2, −2 1--4- )
iii 36 km
iv 72 km
Exercise 2J — Directed number
10 Quick Questions 2 operations — fractions
1 Integers from −4 to 2 inclusive or integers between 1 a − 2--5- b − 8--8- or −1 c − 1--4-
−5 and 3
2 d − 5--6- e 1
---
8
f − 5--6-
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1
1 5
3 (−2,1) second quadrant g − -----
10
- h ------
12
i −4 --14-
4 W
5 12, 5, 0, −4, −11 j − 14
------
15
k −5 5--6- l 4 17
------
20
6 −54, −45, −36, −27, −18, −9
2 a − --14- b − --56- 11
c − -----
-
7 Possible solution: Bill has a bank account with $4 in 15
it. He withdraws $5 and owes $1. 7
d − -----
- e − 3--4- 4
f −2 -----
-
20 15
8 Possible solution: −7 − 3 − 1 = −11
9 −72 3 a − --16- b 3
------
20
c −4 --23- d − --14-
10 10
e − 5--8- f − 1--4- g −1 5--9- h 2 3--4-
Exercise 2I — Graphical representation
of directed numbers i −2
1 a T b T c T d T e T 4 a − 2--5- b − 8--9- c 7
---
8
d − 3--8-
f T g F h F i T j T
e − --16- 3
f − -----
10
- g 4 --12- h −2 --25-
2 a b
–4 –3 –3 –2 8
i − -----
-
35
11 3
c d 5 a − -----
15
- b −2 -----
16
- c 0
–5 –4 6 7
d 1 11
------
21
e −8 5--6- 17
4
f 1 -----
-
e f
–2 –1 0 1 –2 –1 0 1
Exercise 2K — Directed number
g h operations — decimals
–7 –6 –5 –4 2 3 1 a −0.9 b −0.7 c −0.57
d −0.991 e 7.606 f 0.6343
i j 2 a −0.7 b −1.32 c 3.4
–2 –1 2 3 4
d −4.3 e −2.55 f −0.818
3 a x > −1 1--2- b x ≤ 6 3--4- 3 a −0.06 b −0.72 c 0.024
d 0.36 e 0.09 f −0.16
c −7 1--2- < x ≤ −6 1--3- d x< 2
---
3 g −2000 h 0.008 i 0.0025
j −0.294 k −1.6 l 0.1296
e x ≥ −4 --25- f 10 --34- ≤ x < 11 --34-
4 a −42 b −0.3 c 0.135
g x > −8.7 h −2 1--2- < x < 2
--- d −30 e −0.7 f 400
3
g −0.06 h −9000 i 0.000 05
4 a −4 1--2- , −3, 0, 5.8, 6 b −4.2, −1, − 3--4- , 1 1--2- , 3 2--3- j −5 k 36 l 45
c −8.6, −6.8, − 2--3- , 0, 1
---
4 Maths Quest challenge (page 91)
5 a (0.2, 0.4); 1 b (1, 0.6); 1 c (0, 0.7); y 1 a Example: −9 and 4. Many other answers possible.
d (0.6, −0.4); 4 e (−0.4, −0.8); 3 b Example: 6 and −2. Many other answers possible.
6 a F, 3 b D, 2 c J, 1 c No possible numbers. Two numbers with a sum of
d E, x e H, 4 f K, 4 zero are opposites, for example, 3 and −3. The
7 a 0.2 b 0.2 c 0.2 product of opposites is always negative.
8 a −0.4 b −0.4 c −0.4 2 a 16 × 5 + 3 × −2 + 1 × 0 = 74
9 On the same vertical line b 14 incorrect answers gives a score of 2. Any more
10 On the same horizontal line than this, such as 15, gives a negative score. 2D
➔

2K
answers 728 Answers

Summary Chapter 3 Set notation and

1 positive, direction theory
2 opposite, right
3 greater Are you ready?
4 between 1 a iii 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19
5 descending iii 1, 9
6 horizontal, vertical, origin, quadrants, coordinates iii 3, 9, 15, 21, 27
7 integers, decimals b iii 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20
8 different, same iii 4, 16
iii 6, 12, 18, 24
Chapter review 2 a 5, 7, 9 b Not possible c Not possible
1 a No b No c Yes d Yes 3 a 1, 4, 9, 16 b 1, 4, 9, 16 c 9
2 a < b < c > d < 4 a 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 b 9
3 −20, −19, −18, −17, −16 c 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27
4 2, 0, −3, −15 5 a 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19 b None
5 a < 1 or ≤ 0 b Between −6 and −3 c 3
c > −12 or ≥ −11 6 a 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 b 1, 4
6 a b c 3, 6, 12
–7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –3 –2 –1 0 7 a 1, 8 b 1 c 27
c 8 a 1, 4, 9, 16 b 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18
–6 –5 –4 –3 c 9 d 9
7 a Both axes b y-axis
Exercise 3A — Introducing sets
c x-axis d First quadrant
1 elements, braces, unit, null, empty, listed, described,
8 y
(1, 3)
Parallelogram set builder
(–2, 3) 3
2 a Described b Listed c Described
2
d Described e Described f Listed
1 g Listed h Listed i Listed
x j Described k Described l Described
–2 –1 0 1 2 m Listed n Listed o Described
–1
p Described q Listed r Listed
–2 3 a {odd numbers greater than or equal to 1}
(–1, –2) (2, –2)
–3 b {vowels of the English alphabet}
c {days of the week beginning with T}
9 a Second b Fourth c Third
d {first four perfect square numbers}
d y-axis e x-axis f First
e {states of Australia}
10 a −5 b −17 c 8 d 6
f {letters of the word mathematics}
11 a −2 b 7 c 1 d 2 e 0
g {integers ranging from −3 to 3}
12 3 + −2 + 4 + −1 = 4
h {compass directions}
The snail is 4 cm from the bottom of the bucket.
i {characters of The Simpsons}
13 a −8 b 26 c 3 d −2
j {musical instruments}
14 a −42 b −32 c 10 d 64
k {board games}
15 a −12 b 3 c −5 d 9
l {picture cards in a standard deck of cards}
16 a −2 b −11 c 27 d −8
m {laboratory equipment}
e 81 f 5 g −20 h –12
n {metric units of length}
i 12
o {the colours of traffic lights}
17 −52 + 3 × 15 = −7
p {baby animals}
18 0, 1.2, 2.4
4 a {January, February, March, … , December}
19 a x ≤ 10 4--5- (or 10.8) b −3.9 ≤ x < −3.2 b {5c, 10c, 20c, 50c, $1}
c {triangle, quadrilateral, pentagon, hexagon}
20 d {t}
–3 –2 x
e {} or ∅
21 a (2, 1); 1st quadrant b (−1 1--2- , −2); 3rd quadrant f {y, z}
c (0, 1 --12- ); y-axis g {2, 4, 6, 8, …, 48}
h {1, 8, 27, 64}
22 a E b D c F i {60}
23 (−1 --12- , −1) j {June, July, August}
5 d is a unit set because it contains only one element
24 ( 1--2- , 1) e is a null set because it contains no elements
1 3 5 6 a {n: n is an odd number greater than or equal to 1}
25 a −1 -----
- b −1 -----
- c − -----
- d 7 1--3-
15 10 16 b {v: v is a vowel of the English alphabet}
26 a −0.577 b −4.17 c −0.032 d 2.04 c {t: t is a day of the week beginning with T}
 729

answers
Answers

d {s: s is a square of the first four counting numbers} Since C is contained in A, A is a superset of C; that
e {a: a is a state of Australia} is, A ⊃ C.
f {l: l is a letter of the word mathematics} Since C is contained in B, B is a superset of C; that
g {i: i is an integer ranging from −3 to 3} is, B ⊃ C.
h {c: c is a compass bearing} 5 a Each of the elements contained in T is also
i {s: s is a character from The Simpsons} contained in S; therefore, T ⊂ S.
j {m: m is a musical instrument} Each of the elements contained in U is also
k {b: b is a board game} contained in S; therefore, U ⊂ S.
l {p: p is a picture card in a standard deck of cards} b Since T is contained in S, S is a superset of T; that
m {l: l is a piece of laboratory equipment} is, S ⊃ T.
n {m: m is a metric unit of length} Since U is contained in S, S is a superset of U; that
o {l: l is the colour of the traffic lights} is, S ⊃ U.
p {b: b is a baby animal} 6 a iii K = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …}
7 a {} or ∅ b {e, l, m, n, t} iii L = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
c {m, x} d {21, 22, 23, … , 29} iii M = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11}
e {April, August} f {7} iv N = {2, 5}
g {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} h {2} b L, M or N c K d N
i {bus, tram, train} j {0, 1} e No f Yes
8 a True b True c False d True 7 a As a square number must have a factor other than
e False f True g True h True 1 and itself, it cannot be prime; therefore, A and B
i False j False are disjoint sets.
9 a, c, h, i b Sets A and C overlap because they have a common
10 a {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14} element; that is, 2 is a prime number as well as a
b {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13} factor of 16. Sets B and C overlap because they
c {1, 4, 9} have common elements; that is, 4 and 16 are both
d {1, 8} square numbers and factors of 16.
e {1} 8 a Sheet music is neither a musical instrument nor
f {1, 3} part of the percussion group; therefore, sets D and
g {5, 10, 15} F and sets E and F are disjoint sets.
h {8, 10, 12} b Percussion refers to a particular set of musical
i {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12} instruments; therefore, sets D and E are examples
j {2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15} of overlapping sets.
11 a {first aid equipment} b {tourists} 9 a Q and R b P or S
c {animals in the zoo} d {herbs and spices} c As all consonants are letters of the alphabet, Q
overlaps P.
Exercise 3B — Some special sets d Letters i, o and a overlap between both sets.
1 a i Infinite ii Infinite 10 a The complement set, P′, contains all the elements
b i 5 ii Finite that are not in set P.
c i 4 ii Finite Therefore, P′ = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}.
d i 6 ii Finite b The complement set, Q′, contains all the elements
e i 2 ii Finite that are not in set Q.
f i 3 ii Finite Therefore, Q′ = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10}.
g i 4 ii Finite 11 a ξ = {m, a, t, h, e, i, c, s}
h i 7 ii Finite b V = {a, e, i}
i i 4 ii Finite c V′ = {m, t, h, c, s}
j i 5 ii Finite d C′ = {a, e, i}
2 a {3, 6, 9} b {1, 2, 3, 4} c {8, 10} e V = C′ (They are the same.)
d {1, 2, 4, 8} e {} f V′ and C are actually the same set, so they overlap
f {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} g {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} completely.
h {4, 8} i {1, 4, 9} 12 a A ↔ B since each set contains 4 elements.
3 a iii {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} iii {−5, −3, −1, 1, 3, 5} A ↔ C since each set contains 4 elements.
iii {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4}iv {} B ↔ C since each set contains 4 elements.
b i 5 ii 6 iii 7 iv 0 b A = C since the 4 elements in each set are the
c i Finite ii Finite iii Finite iv Finite same.
4 a Each of the elements contained in B is also 13 a = b ↔ c ↔ d ↔
contained in A; therefore, B ⊂ A. e ↔⁄ f = g ↔⁄ h =
Each of the elements contained in C is also 14 a True b True c True
contained in A; therefore, C ⊂ A. d True e False f True
Each of the elements contained in C is also g False h True i True
contained in B; therefore, C ⊂ B. j False k False l True
b Since B is contained in A, A is a superset of B; that 15 a B b W c {1, 2, 3}
is, A ⊃ B. d H e W f {primes} 3A
➔

3B
answers 730 Answers

16 a True b False c True iii {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7} iv {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}

d False e False f True iv {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
g True h True i True c iii {1, 2, 3} iii {2, 3, 4}
j False k True l True iii {1, 2, 3, 4} iv {1, 2, 3, 4}
17 a ii P(X) = {{∅}, {x}, {y}, {z}, {x, y}, {x, z}, {y, z}, iv {1, 2, 3, 4}
ii {x, y, z}} 11 {5}
ii 8 12 a
b ii P(Y) = {{∅}, {♣}, {♦}, {♥}, {♠}, {♣, ♦}, Tyre A Tyre B
ii {♣, ♥}, {♣, ♠}, {♦, ♥}, {♦, ♠}, {♥, ♠}, 496
894 588
ii {♣, ♦, ♥}, {♣, ♦, ♠}, {♣, ♥, ♠},{♦, ♥, ♠},
ii {♣, ♦, ♥, ♠}} 222
ii 16 b iii 894 ii 588 iii 222
c ii P(Z) = {{∅}, {1}, {2}, {3}, {4}, {5}, {1, 2}, 13 a iii
ii {1, 3}, {1, 4}, {1, 5}, {2, 3}, {2, 4}, {2, 5}, Tennis
ii {3, 4}, {3, 5}, {4, 5}, {1, 2, 3}, {1, 2, 4}, Volleyball 6
8 10
ii {1, 2, 5}, {1, 3, 4}, {1, 3, 5}, {1, 4, 5}, 10 22
ii {2, 3, 4}, {2, 3, 5}, {2, 4, 5}, {3, 4, 5}, Walking
ii {1, 2, 3, 4}, {1, 2, 3, 5}, {1, 2, 4, 5},
ii {1, 3, 4, 5}, {2, 3, 4, 5}, {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}} ii
Tennis
ii 32 Volleyball 6
18 E 8 10
10 22
Exercise 3C — Venn diagrams Walking
1 2 iii
B A V H Tennis
13 10 12 a h
Volleyball 6
15 14 16 i 8
17 19
e g 10 10 22
18 20 f
11 j b c d Walking
3 4 March April May
b iii 16 ii 0
S J W
P E c iii 32 ii 24
JuneJuly
January

December
3 2 4 6 August
d 56
5 8 10 February
7 9
November
14 a b 11
1 September
October
A B
5 6 3
6 2
V Wd C O M E
a p n f 1 7 3 6 2 4
e c k b
i o g h 5 11 9 12 8 10
l
m j 13 14
15 a N = {6, 22 = 4, 16, 36}
J = {6, 0, –8, 22 = 4, 16, – 6--3- = –2,– 144 = –12,
7 a 36}
1 1 2 1
A C B Q = { -----
- , 6, --- , 0, –8, 2 = 4, 0.21, 16, – --- ,
a c k m 11 4 5
o s
i e w y
g
u q – --63- = –2, 2.85, 5.2, 0.75, 1.23, – 144 = –12, 36}

b iii {a, e, i, o, u} iii {c, g, s} R={ 5, 17 , 8}

iii {a, c, e, g, i, o, s, u} iv {c, a, g, e, s} b Q 0.75 1
1.23
8 a {15} J–12 11 41
b {10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20} N 0–8 0.21 R
4 –1
c {11, 13, 17, 19} 6 36 –2 5 17
16 5
2.85
d {10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20} 8
5.2
e {10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20}
f {11, 13, 15, 17, 19} 10 Quick Questions 1
9 a iii {2} iii {4} iii {} or ∅ 1 Set builder notation
iv {} or ∅ iv {} or ∅ 2 False
b iii {3, 4} iii {3, 6} iii {2, 3} 3 Infinite
iv {3} iv {3} 4 {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24}
c iii {3} iii {3} iii {2, 3} 5 C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} and
iv {3} iv {3} P = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11}. The element 11 in the set P is
10 a iii {1, 2, 4, 5} iii {2, 3, 4, 5} not an element of C, so P is not a subset of C.
iii {1, 2, 3, 4} iv {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} 6 8
iv {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} 7 Sets C and V are disjoint.
b iii {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} iii {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} 8 N′ = {2, 4, 6, 8}
 731

answers
Answers

9 1 4 8
7 a 29 b 4 c 5
P M 10
d 8 e Hot and spicy f 17
2 5
3 12 8 a 983 b 269 c 286
9
7 6 d 610 e pool f 593
11
9 E
10 C
10 {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9}
Exercise 3E — Tree diagrams
Exercise 3D — Karnaugh maps 1 a i W C ∩ W = {d}
1 C
Y Y′ W' C ∩ W' = {b, c, f, g, h, j}
X X∩Y X ∩ Y′ W V ∩ W = {e}
V
X′ X′ ∩ Y X′ ∩ Y′ W' V ∩ W' = {a}

2 ii Sets C and V are disjoint. Set W overlaps both

Q Q′ Total set C and set V.
b i S O ∩ S = {1, 9}
P 326 38 364
O
P′ 27 25 52 S' O ∩ S ' = {3, 5, 7}

S E ∩ S = {4}
Total 353 63 416
E
S' E ∩ S' = {2, 6, 8, 10}
3 a
C S
ii Sets O and E are disjoint. Set S overlaps both set
12 O and set E.
60 13
15 c i P {2, 3, 5, 7}

C {4, 6, 8, 9, 10}
b
S S′ Total N {1}

C 12 60 72 ii Sets P, C and N are disjoint.

d i
C′ 13 15 28 E {2, 4, 16}

Total 25 75 100
O {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 17, 19}
4 a
A B
ii Sets O and E are disjoint.
62 e i B V ∩ B = {e}
184 98
156
V
B' V ∩ B' = {a, i}
ξ
b B C ∩ B = {b, d}
B B′ Total
C
B' C ∩ B' = {c, f, g, h, j}
A 62 184 246
ii Sets V and C are disjoint. Set B overlaps both set
A′ 98 156 254 V and set C.
f i F O ∩ F = {1, 3}
Total 160 340 500
O
F' O ∩ F' = {5, 7, 9}
5 ξ
Y Y′ Total
F' E ∩ F = {2, 4, 6}
X 29 33 62 E
F' E ∩ F' = {8, 10}
X′ 88 24 112 ii Sets O and E are disjoint. Set F overlaps both
Set O and Set E.
Total 117 57 174 2 24
3 27
6 a 500 b 250 c 275 4 21
d 50 e 75 f 200 5 4 3C
➔

3E
answers 732 Answers

6 a 58 G I ∩ G = 58 c All squares are rectangles.

d Some polygons are quadrilaterals.
136 I
78
G' I ∩ G' = 78 e No quadrilaterals are circles.
f All rectangles are polygons.
35 G I ' ∩ G = 35 4 a No plants are animals.
53
I' b All ants are insects.
18 G' I ' ∩ G' = 18
c All pigs are animals.
Total = 189 d No odd numbers are even numbers.
e Some prime numbers are even numbers.
b i 78 ii 35 iii 18 f No vowels are consonants.
7 a 372 B A ∩ B = 372 5 a All animals are warm-blooded.
A b All whales are mammals.
488
116
B' A ∩ B' = 116 c All whales are warm-blooded.
6 The conclusion is valid because C is a subset of P.
161 B A' ∩ B = 161
388 ξ
A'
227 B' A' ∩ B' = 227 T P
C
b i 116 ii 161 iii 227
8 D
9 B
10 C 7 The conclusion is invalid because S is not a subset
11 C of F. ξ
A

10 Quick Questions 2 F S
1 100
2 26
3 22
4 15 8 The conclusion is valid because C and H are disjoint
5 Raspberry twist sets. ξ
6
F
P R C H
26
15 37
22

9 The conclusion is valid because x is an element of T.

7 ξ = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18}, E = {6, 12, 18}, ξ
O = {3, 9, 15}, N = {9, 18}
T
8 P
x
E N O
3
6 18 9
12 15
10
T
9 N E ∩ N = {18}
W S
x
E
N' E ∩ N ' = {6, 12}

N O ∩ N = {9}
O
The Venn diagram is incomplete because the
N' O ∩ N ' = {3, 15} relationship between W and S is unclear. There are a
10 12 different varieties few possibilities, as can be seen by the 3 different
dotted circles.
Exercise 3F — Logic The conclusion is invalid as it is not clear whether
1 a False b True c True W and S overlap.
d True e False f False
2 a All cats are animals. Exercise 3G — Truth functions
b No dog is a cat. 1 a 1 b 1
c Some animals are four-legged. 2 a 0 b 1
d No bird is four-legged. 3 0
e Some animals are two-legged. 4 1
f All birds are animals. 5 a Tom has a biro and Chris has a pencil.
3 a No circles are polygons. b Tom has a biro or Chris has a pencil.
b Some rectangles are squares. c Tom does not have a biro or Chris has a pencil.
 733

answers
Answers

6 a Jan went to the skating rink and Pat went to work. 9 a {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} b {4}
b Jan went to the skating rink or Pat did not go to c {1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10} d {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10}
work. e {1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9}
c Jan did not go to the skating rink and Pat did not f {1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
go work. 10
7 E E′ Total
p q p ∧ ¬q
D 29 76 105
T T F
D′ 34 16 50
T F T
Total 63 92 155
F T F
11 a ξ
F F F
H X
8 72 39 45
p q ¬p ∨ ¬q
12

T T F
b
X X′ Total
T F T
H 39 72 111
F T T
H′ 45 12 57
F F T
9 C Total 84 84 168
10 D 12 a 850 b 154 c 390 d 382 e Ford
Summary 13 a L V ∩ L: {o}
1 braces, elements 2 once, order V
3 null, unit L' V ∩ L' : {a, e, i, u}
4 listed, described, set builder ξ
L C ∩ L: {b, k}
5 finite, infinite 6 cardinal
} }
C
7 universal 8 subset L' c, d, f, g, h, j, l, m, n,
C ∩ L' : p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z
9 disjoint, overlapping 10 complement
11 Equal, equivalent 12 Venn b Sets C and V are disjoint. Set L overlaps both set C
13 ξ, ∩, ∪ 14 Karnaugh and set V.
15 tree 14 36 different combinations are possible.
16 premises, conclusion, all, none, some 15 a All fish have scales
17 AND, OR, NOT 18 p, q, ∧, ∨, ¬, →, ↔ b No bears have scales
c Some animals have scales
Chapter review
16 a All polygons have straight sides
1 a Described b Listed c Set builder
b All triangles are polygons
2 a False b True c False
c All triangles have straight sides
3 a 1 b 0 c 4
d S ξ
4 a Infinite b Finite c Finite
P
5 a 21 b 8 c 9
6 a C = {1, 2, 3, 4, … , 10} T

F = {1, 3, 5, 15}
M = {15, 30, 45, …}
E = {2, 4, 6} e The conclusion is valid because {triangles} (T) is
b E a subset of {straight lines} (S).
c Sets F and E are disjoint sets. 17 The output is 1.
d Sets F and M are overlapping sets. 18
p q ¬ p ∧ ¬q
7 a 3
b S′ = {2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10} T T F
c Sets S and E are overlapping sets.
8 ξ T F F
S E
2 6 3 F T F
1 4
9 8 5
10
7
F F T 3F
➔

3G
answers 734 Answers

Chapter 4 Percentages 11 a 17
---------
100
b 83
---------
100
c 17
Are you ready? 12 Less than 1
---
1 8 2
1 a ---
4
b ------
25
7
13 a -----
- b 81
--------- c 17
------ d 187
---------
27 167 20 100 20 200
2 a ------
10
b ---------
20

3 a 80
--------- b 48
--------- Maths Quest challenge (page 159)
100 100
1 61.2 km/h
4 a 75 b 87 1--2- 2 6 days
5 a 137.5 b 2 3 105 jackets
6 a 17 1--2- b 183 Exercise 4B — Percentages as decimals
7 a 2 b 6 1 a 0.36 b 0.14 c 0.19
8 a $23.50 b $207.90 d 0.28 e 0.73 f 0.92
g 0.66 h 0.59 i 0.11
Exercise 4A — Percentages as fractions j 0.99 k 0.09 l 0.07
1 a 17
--------- b 29
--------- c 81
--------- d 79
--------- e 99
---------
m 0.04 n 0.01 o 0.25
100 100 100 100 100 p 2.00 q 1.5 r 3.6
43 3 19 67 33 2 a 0.123 b 0.316 c 0.592
f ---------
100
g ---------
100
h ---------
100
i ---------
100
j ---------
100
d 0.849 e 0.376 f 0.421
9 189 243 127 353
k ---------
100
l ---------
100
m --------
100
- n ---------
100
o ---------
100 g 0.219 h 0.169 i 0.107
1 4 1 j 0.111 k 0.031 l 0.046
2 a --- b --- c ---
2 5 4 m 0.092 n 0.059 o 0.068
d 7
------ e 3
--- f 17
------ p 0.088 q 0.1425 r 0.3175
20 5 20
s 0.2355 t 0.4575 u 0.0005
1 9 49
g ------
10
h ------
20
i ------
50
v 0.0102 w 0.0401 x 0.0002
3 1 14
3 a B b C c A d D
j ------ k ------ l ------
17
25 20 25 4 a --------
100
- b 0.17
m 37
------ n 1
------
1
o 1 -----
-
1
50 50 10 5 a ------------
2000
b 0.0005
p 1 1--2- q 9
------
10
r 1 4--5- 6 0.0285 7 2.18 8 0.138 9 0.0835
2 5 3
s ---
1
=2 t ---
1
=5 u 1 -----
25
- Exercise 4C — Fractions to percentages
3 a 1
--------- b 1
--------- c 3
---------
1 a 21% b 48% c 9%
200 500 400 d 93% e 28% f 72%
d 1
--------- e 1
------------ f 1
--------- g 16% h 80% i 12%
150 1000 160
j 60% k 40% l 24%
3 33 3
g ---------
550
h ---------
400
i ------
80 m 10% n 35% o 5%
31 29 57 p 20% q 80% r 20%
j ---------
150
k ---------
300
l ---------
400 s 40% t 80% u 70%
241
m --------
- n 31
--------- o 9
------ v 65% w 30% x 60%
400 200 40
2 a 50% b 25% c 60%
14 83 7 d 25% e 40% f 20%
p ---------
125
q ---------
800
r ------
60
101 41 1
g 50% h 50% i 75%
s 1 --------
200
- t 1 --------
200
- u ---
3 j 80% k 10% l 20%
4 a 7
--------- b 9
--------- c 59
--------- 3 a 33 1--3- % b 16 2--3- % c 22 2--9- %
200 125 500

d 197
------------ e 81
--------- f 143
--------- d 44 4--9- % 11
3
e 27 -----
-% f 46 2--3- %
1000 250 200

g 629
------------ h 31
--------- i 87
------------ g 55 5--9- % h 56 1--4- % i 91 2--3- %
1000 200 1000

j 81
--------- k 283
------------ l 13
------ j 87 --12- % 13
9
k 7 -----
-%
14
l 58 -----
17
-%
500 1000 80
2069
m -----------
- n 5799
---------------- o 1079
------------ m 14 2--7- % n 83 1--3- % o 66 2--3- %
5000 10 000 1250
907 243 1 4 a D b B c A d E
p ------------
5000
q ------------
2000
r ------------
2000
5 3--4- %, 12.5%, 15%, 25%, 50%, 85%, 94%
5 a B b E c C d D
20 1 35 7 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
- =
6 -------- --- 7 --------- = ------
100 5 100 20 3 125
---
4
%, ------------
1000
, 15%, 1--4- , 1
---
2
, 85
---------
100
, 94
---------
100
45 9 8
8 --------- = ------ 9 32% are girls, ------
100 20 25 6 20% 7 32% 8 7.5% 9 58%
2 23 4 3
10 a ------
25
b ------
25
c 8 people 10 30% 11 40% 12 36 -----
11
-% 13 52 -----
11
-%
 735

answers
Answers

10 Quick Questions 1 5 210 students 6 1 person

1 21
------
1
= 2 -----
- 2 87
---------
7 a 80% b 1600 people
10 10 800 8 a $17.10 b $587.10
33
3 ---------
200
4 True 9 $1 600 000 10 $12 000
7
11 47 species 12 600 000 people
5 0.143 6 ---------
125 13 a Peter calculated 35% of 80 mL rather than
7 40% 8 66 --23- % 800 mL.
b 280 mL
9 33 1--3- % 10 False
Exercise 4F — Finding percentages of
Exercise 4D — Decimals to percentages an amount using decimals
1 a 45% b 32% c 56% d 68% e 90% 1 a 4 b 18 c 4
f 84% g 12% h 8% i 2% j 10% d 5 e 7 f 41
k 99% l 5% m 29% n 9% o 19% g 37 h 5 i 144
p 10.5% q 0.1% r 6.7% j 40.5 k 50.4 l 372
2 a 30% b 80% c 90% m 4.5 n 254.4 o 22
d 10% e 0.2% f 0.7% p 3.5 q 236 r 12.48
g 0.5% h 0.9% i 132% 2 a 7.2 b 1.74 c 23.529
j 150% k 865% l 205% d 2.196 e 12.127 f 11.088
m 450% n 0.015% o 200% g 11.723 h 17.766 i 1.072
p 1000% q 500% r 10 000% j 66.528 k 32.708 l 324.159
3 a D b A c E d C m 268.763 n 110.1375 o 1.243 75
4 70% 5 40% 6 43% 7 3.1% 3 a 0.464 b 2.816 c 5.264
8 d 22.407 e 2.720 f 17.424
Directed numbers test g 3.8775 h 30.6037 i 11.8335
Student name j 286 k 4423.5 l 932.4
Mark Percentage m 38.2655 n 13.665 75 o 88.2
4 a B b E c D d C
Mandy Adams 0.86 86
5 73 days
Sandra Bazumik 0.72 72 6 a 18 adults b 1 adult
7 8 houses 8 38 workers
Malcolm Boncev 0.64 64
9 a 12 houses b 11 houses
James Callan 0.91 91 10 2 women
Kate D’Arpa 0.79 79 10 Quick Questions 2
11
Louise Edmonds 0.92 92 1 ------
50
2 26

Chris Edwards 0.95 95 3 True 4 43%

5 B 6 20%
Thomas Evancik 0.10 10 7 57.2 8 $90
9 110 days 10 45 telephone booths
Jessie Farmer 0.88 88
Mia Yazzett 0.46 46 Exercise 4G — One amount as a
percentage of another
Exercise 4E — Finding percentages of 1 a 20% b 25% c 50% d 10%
an amount using fractions e 40% f 5% g 25% h 80%
1 a 180 b 4 c 60 d 18 e 45 i 60% j 32% k 40% l 20%
f 12 g 1 1--2- h 44 i 10 1--2- j 78 m 20% n 5% o 20% p 25%
2 a 31 1--2- % b 6 1--4- %
2 a 10 b 16 c 3
d 3 e 18 f 93 c 7 1--2- % d 6 2--5- %
g 6 h 6 i 28
j 77 k 39 l 63 e 20 --23- % f 66 --23- %
m 4000 n 66 o 17
p 42 q 95 r 190 g 87 1--2- % h 28 4--7- %
s 55 t 12 u 25 7
i 13 -----
-% j 66 --23- %
11
3 a 3 --35- b 4 --45- 7
c 7 -----
10
- d 9 --35- e 18 --12-
3 a 36 2--3- % b 26 2--3- %
f 13 1--5- 9
g 1 -----
10
- h 24 3--4- 1
i 11 -----
10
- j 70 2--5-
c 13 1--3- % d 7 1--7- %
9
k 58 -----
- l 20 4--5- m 14 2--5- n 98 2--5- o 16 1--5-
4 a A
10
b D c E d E
e 22 2--9- % f 83 1--3- % 4A
➔

4G
answers 736 Answers

g 42 6--7- % h 88 8--9- % Exercise 4I — Finding percentages

using a calculator
i 25 5--7- % j 71 3--7- % 1 a 60% b 82% c 29% d 31%
4 a 17% b 33% e 95% f 68% g 90% h 87%
c 56% d 63% i 78% j 78% k 91% l 76%
e 11% f 9% 2 90% 3 69% 4 40%
g 83% h 78% 5 a 73% b 27%
i 18% j 12% 6 a C b E
7 a 5.4 b 70.2 c 90.2
5 a 10% b 3 --13- % c 12 --12- % d 11.7 e 52.48 f 5.88
g 11.04 h 121.68 i 12.93
d 28 4--7- % e 25% f 1 1--4- %
j 1.03 k 313.28 l 6.86
6 70% 7 60% m 4.25 n 15.41 o 0.80
8 a $5 b 33 1--3- % p 116.21 q 2.12 r 13.85
8 168 770 males 9 135 students
9 a D b A c B d E 10 682 902 families
10 a i 10% ii 14% iii 12% 11 a 66% b 95 700
b 36% c 64% 12
11 62 1--2- % 12 6 2--3- % % of Number of
13 a 20 km/h b 16 --23- % Sport population people

14 a 42 6--7- % b 28 4--7- % c 71 3--7- % d 28 4--7- % Aerobics 4.1 832 676

3
15 27 -----
-% Golf 3.2 649 894
11
16 a Tennis 1.9 382 000
Measure- Netball 2.3 467 111
Topic Probability ment Algebra Equations Geometry
Lawn bowls 1.3 272 000
15 13 27 70 95
Score ------
20
------
15
------
30
------
80
---------
100
Swimming 1.3 256 900
Percentage 75 87 90 88 95
Basketball 1.8 365 565
b Geometry c 87% Cricket (outdoor) 0.9 186 000

Martial arts 0.8 165 200

Exercise 4H — Applications of Tenpin bowling 1.2 243 710

percentages
1 a $15 b $6 c $5.40 Exercise 4J — Common percentages
d $4.20 e $14.00 f $15.45 and short cuts
g $1.45 h $58.80 i $25.75 1 a $1.00 b $1.80 c $4.50
j $4465 k $234.60 l $5.15 d $8.10 e $15.00 f $11.20
m $96 n $1.15 o $0.75 g $9.30 h $7.90 i $4.70
p $5.75 j $2.20 k $1.65 l $1.70
2 a $43.45 b $246.05 m $1.25 n $0.15 o $3.30
3 $111.20 4 $80.75 5 $12.50 p $4.80 q $8.15 r $19.25
6 $81.60 7 $60.10 s $50.70 t $462.00 u $192.60
8 a $18 b $48 v $304.15 w $721.95 x $200.00
9 a $5.50 b 55% 2 a $1.50 b $5.10 c $1.70
10 a $200 b 10% d $0.90 e $13.70 f $17.20
g $0.45 h $0.65 i $0.80
11 a 5 kg b 5 5--9- % or 5.6% j $3.90 k $7.50 l $1.40
12 a $45 000 b 24 12
------ % or 24.3%
m $10.30 n $6.80 o $4.30
37 p $51.80 q $30.50 r $62.85
13 a $39 b $7.50 s $10.05 t $20.70
c $510 d $1914 3 a $0.40 b $0.30 c $0.10
14 Shirt $80 $60 d $0.10 e $7.00 f $4.05
Pants $110 $82.50 g $2.10 h $0.55 i $12.15
Jeans $95 $71.25 j $15.25 k $50 l $32.15
T-shirt $15 $11.25 m $5.15 n $1.60 o $0.30
 737

answers
Answers

4 a $4.30 b $8.45 c $1.65 12 270 children

d $0.65 e $14.80 f $0.20 13 1 425 000 km2
g $0.15 h $3.30 i $27.15 14 a 60% b 30% c 40% d 40%
j $52.35 k $247.40 l $1013.80 e 33 --13- % f 12 --12- % g 46 --23- % h 87 --12- %
5 a $1.80 b $1.20 c $3.00
d $9.00 e $7.50 f $11.25 i 7 1--7- % j 11 1--9- %
g $22.50 h $55.00 i $4.50
15 a 5 b 3.72 c 2.25 d 6.9
j $7.50 k $14.25 l $30.65
e 19.26 f 38.76 g 6.12 h 40.6926
6 a $2.70 b $7.15 c $5.75
16 3% 17 8% 18 $50.85 19 $11 600
d $6.05 e $0.05 f $0.10
20 a 27% b 72% c 57% d 65%
g $0.15 h $0.15 i $0.20
e 68% f 57% g 74% h 90%
j $0.80 k $0.20 l $4.30
21 50.6%
m $0.05 n $0.05 o $0.10
22 a 2.94 b 30.55 c 31.68 d 127.75
p $0.00 q $0.00 r $12.65
e 12.68 f 14.99 g 9.29 h 8.95
7 a $1.30 b $10.50 c $3.30
23 417 432.428 ≈ 417 432 people
d $0.65 e $2.40 f $2.20
g $1.80 h $73.50 i $18.00 24 a $6.30 b $4.20 c $10.50
j $1.55 k $1.05 l $2.05 d $21.60 e $0.35 f $4.25
m $32.20 n $4.80 o $1.60 g $11.85 h $212.60
p $0.45 q $14.40 r $492 25 a $0.40 b $1.05 c $3.20 d $5.20
8 a D b B c E d C e $1.75 f $2.60 g $10.30 h $3.85
9 $855 10 54 000 residents 26 a $0.15 b $0.30 c $5.05 d $27.00
11 a $322.50 b $152.30 e $48.40 f $11.60 g $2.95 h $2.95
12 110 students 13 27.9 seconds
14 a 2 people b 38 people
15 a 13 608 people b 17 820 people Chapter 5 Algebra
Maths Quest challenge (page 192) Are you ready?
1 20 years old 2 $0.80 3 8.2 kg 1 a M−C b $2B c XY
4 50 years old 5 9 years old, 90 years old d H + 12 e 10D cents
2 a 15 b 6 c –39
Summary 3 a 12 b 18
1 one hundred 2 simplify 4 a –18 b 25 c –52 d 8
3 two 4 multiply 5 a 7g b 6y c 3gy
5 of 6 Discount d x + 11 e 15g + 17 f 4h + 4t
7 one, left 8 10% 6 a 1
--- b --25- c --34-
3
9 decimal point 10 divide, denominator
11 end 12 same, question 7 a 4 b 7 c 9

Chapter review Exercise 5A — Using pronumerals

13 7 13 1 a x + 420 b 3x c x – 130
1 a --------- b ------ c ------
100 10 50 d The nearby nest has 60 more ants
d 33
------
8
= 1 -----
- e 1
--------- f 3
--------- e The nearby nest has 90 fewer ants
25 25 400 125
f The nest is one quarter of the size of the original
97 7317
g ------------
1000
h ----------------
10 000
nest.
19
2 a x+y b x + y + 260
2 ------
20 c x + y + 90 d x + y – 260
3 a 6
------ b 19
------ c 96 3 Between 9.00 am and 9.15 am one Danish pastry was
25 25 sold. In the next hour-and-a-half, a further 11 Danish
4 a 62% b 75% pastries were sold. No more Danish pastries had
5 a 0.42 b 0.05 c 0.94 d 1.39 been sold at 12.30 pm, but in the next half-hour 18
e 0.067 f 0.197 g 0.5803 h 0.008 more were sold. No Danish pastries were sold after
6 a 15% b 55% c 60% d 50% 1.00 pm.
e 37 --12- % f 53 --13- % g 83 --13- % h 4
36 -----
-% 4 a a+b b a+b+c
11
c b+4 d a−6
7 62 1--2- % 5 a y+7 b y−8 c 5y
8 a 71% b 84% c 3% d 20% y
d 14 − y e --- f 8y + 3
e 50% f 0.8% g 164% h 380% 3
9 0.41% 6 a a+b b a−b c 2b − 3a
10 a 6 b 12 c 39 d 39 d ab e 2ab f 3a + 7b
3 1
e 6 -----
- f 37 -----
- g 4 4--5- h 13 3--5- a
2
10 10 g a2 h ----- 4H
11 24 students 5
➔

5A
answers 738 Answers

7 a $27y b $14d c $(27r + 14h) 3 a 62 cm b 97.8 cm

8 a t+2 b t+g c t−5 d 2t 4 B
9 a The number of passengers doubled at the next stop 5 a 720° b 540° c 180° d 360° e 3240°
and continued to increase, more than quadrupling
in the first nine minutes. At 7.22 pm, 5 people Exercise 5D — Substituting positive
alighted the train, and by 7.25 pm the same and negative numbers
number of passengers were on the train as there 1 a 3 b 9 c −9 d 3 e −9
were at the beginning. By 7.34 pm there were 12 f −12 g −12 h 2 i 5 j −13
fewer passengers than there were at the beginning. k 9 l 3 m −2 n −3 o −8
b 7.22 pm c 7.19 pm d 7.34 pm p −2 q 0 r −109 s 6 t 16
10 a The number of bacteria in each of these intervals 2 a 18 b 32 c −15 d 12 e 16
is double the number of bacteria in the previous f 24 g 22 h 155 i 32 j 3
interval. k 6 l 21
b The bacteria could be dividing in two. 3 a −9 b 1 c 3 d 40 e –8
c It is lower than expected, based on the previous f 2 g −3 h 12 i − --45- j 2
pattern of growth.
k 1 l −6 m 125 n 175 o −5
d Some of the bacteria may have died, or failed to
p −12.5 q −74 r −117 s −104 t −15.5
divide and reproduce.
11 a Odd b Even 10 Quick Questions 1
c ii n + 2, n + 4 and n + 6 d
ii n − 2 1 $(2.89p + 4.99q) 2 ---
5
Maths Quest challenge (page 203) 3 False 4 0.785 cm2
1 $1.40 2 21, 42, 63 or 84 5 q=3 6 44
3 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 4 6 7 B 8 −11
5 220 9 a = −2, b = 4 10 −11
Exercise 5B — Substitution Exercise 5E — Number laws and
1 a 6 b 14 c 30 pronumerals
d 1 e 9 f 1 1 a i 11 ii 11 Same
g 7 h 3 i 6 b i 25 ii 25 Same
j 15 k 19 l 4 c i 31 ii 31 Same
m5 n 10 o 20 d i 32 ii 32 Same
p 5 q 22 r 2 e i −5 ii 5 Different
89 9
- (8 ------ )
s ----- t 39
------
9
(3 -----
-) f i −18 ii 18 Different
10 10 10 10
g i −28 ii 28 Different
2 a 42 b 3 c 54 d 1 h i 1 ii −8 Different
e 9 f 15 g 15 h 21 2 a i −10 ii −10 Same
i 24.3 j 21 k 1 l 4.8 b i −180 ii −180 Same
m 18.3 n 8.1 o 45 p --74- (1 --34- ) c i −40 ii −40 Same
d i −350 ii −350 Same
3 a 7 b 7 c −3 d 3
e 4 f 10 g 50 h 1 e i – 2--5- ii – 5--2- Different
i −15 j −4 k 37 l 15 f i −1 ii −1 Same
m 40 n 2 1--3- o 19 p 1 g i – 4--5- ii – 5--4- Different
4 150 m
h i – 14
------ ii – 45
------ Different
5 a F = 212°F b 28°C = 82.4°F c 32°F 45 14
6 10 cm 3 a True b False c False
7 C = $64 d True e True f True
8 a 100 km ≈ 60 miles g False h False i False
b 248 km ≈ 148.8 miles j True k False l True
c 12.5 km ≈ 7.5 miles 4 a i 13 ii 13 Same
9 a 48 cm2 b 8400 m2 c 4.472 m2 or 44 720 cm2 b i 24 ii 24 Same
c i 40 ii 40 Same
Exercise 5C — Working with brackets d i −3 ii −7 Different
1 a 36 b 4 c 84 d 18 e i −35 ii −71 Different
e 56 f 35 g 90 h 350 f i −43 ii −67 Different
i 55 j 20 k 133 l 147 5 a i −64 ii −64 Same
m 784 n 250 o 9800 p 200 b i 768 ii 768 Same
2 a 90 b 16 c 6 d 32 c i −1536 ii −1536 Same
e 72 f 90 g 7 h 36 d i −4 ii −1 Different
i 60 j 58 k 21 l 180
e i −6 ii − 1--6- Different
m 576 n 32 o –26 p 33
 739

answers
Answers

8 1 2xy
f i ---
5
ii ------
10
Different 2 a 5fg b 3cd c --------- d cg
3
6 a True b True c False
d True e True f False p 3a 3d
e y f --- g ------ h ------
7 C 8 D 2 4 4
5r 2y 4b
Exercise 5F — Simplifying expressions i 5 j ----- k ------ l ------
7 7 3
1 B 2 E 3 E
4 a 6c b −3c c 4a 2 g
m 13y n --- o 2a p ---
d q e −3h f 2x 5 2
g −6a h 4f i −3p 11m 1 2d b
q ---------- r --- s ------ t ---
j h k 18b l 3t 5 6 5 7
m 13m n −x o 20z a a 1
p 10p q 17g r 3b 3 a − --- b − --- c –12j d ------
2 3 2d
s 14t t −7j u −15l
v 8m w0 x 10t 4 x 6 f
e − ----- f − --- g − --- h -----
5 a 10x − 2y b 7x − 12 c 11 − 2f 5l 4 7 5j
d 6−u e 7m + 3p f 4r − 5h 2x 1 m st
i − ------ j − --- k − ---- l ----
g 17a − 5b h 9t − 2 i 17 − 3g 3 6 4 2
j 10m − 2n k 7k − 12 l 4n − 9 b d 12
m 12 − 2b n 20 − 12h o 9y − 2g − 6 m −2 n --- o − ------ p − ---------
3 5h 11 p
p 11h − 8 q 4s − 2t r 14l − 5m
14ef 18x 3 11
s 3k − 13h + 7 t 5 − 4t u 7g − 2 q ----------- r − --------- s ----- t − --------
v 19f − 10k 9 7 2r 12t
6 a 3x2 b 5y2 c 4a3 10 Quick Questions 2
2
d 7d e −g2 f 10y3 1 x−6 2 2.925 m2 or 29 250 cm2
g 7b2 h a2 i −g2 3 34 4 D
2
j 4a + 9 k 23x2 l 11s2 + 4 5 2x − 4y − 3 6 7z2 − y + 4
2
m 8a + 5a n b2 + 23b o t 2 − 4g − 7 5
p 8g3 − g2 + 22q 18ab + 3 r 11xy 7 True 8 ------
3c
s 3fg + 3s t 12ab − 5 u 20ab2 – 14ac
1
9 ∇ = −48pq 10 ------
Exercise 5G — Multiplying 4q
pronumerals
1 a 12g b 21h c 24d d 15z Exercise 5I — Expanding brackets
e 30r f 35t g 12u h 42p 1 a 3d + 12 b 2a + 10
i 21gy j 22ht k 24gx l 70ah c 4x + 8 d 5r + 35
m 36dm n 15ch o 18gx p 12.5bt e 6g + 36 f 2t + 6
q 156mn r 72ad s 6abc t 12fgh g 7d + 56 h 18x + 54
u 48wx v 231abd w 24xy x 10.5xy i 48 + 12c j 42 + 21x
k 90g + 135 l 1.5t + 9
y 132qs z 24abc
m 11t − 22 n 6t − 18
2 a −15f b 12d c −33ag
o t 2 + 3t p x2 + 4x
d 27gt e 20dht f −18st
q g2 + 7g r 2g2 + 10g
g 42dw h 24abce i −33abf s 3fg + 9f t 6mn − 12m2
j 18absx k −75hqt l 144pw 2 a 9x − 6 b 3x2 − 18xy
m −21abg n −51abgh o −49gh c 15xy − 45y2 d 100y − 250
p −40hjk q 112.5xy r −144prtz e −3c − 9 f −15x − 20
s 30abc t −408wx u –90a2bcde g −5x2 − 30x h −12y − 2y2
3 a 2a2 b 25p2 c −30x2 i −6t + 18 j −20f + 8f 2
d 7a2b e 6b2cd f −160x2y k 27xy − 18x l −6bh + 18h2
g 42p2q2 h −30mn2t2 i −18xy2z2 m 20ab + 12ac n −6ag + 21a2
j −42abc2 k 0 l −18w2x2y2z2 o 15ab + 30ac p −18w2 + 10wz
q 48m2 + 120m r 6k2 − 15k
Exercise 5H — Dividing pronumerals 3 a 35x + 49 b 3c − 4
1 a 4f b 2h c 5x d 3g c 22c − 2c2 d 6v + 30
e 2r f 2 g 2 h 2 e 5d 2 − 12d f 11y + 12
i 2--3- j 1--2- k 6--7- l 2--3- g 26r + r2 h 9g − 37
i 11f − 12g − 7 j 9x
m 1--3- n 1
---
2
o 2
---
3
p 1
------
34 k −5k − 10 l 18x + 6rx
m 8r − 13 n 18gh − 24g
q 9 r 5
------
12
s 16
------
11 11
5
(1 -----
-) t 3
o 11t + 1 p 24 + 11r − 11r2 5B
➔

5I
answers 740 Answers

4 a 5x + 8 b 9x + 23 8 a −3 b −3 c −10 d −2
c 6y + 26 d d + 22 e −20 f 3 g 22 h 2
e 14h f 21m − 4 i 12 j 10 k 28 l −20
g 28f − 1 h 4a − 3a2 − 35 9 a False b False c True
i 6 − t 2 + 2t j 7m d True e True f False
5 a 10hk + 21h + 20k b 15n − 6ny g False h True i False
c 8gm + 24g − 18 d 18ab + 67b j True k False l True
e 5a2 − 35a − 35 f 11cf + 3c 10 a 7d b −2c
g 28x − 5xy − 29 h 37vw + 55v − 24 c 3d + a d 2g
i 6xy − 45x j 77mn − 16m + 12n e 2x + 11 f g−1
Exercise 5J — Factorising g 9xy h 15t 2 + 2t
1 a B b C c A d C e D 11 a 21g b 18y c 42d d −24z
2 a 2 b 3 c 6 d 13 a 1 h
12 a --- b --- c −3r d ---
e 7 f 2 g 3 h 4 4 4 2
3 a 2g b 3m c 11 d 2m 4 6 e
e 2a f 12g g 2g h 11l e -------- f 3x g − --- h -----
5sv 7 6j
i 4mn j 4c k 4c l x 13 a 2x + 6 b 10x − 5 c −2f − 14
4 a 3(x + 2) b 2(y + 2) c 5(g + 2) d 3bm − 3m2 e 3y2 − 21y f 9bc − 18b
d 4(2x + 3) e 3(2f + 3) f 4(3c + 5) 14 a 12v b 16t − 35 c 17p + 3
g 2(d + 4) h 2(x − 2) i 6(2g − 3)
d 7x + 15 e 5g2 − 33g f 42 − 3t
j 11(h + 11) k 4(s − 4) l 4(2x − 5)
15 a 3(g + 4) b y(x + 5)
m 12(g − 2) n 2(7 − 2b) o 16(a + 4)
c 5(n − 4) d 4n(3m + p)
p 12(4 − q) q 8(2 + f ) r 12(1 − d)
e 6g(2 − h) f 12y(x − 3z)
5 a 3(gh + 4) b 2y(x + 3)
c 4p(3q + 1) d 7g(2 − h)
e 2k(8j − 1) f 2g(6e + 1)
g 4(3k + 4) h m(7n + 6)
Chapter 6 Equations
i 7b(2a + 1) j 5a(1 − 3bc) Are you ready?
k 2r(4 + 7t) l 12ab(2m + 1) 1 a 11 b 2
m 2b(2 − 3a) n 4g(3f − 4h) 2 a ÷2 b −8 c + 17 d × −5
o b(a − 2c) p 7x(2 − 3y) 3 a –4 ×7
q k(11j + 3) r 3p(1 + 9q)
s c(12a − 4 + 3d) t 4(g + 2h − 4) x x–4 7(x – 4)
u 14s(2 + t) v 3v(5u + 9w) 9 5 35
Summary +4 ÷7
1 pronumeral 2 substitution Solution is x = 9.
3 division, fraction 4 3×y b +9 ÷5
5 grouping x x +9 x +9
6 combined, positive, negative 5
7 addition, multiplication, subtraction, division 6 15 3
8 Associative, three
–9 ×5
9 like terms 10 removing
11 Distributive 12 factors Solution is x = 6.
4 a 10v + 7 b c+7
Chapter review 5 a 6x + 10 b −7m + 7
1 a x+y b y−x c 3x − 5y d 5x 6 a Yes b No
e 2xy f 6x + 7y g y2 h 2x – 7 7 a x+2=9 b 8x = 40
i 3(p + q) x
2 a 15x b 9y c 15k + 9m c x − 11 = 3 d --- = 2
6
3 a m+5 b m–q c 5m 8 a x⭓2
4 a 4 b 12 c 30 d 1
e 10 f 4 g 8 h 4 x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
i 8 j 13 k 22 l 10 b x⬍5
1
m 14 n 3 o ---
3
p −36 x
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
5 2 c
q ---
3
r ---
3
x⭐0

5 $13.90 6 5 cm x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
7 a 16 b 4 c 40 d 16 d x ⬎ –1
e 35 f 15 g 24 h 180
x
i 18 j 500 k 96 l 96 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
 741

answers
Answers

Exercise 6A — Backtracking — inverse 2x

g −x = −6 h x − 9 = −3 i ------ = 4
operations 3
1 a −4 b 3 3x 2 1
c 7 d −4 j ------ = 9 k x – --- = 5 ---
2 3 3
e −24 f 6
6 B 7 E 8 C 9 C
g −45 h −2
i 18 j 80 10 Quick Questions 1
2 a 8 b 20 c −4 d −19 ÷ 10 +2 –4 +2 ÷3 x –2
e −1 f −1 g −2 h −44 1 2
–20 –2 0 –4 7 9 3 –6
i 8 j 4 k 1.075 l 4.4
3 a 2x − 7 b 2(w − 7)
c −5s + 3 d −5(n + 3) ÷ 6 x –1 +2
x2 +5 ÷7

m y+7 3 m –m – m +2
4 z 2z 2z+5 2z+5
e ---- + 7 f ------------ m 6 6 6 7
2 2
p–9
6z – 3 –3 ( d + 5 ) 5 ------------ – 5 6 3x = 6
g -------------- h ------------------------ 7
2 4 7 x+2=5 8 x+5=8
2e
i ------ + 1 j 4(3 − x) 9 5y = 35 10 True
5
History of mathematics — Diophantus
–2 ( w – 5 ) of Alexandria (c. 200–c. 284)
k ------------------------ l −3(z + 6) − 11
7 1 Arithmetica
v–3 2 He used three different approaches: ax + bx = c,
m ----------- – 8 n −7(8m − 4)
6 ax = bx + c and ax + c = bx. Therefore, he avoided the
– 5k – 5p – 7 use of negative numbers.
o --------- + 2 p -------------------- 3 Pierre de Fermat
6 3
+7 ×2 –8 x–2 Exercise 6C — Using algebra to solve
4 a b equations
x x+7 2(x + 7) x x–8 –2(x – 8)
1 a x = −1 b r = −5
×3 –6 × –3 –6 c t = 24 d w = 2.7
c d
m 3m 3m – 6 m –3m –3m – 6 e m = 1--2- f j = – 19 5
------ or –2 ---
7 7
–5 ÷8 ÷8 –5
e f g q = 19 h r=9
x x–5 x––––
–5 x –x –x – 5 i t = 32 j y = 14.5
8 8 8
× –5 × –1 19 4
+ 11 + 11 k z = -----
21
- l f = − -----
13
-
g h
x –5x –5x + 11 x –x –x + 11
2 a d=8 b p = −14
× –1 – 13 × –2 +5 c u = --45- or 0.8 d g=5
i –x – 13
j –2x + 5
x –x x –2x
1 1
e m= ------
32
f j = – -----
15
-
×3 –7 ÷4 –2 × –3 ÷4
k x 3x 3x – 7 3x –7
–––––
l x x – 2 –3(x – 2) –3(x – 2)
–––––––
g t = 24 h k = −60
4 4 i l = −21.2 j v=4
+5 ÷8 –3 ÷5 –2 × –7
m n k c = − 5--3- or −1 2--3- l h = − 35
12
11
------ or −2 ------
12
x x+5 x––––
+5 x––––
+ 5– 3 –x –x – 2 –7 ( –x – 2 )
8 8 x 5 5 5
3 a m=3 b w = −5 c k = −4
÷7 +4 d t = −3 e m=1 f n = −18
o
x 2x 2x 2x + 4 3( 2x + 4) g k = −9 h s = −7 i m = 3.5
7 7 7
j p = −14 k g = −3 l f=5
×6 ÷11 –3 ×1 m q = 9.05 n r = −3.2 o t = 3.6
p 4

x 6x 6x 6x – 3 13( 6x – 3) p k = −0.2 q g = − 1--4- or −0.25 r f = 15

------
16
11 11 4 11
4 a The solution is not correct.
Exercise 6B — Keeping equations b Alex should have also divided 3 by 2 in the second
balanced line or subtracted 3 from both sides first before
1 a 2x = 4 b x=2 dividing both sides by 2. The solution should be x
2 a x+3=5 b x=2 = 5 1--2- .
3 a 3x + 1 = 7 b 3x + 4 = 10
4 a 2x + 1 = 5 b 4x + 2 = 10 5 a x = 21 b x=9 c m = −17
5 a x + 5 = 11 b 7x = 42 c x−4=2 d h = −12 e m = −20 f w = −10
x g m = 2 1--3- h c=1 i m = −8
d --- = 2
3
e −4x = −24 f −x = −6
j t = −37 k c = −19.5 l x = −20.8 5J
➔

6C
answers 742 Answers

6 a m = −5 b x = −20 c m = 1 1--5- 2 a x+5 3x + 7

x ------------ ---------------
2 4
d x=3 e x = −7 f x = 11
1 3 2.5
g x=7 h b = 10 i f = −9
j z=6 k m=5 l u = −11 2 3.5 3.25
m m = −3 n w = −1 3--5- o x=8 3 4 4
p d=3 q n=9 r t = −2 4 4.5 4.75
7 a x=2 b v = −2 c m = −1 5 5 5.5
d y=4 e y = −6 f t = −5
b x=3
g w = 2 2--9- h w = 2--3- i u = −4
j c=6 3 a m m2 2m + 8
8 a 2 1--2- hours 0 0 8
b 40 could be the charge per hour; 55 could be the 1 1 10
flat fee covering travel and other expenses. 2 4 12
9 l + 286 = 517, l = $231
10 a 10x + 54 = 184, x = 13 cm 3 9 14
b 11x + 12 = 287, x = 25 cm 4 16 16
5 25 18
Exercise 6D — Equations with the
b m=4
pronumeral on both sides 4 a Yes b Yes
1 a x=3 b y=4 c n=4 d t=4
c ( )2 × 6 – 15 ,x=2
e w=5 f y = 3 2--3- g z=4 h a = −4
x x2 6x2 6x2– 15
i s=2 j k=4 k w = −3 l v = −4
2 a w=2 b b=2 c n=2 d s=3 2 4 24 9
e a = −3 f m=2 g p=4 h d=3
÷6 + 15
i m=0 j s=1 k t = −2 l x=4
d ( )2 ×6 – 15 , x = −2
3 a x=3 b m = 10 c n = 12 d t = 2 --56-
x x2 6x2 6x2– 15
e 5 f w = 1 2--9- g k = 10 h s = −3
–2 4 24 9
i z = −17 j v = 1 --12- k m = 11 --23- 7
l d = 3 -----
-
10 ÷6 + 15
m d = –19 n k = –10 o v=2 p l = 18 5 a x = −3, x = 3 b x = −1, x = 1 c x = −6, x = 6
Maths Quest challenge (page 255) Exercise 6F — Solving word problems
1 a $40; subtract $25 from $65, because 2 cricket balls m
and 3 gloves less 1 cricket ball and 1 glove equals 1 a m − 5 b 10m c ---- d m+4 e m+1
2
1 cricket ball and 2 gloves.
b $15 c $10 m m + 21 m
f ---- g 12m h ---------------- i 65m
------ j
2 Choose any two coins, placing one coin on each side 7 3
60
of the pair of scales. If the scales balance, then the 2 a D b C c D d E
third coin is the fake. Otherwise, with the scales e C f B g C h B
unbalanced, you can see which is the lightest coin out i D j D k A l E
of the two originally chosen. 3 Jacinta is 149 cm.
4 Yolanda has scored 44 goals.
10 Quick Questions 2 5 Duy scored 70, Paul 35 and Kate 73 marks.
–4 x5 +3 ÷ 9 + 10 x –4 6 Footballs cost $32, basketballs $17.
1 2 t t t
f f – 4 5(f – 4) 5(f – 4) +3 t
9 9 +10 –4 ( 9 +10) 7 51, 53, 55
3 3b = 27 4 Subtract 2 from both sides. 8 28
5 g=2 6 y = 16 9 Length = 145 m, width = 95 m
7 False 8 v = −3 10 x = 9.55 cm, height = 1.55 cm
9 m = −4 10 t = 13 11 30(x + 22) = 40(x − 2), x = 74, 2880 m2
12 126
Exercise 6E — Checking solutions 13 a V = 0.08m, where V is the volume of blood in
1 a F b T c T d F litres and m is the mass in kilograms.
e T f T g T h F b 4.8 L c 47.5 kg
i T j F k F l T 14 x = 12 15 104°C 16 9 hours
mT n F o T p F 17 8(x − 10) = 160; $30
q T r F s T t T 18 Alex receives $11, Ali $16 and Stuart $9.
 743

answers
Answers

Exercise 6G — Inequalities and 7 solution, true 8 think, comment

inequations 9 inequality 10 four
1 a larger b smaller 11 infinite, number line 12 open, included
2 a < b > c > d > e > 13 closed 14 both
f < g < h < i < j > 15 reverses
3 a < b > c < d > e >
f < g < h > i < j >
Chapter review
4 a T b F c T d F e F 3x
1 a 5(x − 1) b ------
f T g T h F i T j T 8
k T l F mT n T x+8 3x – 7
5 a Yes b Yes c No c ------------ + 3 d ---------------
5 2
d Yes e No f No ×–3
+4
6 a B b D c D d A 2 a
m m+4 –3(m + 4)
e B f D g C h B
÷3 +5
7 a b x
b n– n– + 5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 x 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112 n 3 3
x≥5 x<6
–7 ÷5 –4

c m m–7 m–7
——– m–7 –4
——–
c x d x 5 5
–3–2–1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0
x≥0 x ≤ –2 × –15 +7
d
w –15w 7 –15w
e x
–8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 a 2x + 2 = 8 b 2x = 6
x > –5

f x
–8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2
x<0

g
x
1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9
x > 2.3
4 B 5 E
4
6 a 11 b 7 c ---
9
h x 1
2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 d ------
27
e –43.5 f – 48
13 13
9
------ or –3 ------
x ≤ 3.5
7 a v=3 b s = –4 c d = 47
i x
d r = −9 e y = 33 f x = 25
–80 –70–60 –50 –40 –30 –20 –10 0 10 20 8 a k=3 b s = −2 c t=4 d x=2
x > –50 9 a v=2 b m=5
10 m = 4 is the solution.
j
0 30 60 90 120 150 x 11 a No b Yes c Yes d No
x ≤ 120 12 170 cm
8 a x<6 b x>7 c x≤6 d x < −30 13 a C = 5x + 15 b 14 days
e x>4 f x≤3 g x ≤ −4 h x > −25 14 x = 87 m, length 149 m, width 271 m
15 x = 48.5 cm, base = 36.5 cm
i x>4 j x > − --12-
16 a F b T c F d F
9 a x>1 b x ≤ −2 c x < −2 d x>4 17 a No b Yes c Yes d No
e x≤3 f x > −1 g x > −3 h x≤6
18 a x
i x>5 j x < 19 k x≥7 l x ≤ 29 –1 0 1 2 3 4
m x < −2 n x > −4 o x≤6 p x≤8 x≤3
q x < 15 r x > 9 b
10 a + 5 ≥ 18; a ≥ 13. Selena is 13 years old or older. x
–10–9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0
11 12 + 4t < 50; t < 9.5. Rollerblades can be hired for up x > –7
to 9.5 hours. If the hourly fee applies to all or part of c x
an hour, the rollerblades can be hired for up to 9 –300 –200 –100 0 100 200
hours only. x < –100
12 100 − 6l ≥ 10; l ≤ 15. At most, 15 lots can be offered d x
for sale. –3–2–1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x≥0
Summary 19 a x > −13 b x≤6 c x < −1
1 Inverse 2 subtraction d x>6 e x ≥ 13 f x < −14
3 Multiplication 4 equations 20 15 + 0.8p ≤ 22; p ≤ 8.75. Up to 8 extra prints can be
5 flow chart 6 substitution ordered. 6D
➔

6G
answers 744 Answers

Chapter 7 Ratios and rates 8 a 7:9 b 1:7 c 1:3 d 4:5

e 1:6 f 15 : 32 g 10 : 1 h 4:5
Are you ready? i 1 : 10 j 48 : 35 k 1 : 20 l 25 : 46
1 a 300 b 5200 c 4250 d 2000 9 a 929 : 321 b 217 : 22 c 9 : 16
e 500 f 6400 g 8200 h 240 d 11 : 9 e 6 : 29
i 150 j 28 k 24 l 104 10 a 85 : 103 b 50 : 71 c 2:3
2 a 3 b 4 c 3 d 5 d i $425 000 ii 1 : 2
3 a 3
--- b 4
--- c 3
--- d 18
------
e In a period of just over 6 years, the price of the
4 5 5 25 house has increased by half its purchase price (in
4 a 4
------ , 9
------ b 9
------ , 14
------ c 8
------ , 5
------ d 14
------ , 15
------ 1999).
12 12 24 24 12 12 20 20
11 a A b D c E d A e B
7 13 37 83
5 a --- b ------ c ------ d ------
4 5 10 8 Exercise 7C — Proportion
6 a 12.37 b 0.84 c 28.4 d 0.784 1 a Yes b Yes c Yes d Yes e No
7 a 20 b 48 c 150 d 60 f Yes g No h No i No j Yes
8 a 1--4- b 2--3- c 3--5- 9
d -----
- k No l Yes
10
2 a a=1 b a=4 c a=6 d a=4
Exercise 7A — Introduction to ratios e a = 24 f a = 50 g a = 12 h a=6
1 a 4:5 b 5:4 c 5:9 d 9:4 e 1:2 i a=6 j a=1 k a=4 l a=3
2 a 5:3 b 3:5 c 1:5 d 5:1 e 1:3 6 n 7 n
3 a --- = ------ b --- = ------
f 5:4 g 1:8 h 5:9 i 1:9 j 1:3 5 30 4 16
3 a 5:7 b 7:5 c 5 : 12 2 n 1 n
c --- = ------ d --- = ---------
4 a 4:3 b 3:4 c 6:1 d 4:1 e 2:5 3 36 4 100
5 a 3:5 b 6 : 19 c 4 : 11 d 7:9 3 n 4 12
e 1:5 f 9:4 g 3:4 h 3 : 10 e --- = --- f --- = ------
1 4 3 n
i 17 : 60 j 53 : 100 k 11 : 100 l 1 : 1000
m 1 : 2000 n 7 : 24 o 5 : 12 5 30 15 45
g --- = ------ h ------ = ------
p 1000 : 27 8 n 2 n
q 7 : 12 r 13 : 24 s 3:5 t 1 : 22 50 5000 8 48
i ------ = ------------ j --- = ------
6 a 3 : 59 b 59 : 38 c 38 : 3 d 3 : 97 e 59 : 41 1 n 5 n
7 a 24 : 17 b 21 : 17 c 2 : 1 d 4 : 39 e 4:1 4 a 9 boys b 10 m
f 1:1 g 1:2 h 3:1 i 9:1 j 1:3 c 21 wins d 24 chickens
k 1:6 l 1:4 e 5 litres f 7 tables
8 a 215 : 179 b 215 : 36 g 4 cups h 33 g
9 a 97 : 3 b 3 : 100 i 75 cartons j 3280 women
10 a Yes (same units) b Yes (same units) 5 a 11.2 b 4.8 c 2.1 d 8.1 e 7.1
c No (different units) d No (different units) f 9.3 g 7.7 h 10.8 i 11.7 j 10.3
e Yes (same units) f Yes (same units) 1 n 2 n 15 50
6 a --- = --- b --- = ------ c ------ = ------
g No (different units) h Yes (same units) 3 5 6 11 4 n
n = 1.7 n = 3.7 n = 13.3
Exercise 7B — Simplifying ratios
1 a 1:2 b 1:3 c 1:2 d 1:3 e3:4 2 5 2 15
d ------ = --- e --- = ------
f 5:6 g 3:2 h 3:2 i 5:3 j1:2 17 n 3 n
k 3:7 l 3:4 m4:5 n 3:2 o5:6 n = 42.5 n = 22.5
p 10 : 3 q 7:8 r 3 : 4 s 7 : 12 t2:3 7 a No b No c No d Yes e Yes
2 a 1:3 b 2:1 c 2 : 3 d 64 : 32 e48 : 64 f No g Yes h Yes i Yes j No
2:6 4:2 4:6 32 : 16 24 : 32 8 a C b E c A d D
3:9 8:4 6:9 16 : 8 12 : 16 10 Quick Questions 1
4 : 12 16 : 8 8 : 12 8:4 6:8 1 8:7 2 False
5 : 15 20 : 10 16 : 24 2 : 1 3:4 3 D 4 2:3
3 a 2:3 b 1:3 c 5:3 d 2:5 e 1:4 5 4 : 6 6 : 9 8 : 12 6 7:1
f 8:3 g 3 : 40 h 1:5 i 9:4 j 8 : 13 7 60 : 60, so the pair of ratios are in proportion.
k 5:4 l 5:4 m 1 : 5 n 11 : 2 o 2:5 8 b = 9--7- 9 700 oranges
p 16 : 9 q 3 : 10 r 3:2 s 7:3 t 1:6 10 3 cups of water are needed
4 a 4:5 b 2:3 c 3:2 d 4:1 e 4:3
f 5:4 g 1:8 h 10 : 3 i 8 : 1 j 9:2 Maths Quest challenge (page 292)
5 a 1 : 20 b 1:9 c 12 : 11 d 7 : 300 1 96 cm
2 Approximately 32.93 cm
6 a 5:8 b 2:3 c 3:5 d 4:3 e 4 : 13
3 10 cm
7 a 1:2 b 5:6 c 1:2 d 4:5
e 16 : 9 f 10 : 9 g 3 : 10 h 5:1
i 5:6 j 4:3 k 5:8 l 65 : 56
 745

answers
Answers

Exercise 7D — Comparing ratios 2 a $400, $600 b $750, $250

1 a 3:4 b 7:9 c 6:5 d 7 : 10 e 7:9 c $200, $800 d $500, $500
f 2:5 g 3:4 h 7:8 i 7 : 12 j 6:5 e $375, $625 f $625, $375
2 a Colac b Bright 50 c Seymour d Bairnsdale g $300, $700 h $900, $100
3 Jenny i $350, $650 j $450, $550
2 2 3 3 a $5000, $5000 b $4000, $6000
4 a i 1 ii --- iii --- iv ------ c $6000, $4000 d $3000, $7000
3 5 14
e $7000, $3000 f $2000, $8000
b AB c GH d iv, iii, ii, i
g $9000, $1000 h $3750, $6250
5 a b i $4800, $5200 j $4600, $5400
2 4 a $10 000, $40 000 b $15 000, $35 000
3
c $20 000, $30 000 d $25 000, $25 000
1 e $12 500, $37 500
1 5 a 2 m3 b 0.5 m3 c 1.6 m3
3 3
c d d 1.6 m e 1.2 m
6 a $90 000, $210 000, $300 000
b $180 000, $180 000, $240 000
3
4 c $30 000, $240 000, $330 000
d $150 000, $180 000, $270 000
2 e $150 000, $225 000, $225 000
7 30°, 60°, 90°
3
8 a 90 b 75
e 9 a 120 b 45 c $6 d $19.50
2 10 $25, $20, $15
11 96°
5 12 a D b D c A d D
6 a C b A c C
10 Quick Questions 2
Exercise 7E — Increasing and 1 9:5
decreasing in a given ratio 2 True
1 a $75 b $90 3 n = 75
c $200 d 42 mm 4 28 brown eyed students
e 84 cm f 248 m 3
5 --- is the greater ratio (3 : 4)
4
g 90 mg h 96 g
12
i 143 kg j 810 cm3 6 ------
9
is the smaller ratio (12 : 9)
2 a $10 b $40 7 334.29 cm3
c $84 d 30 mm 8 45.83 g
e 25 cm f 165 m 9 $570 000 (Jack’s prize money), $380 000 (Jill’s prize
g 36 mg h 56 g money)
i 77 kg j 770 cm3
10 Fraction of water will be 5--6- .
3 a Increase, $50 b Decrease, $22
c Decrease, $45 d Decrease, 30 m
e Increase, 240 L f Increase, 500 km History of mathematics — The Rhind
g Decrease, 49 cm2 h Increase, 192 mg papyrus (c. 1850 BC)
i Decrease, 10 kg j Increase, $10.20 1 One
4 $1500 5 $75 600 6 $750 000 2 2--3-
7 21 000 kL 8 455
9 a 96 c b $6.30 3 Beer and bread
c 100 kg d $1600 Exercise 7G — Scale drawing
e 60 cm3 f 96 c 1 a 1 cm ⇔ 10 cm b 1 cm ⇔ 1 m
g 75 kg h $9 c 1 cm ⇔ 10 m d 1 cm ⇔ 100 m
i 77 km/h j 120 e 1 cm ⇔ 1 km f 1 cm ⇔ 50 m
10 a $54 000 b $40 000 g 1 cm ⇔ 600 m h 1 cm ⇔ 4 m
11 a D b C c A d D e B f E i 1 cm ⇔ 7.5 km j 1 cm ⇔ 22 km
Maths Quest challenge (page 300) 2 a 1 : 20 b 1 : 50 000
1 32 servings c 1 : 1000 d 1 : 20 000
2 a 5:4 b 25% e 1 : 500 000 f 1 : 5 000 000
g 1 : 550 000 h 1 : 100 000
Exercise 7F — Dividing in a given ratio i 1 : 125 000 j 1 : 200 000
1 a 3 b 5 c 4 d 8 e 13 3 a iii 3 km ii 5 km iii 200 m
f 13 g 13 h 19 i 6 j 12 iv 6.5 km v 750 m vi 280 m 7A
➔

7G
answers 746 Answers

b iii 1 cm ii 2 mm iii 15 cm 3 a 36 km b 255 km c 350 km

iv 2.5 cm v 22 cm vi 5 mm d 460 km e 450 km
4 a 50 cm b 4 cm c 100 cm × 40 cm 4 a 5h b 5h c 7h
d 8 cm × 3 cm e 5 m f 12.5 m d 4h e 30 min
g 50 cm × 40 cm 5 a 10 m/s b 20 m/s c 15 m/s
h 2.25 m × 1.5 m × 60 cm d 25 m/s e 50 m/s
5 a 6m×4m b 1m c 6.8 m 6 a 70 km/h b 490 km c 5 --34- h
d 24 m2 e 12 m2 7 a 8 km/h
6 a 8 cm × 6 cm b Side 6 cm b i 12 noon ii 32 km
c Side 4.5 cm d Radius 6 cm c 3 pm
e Side 8 cm f Sides 6 cm, 6 cm, 10.5 cm 8 Check with your teacher.
7 a 3 cm × 2 cm b Side 2 cm 9 a E b C c B d A
c Diameter 4 cm d Side 3 cm
e Sides 2 cm, 2 cm, 0.8 cm Maths Quest challenge (page 317)
Distance 120
8 Check with your teacher. 1 --------------------- = ------------------ = 32 km/h
9 a E b E c E d D Time  3--- + 3
4 
Exercise 7H — Rates
2 28 064.5 km/h
distance volume capacity 3 a 13.5 km/min b 808.3 km/h
1 a ------------------- b ------------------ c --------------------
time time distance
money money capacity Summary
d ---------------- e ---------------- f -------------------- 1 quantities 2 whole numbers
time length time
3 order
money money mass 4 the same units of measurement
g -------------------- h ------------------ i ------------
capacity number time 5 highest common factor 6 equivalent
number 7 equality
j ------------------ 8 numbers diagonally across from each other
area
2 a kL/min b m/s c cm/year 9 common denominator 10 steepness
d cm/h e mm2/sec f L/km 11 gradient 12 increase, decrease
g Runs/over h Words/min 13 total number of parts 14 drawing, actual object
3 a 10 m2/min b 5 kL/min 15 scale factor 16 different quantities
c 300 cm3/s d $1.38/L 17 ratio
e 8 L/100 km or 12.5 km/L Chapter review
f $2.50/m 1 a 3 : 5 b 1 : 17 c 17 : 3 d 5:1 e 5 : 21
g 40 cows/hectare or (250 m2/cow) 2 a 1:2 b 2:3 c 7 : 20
h $12.50/person i $3.20/m2 d 10 : 3 e 2:9 f 1:4
j 25 c/min k 16 points/game g 2:5 h 7 : 10 i 3:1
l $5.40/kg m 8 --13- m/s j 15 : 4
3 a n=4 b n = 20 c n = 12
n 5.2 runs/over o $26.50/h
d n = 15 e n = 9.6 f n = 1.2
p $3.50/kg q 52 words/min
4 a 1:6 b 1.5 L
r 2°/h s 6.5 cm/year
t 16 km/h 5 a --45- b --58-
4 $108.50 5 396 points 6 360 L 6 10 or 11
7 60.5 L 8 21 9 70 min
7 a Slide A: --23- , slide B: 2
--- b Slide A
10 12 days 11 49 12 1500 m2 5
13 42 14 Packs of 10 15 Car A 8 a 56 kg b 100 kg
16 250 g jar; 75c 9 $45 600
17 a C b C c D d B 10 C and D
11 a $10, $15 b $420, $300
Exercise 7I — Speed 12 $880
1 a 80 km/h b 800 km/h 13 1 : 25 000 000
c 150 km/h d 14 km/h 14 a 1 : 100 b 1 : 100 000
e 45 km/h f 16.5 km/h c 1 : 250 000 d 1 : 2 000 000
g 250 km/h h 10 km/h 15 a 1 km b 10 cm
i 95 km/h j 1220 km/h 16 8.57 L/100 km
2 a 80 km/h b 80 km/h 17 a David’s b 432 km c 42 L
c 80 km/h d 750 km/h 18 1 kg packet
e 8 km/h f 112.5 km/h 19 B, C, D and E
g 60 km/h h 180 km/h 20 a 900 km/h b 250 m/s
i 80 km/h j 30 km/h 21 a 45 km b 15 km/h
 747

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Answers

Chapter 8 Geometry 4 a Isosceles b Right-angled

c Scalene d Equilateral
Are you ready? 5 a C b B c D d D
1 a Right angle b Straight angle c Acute angle 6 Equilateral 7 Isosceles
2 a 3 b 2 c 0 8 a 4 matches, 4 matches, 4 matches
3 a 60° b x = 50° b 5 matches, 5 matches, 2 matches
4 a 120° b x = 110° c 3 matches, 4 matches, 5 matches
5 a x = 140° b x = 50° 9 a b
6 a b

c
c d

Exercise 8A — Triangles
1 a b 10 A tetrahedron (four triangular faces)

c d
History of mathematics — Euclid
(c. 300 BC)
1 Elements 2 AD 1482 3 Ptolemy
2 a b Exercise 8B — Angles in a triangle
1 a t = 80° b w = 25° c m = 60°
d c = 100° e g = 90° f p = 30°
c d 2 a q = 56° b x = 70° c t = 50°
d m = 45° e k = 60° f p = 60°
3 a t = 73° b s = 54° c m = 42°
d t = 45° e r = 48°, f x = 55°,
q = 84° t = 70°
3 4 a x = 60° b x = 24° c x = 10°
Name of d x = 16° e x = 26° f x = 23°
Picture triangle Definition 5 a C b A c B
Isosceles Exactly two equal 6 70° 7 72° 8 30°
triangle sides; two equal 9 55°, 55°, 70°
angles 10 55°, 60°, 65°
Exercise 8C — Exterior angles of a
Equilateral All sides equal; triangle
triangle all angles equal 1 a i x = 100° ii e = 80°
b i x = 73° ii e = 107°
c i x = 60° ii e = 120°
Obtuse- One angle is 2
angled greater than 90°. Sum of
triangle Given given Opposite
Right- Has one right interior interior exterior
angled angle Question angles angles angle e
triangle
1a 20°, 60° 80° 80°
Scalene All sides different, 1b 42°, 65° 107° 107°
triangle all angles
different 1c 60°, 60° 120° 120°
b The two interior angles add up to the opposite
Acute- All angles less than exterior angle.
angled 90° 3 a t = 102° b n = 90° c m = 144° d q = 97°
4 a t = 45° b w = 47° c m = 84° d k = 66°
triangle
5 a x = 24° b x = 28° c x = 25° 7H
➔

8C
answers 748 Answers

d x = 22.5° e x = 80°, f x = 60°, Maths Quest challenge (page 342)

y = 30° y = 60° 1 51 rectangles
6 a C b C c E d A 2
7 120° 8 115°
9 a 65° b 115°
10 141° 11 50°, 55°, 75°
Exercise 8D — Quadrilaterals
1 10 Quick Questions 1
Picture Name Definition 1
Rectangle Opposite sides
are equal in
length; all
angles are 90°.
2
Parallelogram A ‘pushed over’
rectangle; two
pairs of parallel
sides; opposite
sides equal in
length; opposite
angles equal in acute
size 3 x = 58°
Rhombus All sides of equal 4 x = 24°
length; opposite 5 Base angle is 69°
angles are equal. 6 True
7 a = 119°, b = 115°, c = 126°
Kite Two pairs of 8 130°
adjacent equal 9 Parallelogram
sides; angles
between unequal
sides are equal 10 C
in size.
Exercise 8E — Angles in a
Trapezium One pair of quadrilateral
parallel sides
1 a x = 90° b x = 130° c t = 165°
d m = 68° e k = 120° f q = 85°
Irregular Looks like none 2 a D b D c C d D
quadrilateral of the above; no 3 a m = 106° b t = 110° c k = 65°
special d q = 122°, s = 31°
properties e t = 105°, m = 75°
f p = 64°, q = 116°, r = 64°
Square All sides equal; 4 a x = 60° b x = 45° c x = 80°
all angles 90° d x = 30° e x = 50° f x = 27°
g x = 65° h x = 54° i x = 30°
5 110°
6 50°
2 a T b T c T d F 7 60°, 120°, 60°, 120°
e T f T g T h F 8 40°, 40°, 140°, 140°
i F j T k F l F 9 75°
3 a Rhombus b Kite c Square
4 Check with your teacher. Exercise 8F — Angles in polygons
5 a b c 1 a 1080° b 900° c 1800°
2 a i 540° ii b = 120° b i 720° ii c = 130°
c i 900° ii d = 30° d i 720° ii h = 80°
e i 720° ii x = 25° f i 1080° ii x = 19°
d e f 3 a Yes: all sides equal, all angles equal
b No: not all sides equal
c Yes: all sides equal, all angles equal
d Yes: all sides equal, all angles equal
e No: not all angles equal
6 D f Yes: all sides equal, all angles equal
 749

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4 a t = 60° b p = 108° c a = 135° d t = 150° 3

5 a Square b Equilateral triangle
6 120° 7 135°
8 a Dodecagon b 1800°
9 156° 10 168°
Exercise 8G — Angles and parallel 10 Quick Questions 2
lines 1
1 a b

c d 2 a True b False
3 Co-interior angles
4 x = 110°
5 x = 53°, y = 74°
6 y = 82°
2 a D b E c A d B e C 7 y = 70°
3 a D b E c C d B 8 m = 80°
4 a a and d, c and b, e and h, f and g 9 u = 10°, v = 100°, w = 100°, x = 80°, y = 100°,
b a and e, c and g, b and f, d and h z = 80°
c c and e, d and f 10 v = 143°, w = 37°, x = 143°, y = 122°, z = 58°
d c and f, d and e
5 a i Corresponding angles ii p = 60° Exercise 8H — Constructing triangles
b i Alternate angles ii q = 45° 1 to 3 Check with your teacher.
c i Vertically opposite angles ii s = 65° 4 a and b Check with your teacher.
d i Corresponding angles ii t = 72° c i
e i Co-interior angles ii m = 110° 5 a and b Check with your teacher.
f i Co-interior angles ii n = 48° c iii
6 a y = 116° b z = 38° c b = 136° 6 Check with your teacher.
d g = 68° e h = 90° f k = 120° Exercise 8I — Isometric drawing
7 a p = 121° (co-interior), q = 59° (alternate), 1 a b
r = 73° (straight line), s = 48° (alternate)
b x = 138° (straight line), y = 65° (straight line),
z = 73° (alternate), w = 138° (co-interior)
c a = 54° (straight line), b = 54° (corresponding),
c = 84° (vertically opposite), d = 84° (straight
line), e = 54° (straight line)
d a = 64° (vertically opposite), b = 47° (alternate),
c = 69° (straight line), c d
d = 111° (co-interior) , e = 69° (vertically
opposite)
Note: The angle relationships may vary.
8 a b = 123° b x = 43° c y = 28°
d z = 50° e p = 70° f q = 45°
9 x = 45°
10 y = 55° 2 a b
11 60°
12 a 140° b 50°
13 75°
14 x = 75°, y = 105°, z = 75°, w = 135°
Maths Quest challenge (page 360)
1 No, as 48° + 133° ≠ 180°. For parallel lines,
co-interior angles need to add to 180° (or alternate c d
angles must be equal).
2

8D
➔

8I
answers 750 Answers

3 a b Exercise 8J — Geometric constructions

Check with your teacher.
Exercise 8K — Nets and solids
Check with your teacher.
Summary
1 equilateral 2 two sides
3 scalene 4 smaller than
5 obtuse 6 right-angled
7 interior 8 exterior angle
c d 9 quadrilaterals 10 parallel sides
11 right 12 square
13 opposite sides 14 all four
15 trapeziums 16 adjacent sides
17 one pair 18 irregular
19 360° 20 number of sides
21 regular 22 transversal
23 alternate, vertically opposite
24 supplementary 25 pair of compasses
26 protractor 27 isometric view
28 at an angle 29 net of an object
4 a b Chapter review
1 Side name Angle name
a Scalene triangle Right-angled triangle
b Equilateral triangle Acute
c Isosceles Acute

c d 2 a b c

3 a t = 73° b m = 80° c w = 75°

d x = 35° e x = 20°
4 60°
5 50, 50, 80
6 a t = 140° b x = 118° c y = 70° d x = 20°
7 d = 50°, e = 115°, f = 65°
5 a b
8 a b
F R
F R
T c d
T
c d
F R
T 9 a g = 55° b x = 90° c x = 60° d x = 60°
F R 10 95°
T 11 a 540° b 1080° c 1440°
6 12 a x = 110° b m = 50° c m = 45°
13 p = 108°
14 a B b A c C d D
15 a x = 60° (alternate angles)
b y = 135° (vertically opposite angles)
c t = 50° (vertically opposite angles, co-interior
angles, vertically opposite angles)
d a = 68° (corresponding)
b = 50° (co-interior)
c = 62° (straight line)
d = 50° (straight line)
7 Check with your teacher. e = 68° (alternate)
 751

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16 Check with your teacher. Exercise 9B — Error

17 a 1 a i 0.5 cm ii 0.03 iii 3.1%
b i 1 mL ii 0.04 iii 4%
F R T
c i 1.24 cm ii 0.04 iii 4.1%
b
d i 0.2 kg ii 0.08 iii 8%
F R T e i 2s ii 0.06 iii 6.25%
18 a b 2 a 0.13 b 13.3%
3 13% 4 0.5 cm
5 a 0.5 m b 5 mm c 0.05 cm d 0.005 m
6 a 0.5 cm b 155.5 cm and 156.5 cm
7 15.355 s and 15.365 s
8 a 44.5 m and 45.5 m
19 b 18.45 cm and 18.55 cm
c 475 km and 485 km
d 29.355 cm and 29.365 cm
9 C
10 a 990 g and 1010 g
b 992 g bag is accepted; 890 g bag is rejected.
11 C, D 12 28 cm and 32 cm
13 a 200 mm b 202 mm
14
20 Check with your teacher.
21 Minimum Maximum Normal
size size size Tolerance
Other nets possible.
18 g 22 g 20 g ±2 g

35 mm 45 mm 40 mm ±5 mm

90 mL 100 mL 95 mL ±5 mL
28 m 34 m 31 m 3m

Exercise 9C — Perimeter
22 1 a 20 mm = 2 cm b 13 mm = 1.3 cm
c 130 mm = 13 cm d 1.5 cm = 15 mm
e 0.03 cm = 0.3 mm f 2.8 km = 2800 m
g 0.034 m = 3.4 cm
h 2400 mm = 240 cm = 2.4 m
i 1375 mm = 137.5 cm = 1.375 m
j 2.7 m = 270 cm = 2700 mm
k 0.08 m = 80 mm l 6.071 km = 6071 m
m 670 cm = 6.7 m n 0.0051 km = 5.1 m
2 a 1800 mm × 900 mm = 180 cm × 90 cm
Chapter 9 Measurement = 1.8 m × 0.9 m
b 2400 mm × 900 mm = 240 cm × 90 cm
Are you ready?
= 2.4 m × 0.9 m
1 a 26.3 b 0.7 c 59.3
c 2700 mm × 1200 mm = 270 cm × 120 cm
2 a 52° b 38° c 97°
= 2.7 m × 1.2 m
3 a 43 mm b 3.4 cm
3 $5.40 4 $38.16 5 41 400 m or 41.4 km
4 a 0.32 b 40
6 a 7m b $26.60
5 a 3.4 cm b 1600 mm c 0.045 km
6 a 5.85 cm2 b 7.82 cm2 7 a 14 cm b 12 cm c 106 mm d 18 cm
7 112.5 cm3 e 240 mm f 32 mm g 23 cm h 72 mm
i 73 mm j 1260 cm (12.6 m)
Exercise 9A — Estimation and k 192 cm (1.92 m) l 826 cm
approximation in measurement 8 86 m 9 980 cm
1 a 135° b 30° c 225° d 315° 10 86 cm
e 300° 11 a 510 m b $749.70
2 a 2.7 cm b 2.4 cm c 7 cm d 7.5 cm 12 $15.88
3 Check with your teacher. 13 a 11 cm b 22 cm c 6.9 m
4 B 14 5.5 m
5 to 8 Answers will vary. Check with your teacher. 15 a 5 cm b 20 cm c 5 bottles 8J
➔

9C
answers 752 Answers

History of mathematics — Archimedes 3 34 cm

of Syracuse (c. 287–212 BC) 4 52 cm2
5 18.84 cm
1 Between 3 10 10
------ and 3 ------
70 71 6 25.7 m
2 The Earth 7 Possible solution 3 cm
3 To lift water 8 48 cm2
4 Geometry 9 40.5 cm2 4 cm
5 On the moon and it is 80 km wide 10 32.5 cm2
Exercise 9D — Circumference Maths Quest challenge (page 414)
1 a i 2π cm ii 6.28 cm 1 9 cm A B
b i 10π cm ii 31.40 cm 2 More than half. There are various ways
c i 7π mm ii 21.98 mm to show this. For example, by dividing
d i 0.82π m ii 2.57 m the overlapped section into a triangle
e i 7.4π km ii 23.24 km and a trapezium, we can compare the
f i 34π m ii 106.76 m areas. G C
2 a i 8π m ii 25.12 m Area of BCG = area of ABG F D
b i 34π mm ii 106.76 m Area of CDEG > area of EFG E
c i 16π cm ii 50.24 cm
d i 2.86π km ii 8.98 km Exercise 9F — Area of a parallelogram
e i 0.8π m ii 2.51 m 1 a 275 mm2 b 24 000 m2 c 656 cm2
2 2
f i 21.2π m ii 66.57 m d 11.04 mm e 2.7 m f 2400 mm2
3 a 241.78 km b 37.68 m g 17.36 m2 h 4760 m2 i 8.48 m2
2 2
c 150.72 mm d 3.36 m 2 50.4 cm 3 2052 m 4 D
e 194.68 mm f 1256 m 5 17.28 cm2 6 1584 cm2
4 a 25.7 cm b 82.24 mm c 61.68 m 7 a 3.6 cm b 9.2 cm
d 39.27 mm e 71.4 cm f 120.78 cm 8 b = h = 9.5 cm
g 5.88 m h 250.72 m i 252.75 cm Exercise 9G — Area of a circle
5 B 6 C 7 55.26 m 1 a 452.16 cm2 b 4.9 km2
8 100.48 cm 9 119.32 mm 10 25.12 m c 2.27 m2 d 0.38 cm2
2
11 a 6 m b 20.64 cm c 23.76 mm e 10 563 cm f 206 mm2
12 a 2.01 cm b 7.54 m c 25 mm 2 a 78.5 cm2 b 482.81 mm2
2
13 21.56 cm c 615.44 m d 254.34 cm2
14 1918.4 cm (19.184 m) 3 a 37.68 cm2 b 1281.12 cm2
15 15.7 m further 2
c 3187.9 m
Maths Quest challenge (page 407) 4 a 157 cm2 b 0.39 cm2 c 201 mm2
2 2
1 About 41.8 km/h d 13.85 m e 39.25 cm f 1038.56 cm2
2 About 9.6 cm g 77.89 cm2 h 132.5 cm2 i 9.73 cm2
2
5 1133.54 cm 6 4.52
Exercise 9E — Area of rectangles and 7 25 packets 8 173.4 g
triangles
1 a 530 000 m2 b 2.35 cm2 Exercise 9H — Area of a trapezium
c 254 000 mm 2
d 54.2 m2 1 a 9 cm2 b 33.75 m2
e 0.074 m2 f 3 km2 c 12.75 m2 d 351 mm2 (3.51 cm2)
g 9.8563 ha h 17 800 m2 e 4.68 cm2 f 3120 m2
i 987 000 mm2 j 1 275 000 cm2 2 E 3 3062 cm2 4 $88.30
2 a 36 cm 2
b 1125 mm2 c 4.5 m2 5 a $2730.60 b i $333.30 ii $3063.90
d 1215 km2 e 2.5 m2 f 336 mm2 6 2m 7 B
2 2
3 a 25 mm b 256 cm c 5.29 m2 Maths Quest challenge (page 425)
4 C 5 B 1 84 m
6 a 1258 cm2 b 1771.54 m2 c 9932.63 mm2 2 $14.70
d 17 537 cm2 e 11566.8 mm2 f 257.645 m2 3 Approximately 136 m
7 a 42.65 m2, 60.81 m2, 42.65 m2
b 146.11 m2
Exercise 9I — Composite shapes
8 351.98 cm2 1 a 3.44 cm2 b 472 mm2
c 821.34 m2 d 11.4 m2
9 a 15 000 m2 b 60 000 m2 2
e 1696 mm f 4704.48 m2
10 a 15.64 m2 b 3
g 270 cm2 h 55.04 cm2
11 42 cm 2
2 a 2317 cm b 225 cm2 c 3656 m2
12 a 400 m b 375 min or 6 1--4- h
d 482 m2 e 975 cm2 f 144.25 cm2
10 Quick Questions 1 2
g 403.13 cm h 6425 cm 2
i 2493 m2
1 True 3 $2201.10 4 $23 030
2 C 5 169.12 m2 6 $3332
 753

answers
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10 Quick Questions 2 10 a 69.08 cm b 138.16 mm

1 True 2 15.7 cm c 56.52 m
3 66 cm2 4 43.75 m2 11 a 241.6 m b 257.88 c 28.56 cm
5 176 cm2 6 530.66 mm2 12 2.9 m2
7 60 cm2 8 16.25 m2 13 a 627 cm2 b 96 m2 c 1344 cm2
2 2
9 21.86 m2 10 125.6 cm2 14 a 16 000 cm b 10 000 cm c 2.6 m2
15 1000 m2
Exercise 9J — Total surface area 16 7040 cm2
1 a 9600 cm2 b 121.5 m2 c 45 414 m2 17 a 380 cm2 b 1519.76 mm2 c 254.34 m2
2 a 105 cm2 b 13.35 cm 2
c 19 520 m2 18 452.39 mm 2
3 640 cm2 4 636 cm2 19 a 1228.5 cm2 b 978.5 m2
5 $199.80 6 21.98 m2 20 6 cm
Exercise 9K — Volume of prisms and 21 a 945.3 mm2 b 120.25 mm
other shapes 22 a 37.5 cm2 b 42.6 cm2 c 433.5 cm2
1 b and e 23 72 000 cm2 (or 7.2 m2)
2 a 84 cm3 b 81 cm3 c 14 130 cm3 24 a 112 538 cm3 b 8008 cm3 c 8.4 cm3
d 31 400 cm e 667.6 m3
3
f 4776 cm3 25 5 cm
g 84 cm3 h 120 cm3 i 320 m3 Chapter 10 Transformations
j 126 cm3 k 7.5 cm3 l 1.875 m3
3 1200 m3 Are you ready?
4 60.3 m3 1 F6 2 G4
5 a 60 cm3 b 84 cm3 3
6 7376 cm3 (or 7375.86 cm3) F R P Z A
7 18 563 cm3 (1.86 m3) 4 G4
5 O H
Maths Quest challenge (page 439) S N
1 Length 18 cm, width 15 cm and height 10 cm. Volume
is 2700 cm3. Exercise 10A — Translations
2 16.5 cm Key — object — image
1 a 1R 2U b 19R 2D c 4L 5D d 10L
Summary e 2R 4U f 2R g 2R 9U h 11L 8D
1 accuracy of the instrument, accuracy of the reading i 4L 1D j 6R k 7L 5D l 2L 8U
2 error 2 a 1L 6U b 2R 8D c 2R 3U d 12R
3 estimated value – actual value e 12L 9D f 13L 3D g 8L 1D h 4L 7U
------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 a b
actual value
4 estimated value – actual value
------------------------------------------------------------------------ × 100%
actual value
5 perimeter 6 metric
7 circumference 8 area
9 A = lw 10 A = --12- bh
c d
11 A = bh 12 A = 1--2- (a + b) × h
13 A = l2 14 A = π r2
15 total surface area (TSA) 16 cube
17 units 18 space
19 cubic units 20 straight, layers 4 a b
21 prism
Chapter review
1 Accurate values are:
a 50 b 100 c 340
2 Check with your teacher. c d
3 Check with your teacher.
4 a 2 cm b 0.013 c 1.3%
5 a 24 mm b 26 mm
6 a 495 g and 505 g b Yes
7 a 108 cm b 92 cm
8 a 0.53 cm b 76 mm 5 a 5R 6D b 21R 5D c 2L 1D
c 0.15 m d 460 cm d 2R 1U e 7R 6U f 19L 6U
e 0.25 km f 6500 m 6 a C to D b D to C c E to D
g 1500 mm h 0.125 km d E to B e D to A f E to C
9 a 11.6 m b 96 cm c 111 mm 7 D 8 B 9D
➔

10A
answers 754 Answers

Maths Quest challenge (page 451) 3

1 Check with your teacher.
2 Check with your teacher.
Exercise 10B — Reflections
Key — object — image
1 a b

4 3D 2R
5 5L 5D
c d 6

e f

2 a b

c d
8 True
9

e f

10

3 Check with your teacher.

4 Check with your teacher.
5 a b

Exercise 10C — Rotations

Key — object — image
1 a b
c
P
P

c d

6 C P
P

10 Quick Questions 1
1 e f
P
P
Q'
Q
2 2 a P G' b E' D'
C' D'
R' P C'
A' E' F'
B' A' B'
R
 755

answers
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c d A' B' 10 Quick Questions 2

P 1 Translation: A 2 Rotation: B, E, F, G
P 3 Reflection: C, D 4
C' D' C' R
B'
D' A'
R'
e B' A' f
A' B'
C' P P 5 2L 4U 6 False
E'
F' G'
D' E' 7 8 True
D' C'

All images are congruent to the original shapes.

3 a D b E c F
d B e A f C
4 a b
P
9
P

P
c
P

5 a b 10

P P

P Exercise 10D — Congruent figures

1 a i and iii b ii and iv c i and iv
2 a LABC ≅ LPQR, x = 25°
6 Check with your teacher. b LABC ≅ LPQR, x = 70°, y = 40°
7 a b c LABC ≅ LCDA, x = 40°, y = 55°
d LABC ≅ LADC, x = 30°, y = 30°, z = 120°
C' B'
e LABC ≅ LADC, x = 40°, y = 40°, z = 100°
f LABC ≅ LPRQ, x = 35°, y = 55°
3 C
A' C' 4 and
A' B'
15 cm
c d A' B' 15 cm
20° 89° 89° 20°
A'
B'

C'
Exercise 10E — Dilations
Key — object — image
C'
1 a
e f

A' B'
C'
b
B' A' C'

8 a Congruent b Not congruent

c Congruent d Not congruent
9 a True b True c True c
d False e False f True
10 D 11 E 10B
➔

10E
answers 756 Answers

2 a b Exercise 10F — Similar figures

1 a 8 b 4 c 11 --15- d 26 --23-
3
2 a 3 b 2.5 c ---
5
d 3.5
3 a 3 cm b 15 cm c 12 cm
d 9.6 cm e 4.5 cm
c 4 a 10.5 cm b 2 --23- cm
5 8.8 metres
Summary
1 isometric 2 translated
3 a b 3 rotated 4 centre of rotation
5 reflected 6 perpendicular
7 mirror line 8 congruent
9 transformation 10 corresponding
11 dilated 12 not congruent
13 similar 14 equal to
c d 15 greater than 1 16 reduced
17 n2 18 n3
19 shape, size 20 equal
Chapter review
e f Key — object — image
1 a b

4 a i 35 sq. units, 140 sq. units ii 4 c

b i 16 sq. units, 144 sq. units ii 9
c i 16 sq. units, 256 sq. units ii 16
5 a b
2 a 1U 5R b 3D 2L c 8R 1U d 12L 4U
3 a b

c d

e f

4 a b

6 a i 1 u3 ii 8 u3 iii 8
b i 2 u3 ii 16 u3 iii 8
c i 3 u3 ii 24 u3 iii 8 5 a b
d i 2 u3 ii 54 u3 iii 27 P
e i 3 u3 ii 81 u3 iii 27
P
f i 2 u3 ii 128 u3 iii 64
7 a 12 cm3, 96 cm3 b 2 c 8 c
8 a 7.644 m3, 206.388 m3 b 3 c 27
9 9 10 4 11 60 cm2 12 243 cm2
P
13 4 14 8 15 675 cm3
16 a C b E c A d B
 757

answers
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6 a b 4 a y=7 b y=1 c y = 11
P 5 a y=x+4
P
P P x −2 −1 0 1 2
y 2 3 4 5 6
c b y = 3x − 2
P
x −2 −1 0 1 2
y −8 −5 −2 1 4
P
7 a Congruent b Not congruent 6 a y=x+3 y
6
c Congruent x −2 −1 0 1 2 4 y=x+3
8 a LANP ≅ LDWR, x = 3 cm
y 1 2 3 4 5 2
b LTKB ≅ LKST or LTKB ≅ LKTS
x = 75°, y = 30°, z = 75°, p = 5 cm, q = 5 cm –4 –2 0 2 4x
9 a –2
b y=x−2
y
4
x −2 −1 0 1 2 y=x–2
2
y −4 −3 −2 −1 0
–4 –2 0 2 4x
–2
b c
–4

c y = 2x
y
4
2 2 x −2 −1 0 1 2 y = 2x
10 a 21 u , 189 u b 3 c 9 2
11 a 24 u3, 648 u3 b 3 c 27 y −4 −2 0 2 4
12 a x = 4.5 cm b x = 3 cm –4 –2 0 2 4x
–2

–4
Chapter 11 Coordinates and
graphs Exercise 11A — Interpreting graphs
Are you ready? 1 a Lucas b Selina
1 a C3 b C5 c A1 d B4 e A2 2 a Yes b No
2 a ❘ b ❘ 3 a Talia b Amy c No
3 a y 4 a Karl b No c Yes
B 4 A
5 a i Linh ii Linh iii No
2 b
D E Linh
Weight

–4 –2 0 2 4x Hannah
–2 F Georgia
James
David
–4 C
Height
–6
6 E 7 C
b iii y iii y
8 A: Claire is moving away from home.
5 5
4 4 B: Claire could be resting as she has stopped.
3 3
2 2 C: Claire is moving further away from home.
1 1
–5–4 –3–2–1 0 x 0 x
D: Claire could be resting again as she has stopped.
–1 1 2 3 4 5 –5–4 –3–2–1
–1 1 2 3 4 5
–2 –2 E: Claire is travelling home.
–3 –3
–4 –4 9 a A baby is not born with a zero head
–5 –5
circumference.
Parallelogram Rectangle b The head circumference has increased steadily
iii y iv y
over the 12 weeks.
5 5 c I would expect the graph to continue to show some
4 4
3 3
increase in head circumference, but this would
2 2 eventually slow down.
1 1
–5–4 –3–2–1 0
–1 1 2 3 4 5
x –5–4 –3–2–1 0
–1 1 2 3 4 5
x 10 a B
–2 –2 b Monique is walking faster in section C; therefore,
–3 –3
–4 –4 the distance from school is decreasing more
–5 –5
quickly.
Square Trapezium c At school 10F
➔

11A
answers 758 Answers

11 a January b April e y f y
2 2
c Yupa’s profit has gone down each month. 1 1
12 Answers will vary. –2–1 0 x 0 x
–1 1 2 3 –2–1
–1 1 2 3
–2 –2

Rainfall
–3
–4

Linear Linear
J F MAM J J A S ON D
Time
2 a y b y
13 6 3
5 2
4 1
3
Speed

B 0 x
A C 2 –3–2–1
–1 1 2 3
D 1 –2
0 x –3
–3–2–1
–1 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (weeks)

c d y
Maths Quest challenge (page 493) y
8 4
1 28 6 3
2 One possible answer: Fill the 9-litre container. Fill the 4 2
2 1
4-litre container twice from the 9-litre container, 0 x 0 x
–3–2–1
–2 1 2 3 –3–2–1
–1 1 2 3
leaving 1 litre in the 9-litre container. Empty the –4 –2
4-litre container and pour into it the 1 litre from the –6
–8
9-litre container. Fill the 9-litre container and use it to –10
fill the 4-litre container, which already contains 1 litre.
This will use 3 litres from the 9-litre container,
leaving 6 litres. e y f y
2 6
1 5
Exercise 11B — The Cartesian plane 4
0 x 3
1 –3–2–1
–1 1 2 3
y 2
6 –2 1
5 B
D4
–3–2–1 0 x
3 A –1 1 2 3
E 2 –2
F 1 L C –3
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2–1 0 x –4
–1 1 2 3K4 5 6 –5
–2 J
G –3 I –6
–4
H –5
–6

3 a y Yes (4, 11) b y No

7
2 A(2, 2) B(4, 6) C(6, 1) D(−2, 3) E(0, 5) F(1, 1) 9
8 6
G(−4, 1) H(0, 0) I(5, 0) J(4, 3) K(−5, 3) L(−4, −2) 7 5
4
6
M(−2, −5) 5 3
4 2
3 a E b A, C 3 1
2 0 x
Exercise 11C — Linear patterns 1
–3–2–1
–1 1 2 3
–2
0 x
1 a y b y –3–2–1
–1 1 2 3 –3
2 4 –2 –4
3 –3 –5
1
0 x 2
–2–1
–1 1 2 3 1
–2 0 x
–3 –2–1
–1 1 2 3 c y No d y Yes (3, 9)
5 9
4 8
Linear Linear 3 7
2 6
1 5
c y d y
–3–2–1 0 x 4
4 7 –1 1 2 3 3
3 6 –2 2
2 5 –3 1
–4 0 x
1 4 –5 –3–2–1
–1 1 2 3
0 x 3 –6 –2
–2–1
–1 1 2 3 2 –3
–2 1 –4
–3
0 x –5
–4 –2–1
–1 1 2 3 –6
–2 –7
–3 –8
–4 –9
–5

Linear Linear 4 a D b B c C d A, B, E
 759

answers
Answers

5 a y b y Exercise 11E — Plotting linear graphs

8 8 1 a y
6 6 x −2 −1 0 1 2 5
4 4 4
2 2 y 1 2 3 4 5
3 y=x+3
2
–8 –6–4 –2
–2 2 4 6 8 x –8 –6–4 –2
–2 2 4 6 8 x 1
–3–2–1 0 x
–4 –4 –1 1 2 3
–2
–6 –6
–8 –8
b y
c d x −2 −1 0 1 2
y y 2
1
8 8
x
6 6 y −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 –2–1 0
–1 1 2 3 4 5
4 4 –2
–3
2 2 –4
–5 y = x – 5
–8 –6–4 –2
–2 2 4 6 8 x –8 –6–4 –2
–2 2 4 6 8 x –6
–7
–4 –4
–6 –6 c y
–8 –8 x −2 −1 0 1 2 10
8
6 Check with your teacher. 6
y = 5x
y −10 −5 0 5 10 4
2
10 Quick Questions 1 –3–2–1 0
–2 1 2 3
x
1 Tree 2 C3 3 y –4
–6
E 6 A –8
4 –10
2 D d y
–6 –4 –2 2 4 6 x x −2 −1 0 1 2 8
7
C 6
–4
B y 0 2 4 6 8 5
–6 4 y = 2x + 4
3
4 A(1, 3), B(6, 6), C(4, 0), D(−1, −4), E(5, −6), 2
F(0, −2), G(−3, −5), H(−2, 3), I(−6, 6) 1
–3–2–1 0 x
5 y 6 True 7 (3, 11) –1 1 2 3
4
2 e y
x −2 −1 0 1 2 8
–4 –2 2 4 x 7
6
–4 y −4 −1 2 5 8 5
4
8 (0, 0) 9 False 10 (3, 3) 3 y = 3x + 2
2
1
Exercise 11D — Finding the rule for –3–2–1 0
–1 1 2 3
x
linear relationships –2
–3
1 a y=x+4 b y = x + 10 –4
c y=x−1 d y=x−6
f y
e y = 7 × x or y = 7x f y = 2x x −2 −1 0 1 2 2
g y = 4x + 3 h y = 3x − 4 1
x
i y = −2x + 1 j y = −x − 3 y −6 −4 −2 0 2 –3–2–1 0
–1 1 2 3
–2 y = 2x – 2
2 a y = x + 11 b y = 3x –3
c y = 5x d y = 4x − 1 –4
–5
e y = 8x − 4 f y = 2x − 7 –6
g y = −3x + 1
g y
3 D x −2 −1 0 1 2 6
4 a C b D 4
2
y −11 −7 −3 1 5
Maths Quest challenge (page 508) –3–2–10 1 2 3 x
–4 y = 4x – 3
1 27 2 –6
–8
–10
–12

h y
x −2 −1 0 1 2 8
7
6
5
y 8 5 2 −1 −4 4
3
2 y = –3x + 2
1

2 a B b B –3–2–1 0
–1 1 2 3
x
11B
➔

–2
–3
–4
11E
answers 760 Answers

3 a y k y
x −2 −1 0 1 2 3 y=x+2
x −2 −1 0 1 2 3
2 2 y = –6x + 2
1 1
y 0 1 2 3 4 0 x
y 14 8 2 −4 −10 0 x
–3–2–1
–1 1 2 3 –3–2–1
–1 1 2 3
–2 –2
–3 –3

b y l y
x −2 −1 0 1 2 2 x −2 −1 0 1 2 4 y = –5x + 4
1
3
–2–1 0 x 2
y −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 –1 1 2 3 4 y 14 9 4 −1 −6
–2 1
–3 y = x – 4 –3–2–1 0 x
–4 –1 1 2 3
–2

c y 4 a 4 y b 1 y
x −2 −1 0 1 2 3 y=x–1
y=4
4 4
2 3 3
1 2 2
y −3 −2 −1 0 1 0 x 1 1
y=1
–3–2–1
–1 1 2 3 0 x –3–2–1 0 x
–2 –3–2–1
–1 1 2 3 –1 1 2 3
–3 –2 –2

d y
c −2 y d −5 y
x −2 −1 0 1 2 5
3 1
2 0 x
y=x+5 4 1 –3–2–1
–1 1 2 3
3 –2
y 3 4 5 6 7 2 –3–2–1 0
–1 1 2 3
x
–3
1 –2 –4 y = –5
–5–4–3–2–10 1 x –3 y = –2 –5

e y 5 a y
x −2 −1 0 1 2 3
x −2 −1 0 1 2 y=3
3
2 2
1 y = 3x
y −6 −3 0 3 6 x y 3 3 3 3 3 1
–3–2–1 0 0 x
–1 1 2 3 –3–2–1
–1 1 2 3
–2 –2
–3 –3

f y b y
x −2 −1 0 1 2 6 x −2 −1 0 1 2
y = 7x 3 y=2
4 2
2
y −14 −7 0 7 14 x y 2 2 2 2 2 1
–3–2–1 01 2 3 –3–2–1 0 x
–4 –1 1 2 3
–2
–6 –3

g y
c
x −2 −1 0 1 2 6 x −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y
4 2
2 y = 4x + 1 1
y −7 −3 1 5 9 y −2 −2 −2 −2 −2
–3–2–1 01 2 3 x –3–2–1 0 x
–1 1 2 3
–4 –2
–6 –3 y = –2

h y
x −2 −1 0 1 2 3
d y
2 x −2 −1 0 1 2 2
1 1
y −7 −5 −3 −1 1 x 0 x
–3–2–1 0
–1 1 2 3 y −4 −4 −4 −4 −4 –3–2–1
–1 1 2 3
–2 –2
–3 y = 2x – 3 –3 y = –4
–4

i y
x −2 −1 0 1 2 1 6 a 1 y x=1 b 3 y x=3
3 3
–3–2–1 0 x
–1 1 2 3 2 2
y −11 −8 −5 −2 1 –2 1 1
–3 –3–2–1 0 x 0 x
–4 y = 3x – 5 –1 1 2 3 –3–2–1
–1 1 2 3
–5 –2 –2
–3 –3

j y c −2 x = –2 y
x −2 −1 0 1 2 3 3
2 2
1 y = –2x 1
y 4 2 0 −2 −4 0 x 0 x
–3–2–1
–1 1 2 3 –3–2–1–1 1 2 3
–2 –2
–3 –3
 761

answers
Answers

d −7 x = –7
y b
7 x −2 −1 0 1 2
6
5
4 y 5 3 1 −1 −3
3
2
1
b y a
–7–6–5–4–3–2–1 0 x
–1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
–2
–3
–4 1
–5
–6 x
–7
y x=2
7 a 3
x 2 2 2 2 2 2
1
–3–2–1 0
–1 1 2 3
x Lines meet at (0, 1).
y −2 −1 0 1 2
–2
–3 10 a
x −2 −1 0 1 2

b y x=5 y 2 1 0 −1 −2
x 5 5 5 5 5 3
2
1 b
y −2 −1 0 1 2 0 x x −2 −1 0 1 2
–1 1 2 3 4 5
–2
–3 y 0 1 2 3 4

c x = –5 y
a y b
x −5 −5 −5 −5 −5 3
2
1
y −2 −1 0 1 2
–8 –6 –4–20 2 x (–1,1)
–2 x
–3

d y
x 0 0 0 0 0 3 x=0
2
1 Lines meet at (−1, 1).
y −2 −1 0 1 2 –2–1 0 x
–1 1 2
–2 Exercise 11F — Gradient and
–3
y-intercept
1 a Positive b Undefined c Negative
8 a
x −2 −1 0 1 2 d Positive e Zero f Negative
2 a 1 b 3 c −1
y −4 −2 0 2 4 3 a 1 b −2 c 3
1
d ---
3
e −2 f − --14-
b
x −2 −1 0 1 2 4 a i m=1 ii c = −1 b i m = −2 ii c = 2
c i m = −3 ii c = 0 d i m=3 ii c = −3
y −5 −3 −1 1 3
e i m = −3 ii c = 6 f i m = 1--3- ii c = 4
c 5 a C b A
x −2 −1 0 1 2
6 A
y −3 −1 1 3 5 10 Quick Questions 2
1 A, D 2 B
y
ca 3 C 4 (−2, 1)
b 5 D 6 True
1 7 y = 6x + 3
x 8 y = −3x + 4 y
–1
10
x −2 −1 0 1 2 8
6
y 10 7 4 1 −2 4
Lines are parallel. 2
9 y = 3x + 1 –4 –2 –2 2 4 x
9 a 10 m = 2, c = 10
x −2 −1 0 1 2 –4
–6
y −5 −2 1 4 7 –8
–10 11F
➔

11F
answers 762 Answers

Exercise 11G — Finding the rule for g y h y i y

linear graphs 3
2
2 8
y=x+8 6
0 x
1 a i m=1 ii c = 1 iii y=x+1 1 y=x+1 –2
–2 2 4 6 8 4
0 x –4
b i m = −4 ii c = −2 iii y = −4x − 2 –3–2–1
–1 1 2 3 –6 y=x–8
2
–2
c i m=2 ii c = −3 iii y = 2x − 3 –3
–8
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2x
–2
d i m=5 ii c = 0 iii y = 5x
e i m = −3 ii c = 1 iii y = −3x + 1 j y k y l y
f i m = −1 ii c = 3 iii y = −x + 3 9 3 y = –x – 4 2
1
y=x+9 2
2 a Gradient = 1, y-intercept = 3 6 1 y = –x + 1 –4 –3–2–1 0 x
–1 1
b Gradient = 1, y-intercept = −4 3 –3–2–10
–1 1 2 3
x –2
c Gradient = 3, y-intercept = 1 –9 –6 –3 0 3 x
–2 –3
–4
–3
d Gradient = 5, y-intercept = −2 –3
e Gradient = 6, y-intercept = 10 3 a D b B
f Gradient = 8, y-intercept = −7 4 a C b A
g Gradient = 5, y-intercept = 3
h Gradient = 9, y-intercept = −4 Exercise 11I — Applications of linear
i Gradient = −3, y-intercept = 4 graphs
j Gradient = −6, y-intercept = 2 1 a ii Time, Distance
k Gradient = −4, y-intercept = 0 ii 0 ≤ Time ≤ 30 minutes, 0 ≤ Distance ≤ 3900 m
l Gradient = 1, y-intercept = 0 b ii Length of calls, Cost
3 a D b A ii 1 ≤ Length of calls ≤ 10 minutes,
4 a B b E ii 50 ≤ Cost ≤ 320 cents
Exercise 11H — Sketching linear c ii Days, Drips
graphs ii 0 ≤ Days ≤ 7, 0 ≤ Drips ≤ 3535
1 a b c 2 a ii Litres, Cost
y y y
3 3 y=x+3 3
ii 0 ≤ Litres ≤ 100 L, 0 ≤ Cost ≤ 110 dollars
2 2 2 y=x–3 b ii Time, Account balance
1 y=x+1 1 1
0 x 0 x –3–2–1 0 x ii 2 ≤ Time ≤ 24 months,
–3–2–1
–1 1 2 3 –3–2–1
–1 1 2 3 –1 1 2 3
–2 –2 –2 ii $50 ≤ Account balance ≤ $600
–3 –3 –3 c ii Hours worked, Pay
d y e y y = 2x + 2 f y y = 2x – 1
ii 20 ≤ Hours ≤ 35, $200 ≤ Pay ≤ $350
3 3 3 3 a
2 y=x–2 2 2
1 1 1 250
Savings ($)

–3–2–1 0 x 0 x 0 x 200
–1 1 2 3 –3–2–1
–1 1 2 3 –3–2–1
–1 1 2 3
–2 –2 –2 150
–3 –3 –3 100
50
g y
y = 4x – 2
h y y = 6x – 4 i y 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
3 2 4 y = –x + 4
2 1 3 Time (months)
1 x 2
–3–2–1 0
–3–2–1 0 x –1 1 2 3 1
–1 1 2 3 –2 x
–2 –3
–1 0
–1 1 2 3 4 b Time, Savings c Yes
–3 –2
–4 d Refer to graph. e m = 30, c = 60
j k l f y = 30x + 60 g Savings = 30 × time + 60
y y y
y = –x – 5 1
4
x
4 4 a
3 –5–4 –3–2–1 0
–1 1
3 y = –2x + 3 Time 1
2 y = –x + 2
–2
2 0 --- 1 1 1--2- 2 2 1--2- 3
1
–3
1 (hours) 2
–1 0 x –1 0 x
–1 1 2 3 4 –4 –1 1 2 3 4
–5
–2 –2 Cost ($) 55 100 145 190 235 280 325
2 a y b y c y
3 y=x+3 6 2 y=x–4 b
2 y=x+6 5 1 350
1 4 x 300
–1 0
3 –1 1 2 3 4 250
Cost

–3–2–1 0 x 2 200
–1 1 2 3 1
–2
–2 –3 150
100
–3 –6–5–4–3–2–1 0 1 x –4
50
0
0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5
d y e y f y 1.0 2.0 3.0
12 Time (hours)
1 4
10 2
x
–1 0
–1 1 2 3 4 5 y = x + 10 8
–2 0 x c Time, Cost d Yes e m = 90
–2 6 –2 2 4 6 8
–3 4 –4 f c = 55 g y = 90x + 55 h C = 90t + 55
y=x–5 2 –6 y = x – 7
–4 i C = $415 j 0 ≤ Time ≤ 3, $55 ≤ Cost ≤ $325
–5 –12 –8 –4 –10 4 x –8
5 a Day number, Height of grass
 763

answers
Answers

b Day 8 c b c Yes d m = 20, c = 300

28 500
24

Height (cm)
400

Pay ($)
20
16 300
12 200
8 100
4 0
2 4 6 8 10
0 Number sold
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Day number
e P = 20n + 300 f P = $800
d Yes e m = 2, c = 10
f h = 2d + 10 g h = 38 mm Exercise 11J — Graphs and relationships
6 a 1 a
Speed (km/h) 5 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3

Distance from y –9 –4 –1 0 1 4 9
0 50 100 150 200 250
bottom (m)
b
x –3 –2 –1 –0 –1 2 3
b 2.5 km/h c
250 y –7 –2 –1 –2 –1 2 7
Distance (m)

200
150 c
100 x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
50
0
1 2 3 4 5 y 11 6 3 2 3 6 11
Speed (km/hr)
d Halfway up the 3.75 km/h d
hill x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
250
Distance (m)

200
150 y 18 –8 –2 0 2 8 18
100
50 e
0 x –3 –2 –1 0 –1 –2 –3
1 2 3 4 5
Speed (km/hr)
e 175 m y –9 –4 –1 0 –1 –4 –9
250
Distance (m)

200
f
150
x –3 –2 –1 0 1 –2 –3
100
50 y –7 –2 –1 2 1 –2 –7
0
1 2 3 4 5
Speed (km/hr) 2 They are all parabolas.
f 2.5 ≤ Speed ≤ 5, 0 ≤ Distance ≤ 250 3 a
7 a 18 b m = −2, c = 26 x –3 –2 –1 – 1--2- 0 1
---
2
1 2 3
c s = −2t + 26 d s = 14
e 0 ≤ Time ≤ 3, 20 ≤ Student numbers ≤ 26 y – --13- – --12- –1 –2 Undefined 2 1 1
---
2
1
---
3
8 a
Distance (km) 0 25 50 75 100 125 b
x –3 –2 –1 – 1--2- 0 1
---
2
1 2 3
Time (hours) 0 1 2 3 4 5
y – 2--3- –1 –2 –4 Undefined 4 2 1 2
---
3
b c Yes c
125 x –3 –2 –1 – 1--2- 0 1
--- 1 2 3
Distance (km)

2
100
75
50
y –1 –1 1--2- –3 –6 Undefined 6 3 1 1--2- 1
25
0 d
1 2 3 4 5
Time (hours)
x –3 –2 –1 – --12- 0 1
---
2
1 2 3
d m = 25 c = 0 e d = 25t + 0 or d = 25t 1 1
y --- --- 1 2 Undefined –2 –1 – 1--2- – 1--3-
f d = 125 km g d = 200 km 3 2
9 a 4 They are all hyperbolas.
Numbers
0 1 2 3 4 5
sold (n) 5 a
x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
Pay ($) 300 320 340 360 380 400
y 0.037 0.1̇ 0.3̇ 1 3 9 27
Numbers b
6 7 8 9 10
sold (n) x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3

Pay ($) 420 440 460 480 500 y 0.008 0.04 0.2 1 5 25 125 11G
➔

11J
answers 764 Answers

c 4 A(1, 3) B(4, 2) C(3, 0) D(−3, 1) E(−5, 5) F(−6, 0)

x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 G(0, −1) H(−3, −3) I(−2, −6) J(5, −4) K(2, −6)
y 0.5787 0.6944 0.8333 1 1.2 1.44 1.728 L(−6, −4) M(4, −2)
5 a y b y
6
d 5
4
x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
2
3
2 –3 –2–1 0 x
y 8 4 2 1 0.5 0.25 0.125 1 –2 1 2 3
–4
–3–2–1 0 x –6
6 They are all exponential graphs. They all cross the –1 1 2 3 –8
–2
y-axis at (0, 1). –10
–12
7 a One-to-one b Many-to-one
c Many-to-one d One-to-one 6 a y=x+3 b y = 2x + 4
8 a One-to-one b One-to-one c y = 4x − 3
c One-to-one d Many-to-one 7 a y=x+3 b y=x−4
e One-to-one f Many-to-one c y = 2x d y = 3x − 5
9 a
t 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 8 a y
x −2 −1 0 1 2 3 y=x–2
2
N 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 1
y −4 −3 −2 −1 0 0 x
–3–2–1
–1 1 2 3
b t is independent; N is dependent. –2
c N 1000 –3

900
b y
800 x −2 −1 0 1 2 6
700 y=x+5 5
4
600 y 3 4 5 6 7 3
500 2
1
400
–6–5–4–3–2–1 0 1 x
300
200
100 c y
x −2 −1 0 1 2 3
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 t 2
1
d 0 ≤ t ≤ 10 y −10 −6 −2 2 6
–3–2 –1 0 1 2 3 x
e 1 ≤ N ≤ 1024 –2 y = 4x – 2
f ≈ 11 bacteria –3
g Approximately 12 hours
d y
Summary x −2 −1 0 1 2 3
1 x-axis 2 y-axis 2 y = 3x + 2
1
3 first number 4 second number y −4 −1 2 5 8
–3–2 –1 0 1 2 3 x
5 independent 6 dependent –2
7 domain 8 range –3
9 linear graph 10 y = mx + c
11 steepness 12 m
13 y-intercept 14 c 9 a m=1 b m = −2 c m=3
15 two points 16 gradient 10 a m = 2, c = −3 b m = −1, c = 0
17 x-intercept 18 zero c m = 4, c = −5
19 x=0 20 non-linear 11 a i m = 1, c = 3 ii y=x+3
21 one-to-one, many-to-one b i m = −2, c = −2 ii y = −2x − 2
c i m = −1, c = 5 ii y = −x + 5
Chapter review
1 a Namiko b Rina c No 12 a y b y
3
2 a A: Anton is swimming out from the shore. 8
6
2
y=x+7 1
B: Anton is staying the same distance from the 4
2 0 –3–2–1 0 1 2 3 x
shore. C: Anton is swimming back to the shore. –2 y = 2x –2
b Anton is swimming faster during section A than in –8 –6–4 –2 2 x
–3
section C.
3 y c y d y
D 6
5 1 4 y = –2x + 4
4 A x 3
–1 0
3 B –1 1 2 3 4 5 2
E 2 C –2
F 1 1
L –3
0 x y = 3x – 5 –1 0 x
–6–5–4 –3–2–1
–1 1 2J 3 4 5 6 –4 –1 1 2 3 4
–2 –5 –2
–3 K
H
–4
G –5 I
–6
 765

answers
Answers

13 a y b y c y d y
8 3 3
2 y=x–3
y=x+7
6 1 2 y = 2x – 5
4
–3–2–1 0 x 1 2
2 0 –1 1 2 3
–2
–8 –6–4 –2 2 x
–3 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x
–1
y = 1.4x
–2 1
c y d y –3
y = –x + 4
1 4 –4
0
–1 1 2 3 4 5
x 3 –5
–2
2
1 –6 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x
–3
–4 y=x–5 –1 0
–1 1 2 3 4
x –7
–5 –2 –8
–9
14 a –10
Time –11
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
(weeks)
18 a –3 ≤ x ≤ 3, 3 ≤ y ≤ 12
Height b –3 ≤ x ≤ 3, – 2--3- ≤ y ≤ ∞
0 35 70 105 140 175 210
(cm)
A maximum value cannot be determined for this
type of graph. Discuss with your teacher.
b c m = 35, c = 0
210 c –3 ≤ x ≤ 3, –11 ≤ y ≤ 1
Height (cm)

d –3 ≤ x ≤ 3, 0.3644 ≤ y ≤ 2.744
140

70
Chapter 12 Data and graphs
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (weeks) Are you ready?
d y = 35x + 0 or y = 35x 1 a 0.1 unit b 4 units c 25 units
e Height = 35 × time 2 a 145 cm b 5 cm c 20 cm d 2 years
3 Score Frequency
f Height = 700 cm
g 0 ≤ Time ≤ 6, 0 ≤ Height ≤ 210 20 5
15 a One-to-one b Many-to-one 21 8
c One-to-one
22 7
d Many-to-one
23 2
16 a 24 4
x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
4 a 40 b 5
y 12 –7 –4 3 4 7 12
5 a 20, 21, 22, 25, 25, 29, 34
b 215, 276, 277, 298, 304, 325, 345, 381, 400
b
x –3 –2 –1 – 1--2- 0 1
---
2
1 2 3 c 0.3, 1.8, 2.8, 2.9, 3.1, 3.5, 3.6, 3.6, 4.6, 5.8, 5.8
6 a 2 b 25 c 8
y – --23- –1 –2 –4 Undefined 4 2 1 2
---
3 Exercise 12A — Tables and charts
c 1 a 24°C b Days 6, 7 c Day 3 d Day 3
x –3 –2 –1 –0 –1 –2 –3 e 8°C f Day 6 g ≈22°, 15°C (Discuss)
2 a $42 b $58
y –11 –9 –7 –5 –3 –1 1 c 2 adults, 3 children, by $15
d 2 adults, 1 child: $74; 3 adults, 2 children: $114;
d 4 adults, 3 children: $142
x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
e $5 f $37 g cheaper the admission
y 0.3644 0.5102 0.7143 1 1.4 1.96 2.744 h $13.75
3 a iii 75c iii 54c iii 54c
17 a y b iv 54c iv 75c
y
4 b iii $1.80 iii $1.25 iii 18c
y = x2 + 3 3 y = 2–x iv $5.40 iv $5.00
10 2 4 a 3.35 pm b Monday only
1 c 8 h 5 min Mon.–Sun. daytime
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x
7 h 5 min Mon. evening
5 –1 d Pronumeral 1 hour e 12.25 am
–2
f Halftown and Wholetown
–3
g No; 1400 = 2.00 pm Friday afternoon; the train
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x
–4
arrives in Geometric at 3.05 pm. 12A
➔

12A
answers 766 Answers

5 a $12.50 b $42 c $51.50 3 Using pictorial representations or graphs to represent

d $54.50 e $80.50 f $11.00 the way elements vary
g $9.50 h $42.50 i $90.50
j $175.50 Exercise 12C — Line graphs
6 $23.50 1 a i Time axis: 12 s
ii Pulse rate axis: 4 beats/min
10 Quick Questions 1 b ii 108 bpm ii 116 bpm
1 $9.80 2 Chicken pizza c Max: 120 bpm at 3 minutes
3 $18.80 4 $25.50 Min: 72 bpm at 0 minutes
5 True 6 False d i 3 min ii 2 min 24 s and 4 min
7 False e ≈ 90 bpm
8 Waterskiing, diving, snorkelling, white water rafting f Running or other forms of exercise
1
9 ---
8
10 25% 2 a i A$5 ii US$4
b i US$16 ii US$68
Exercise 12B — Column and bar graphs c i A$60 ii A$135
1 a 2001; $15 000 000 b 2003; $2 000 000 d US$136
c $7 500 000 loss 3 a i 110 cm ii 122 cm iii 158 cm
d i Profits: $30 000 000; Losses: $14 500 000; b i 116 cm ii 146 cm iii 170 cm
ii Overall profit: $15 500 000 c 7 and 16
e 2006; $12 500 000 d i 10 ii 17 e 7 and 16
2 a Potato chips; 45% b Nuts f 0 and 1 g 7 years
c 15% d 100% = whole survey h No increase in height i 12 cm
e ≈ 4 times 4 a i $500/wk ii $1000/wk
f Discuss; one possible answer could be ‘Other’. b $500/wk; doubled c 2003, 2004
g 1 unit = 5% d 2005, 2006 e 2001
3 a Year 8 election results 5 a 9.00 am b 6.00 am
Julian

c ii 200 ii 450
Gann

12
d ii 7.00 am, 10.15 am, 12.15 pm
Votes received

10
Imran

8 ii 6.30 am, 10.45 am, 11.30 am

Renee

6
Than

e From 7 am to 9 am is a peak period for traffic; that

4
2 is, people are travelling to school, work and so on.
0 After that the amount of traffic begins to decline
Student
before picking up again in the afternoon.
b Julian c 2 votes d Renee, Than 6 a i 100 bpm ii 90 bpm
e 32 b 3 min
4 a Age groups in population c 1, 5 min. Pulse rate increases and exceeds 80 bpm
while exercising and then begins to decrease and
65+ comes back down to 80 bpm after exercising.
d 100 bpm e 4 min
Age group

20–64
7 a Sunset times
10–19 6.15
6.10
6.05
Sunset (pm)

6.00
0–9 5.55
5.50
5.45
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5.40
Population (millions) 5.35
5.25
1 cm = 1 million 1 2 3 4 5 6
Week
b 0–9, 10–19 c 21.3% d 51.9%
b It could be autumn, heading towards winter as the
5 Bedroom numbers
in houses times are progressively becoming earlier.
Number of houses

10 8 a ‘The Mathemagics’ CD sales

8 4000
3750
6 3500
4 3250
2 3000
CD sales

2750
0 2500
2 3 4 5 2250
Number of bedrooms 2000
1750
6 B 7 E 1500
1250
History of mathematics — Nicholas 1000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Oresmé (1325–1382) Week
1 The bubonic plague and the Hundred Years’ War b If the downward trend continues, there would be
2 Charles V approximately 1300 to 1400 sales.
 767

answers
Answers

9 a Daily minimum temperatures g f Student ratings

Temperature (°C) 30
25 10
20 8
15 6
10 4
5 2
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
y

ry

ch

il

ay

ne
ar

r
ua

Ap
ar

Ju
nu

M
br
Ja

Fe

Month
3 a Score Frequency
b Between approximately 5 to 7°C
246 3
10 a Values are bunched up very closely. The graph will 247 4
be difficult to read. 248 6
b Start the vertical axis scale at 11.5 and enlarge the 249 5
scale. 250 4
c Vani’s 100 m sprint 251 2
12.5 times
12.4 252 1
12.3
Total 25
Time (s)

12.2
12.1
12.0
11.9 b 25 c 18 d 3
11.8
11.7 e f Corn chips net weight (grams)
11.6
1 2 3 4 5 6 6
Run
4
d 12.07 s
2
11 a Jani & Kosmo’s height
90 0
85 246 248 250 252 x
80
Height (cm)

75 Weight (grams)
70
65 4 a Test results Frequency
60 Jani
55 Kosmo
50 2 2
45
1 2 3 4 5 6 3 2
Age (years) 4 2
5 3
b 5 years
6 6
c Jani: approx. 92 cm, Kosmo: approx. 96 cm
7 5
12 a 8 7
4
9 3
Temperature (°C)

2
0
5 am 7 9 11 1 pm 3 5 7
Total 30
–2
Time
–4 b 30 c 8 d 9, 2
–6
–8 Temperature during e Test results
ski season 7
–10
6
5
Frequency

b i −3.5°C ii −3.5°C
4
13 C 14 B 3
2
Exercise 12D — Histograms and 1
frequency polygons x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 a 156 cm b 150 cm c 20 Score
d 18 e 156 cm f 56 people 5 a Hours of sleep Frequency
2 a
f Student ratings 6 1
10 6 --12- 2
8 7 3
6 7 --12- 3
4 8 7
2 8 --12- 2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x 9 2
b 5 c 1 d 22 e 11 f 42 Total 20 12B
➔

12D
answers 768 Answers

b f Number of hours sleep c f Lifetime of torch batteries

on school nights 25
7

Frequency
20
6 15
5 10
Frequency

4 5
3 0
2 x

25 <25
30 <30
35 <35
40 <40
45 <45
50
–<
1

–
–
–
–
–
20
Lifetime (hours)
6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 x
Number of hours’ sleep 10 a
Fat content (%) Frequency
c 20 d 11 e 3
6 C
1–5 4
7 a Pocket money ($) Frequency 6–10 6
11–15 6
4 2 16–20 7
5 4 21–25 3
6 3 26–30 4
7 0
8 2
9 0 Total 30
10 7 Range = 30 − 1 = 29
11 0
29
12 0 Groups = ------ ≈ 6
13 0 5
14 0 b
15 2 Hours of TV watched Frequency

Total 20 0–9 7
10–19 8
b f Weekly amount of pocket money 20–29 5
7
6 30–39 3
5 40–49 3
Frequency

4 50–59 1
3 60–69 1
2
1 Total 28
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 x
Range = 60 − 0 = 60
Dollars
60
c $10 d 9 Groups = ------ = 6
8 E 10
9 a Lifetime (hours) Frequency However, due to one value being 60 hours, an
extra group will need to be included. Therefore,
20–<25 16 there will be 7 groups.
25–<30 16 c
30–<35 18 Mass (grams) Frequency
35–<40 25
40–<45 15 1–25 3
45–<50 10 26–50 4
51–75 3
Total 100 76–100 2
Range = 49 − 20 = 29 101–125 1
126–150 2
29
Groups = ------ ≈ 6 151–175 2
5 176–200 0
b f Lifetime of torch batteries 201–225 1
25
226–250 2
Frequency

20
15
10 Total 20
5
0 Range = 230 − 5 = 225
x
25 <25
30 <30
35 <35
40 <40
45 45
50

225
–<
–<

Groups = --------- = 9
–
–
–
–
20

Lifetime (hours) 25
 769

answers
Answers

d Mass (grams) Frequency 4 Key: 3 6 = 36

Stem Leaf
251–275 4 0 0123678
276–300 7 1 022224566789
301–325 7 2 12578
326–350 1 3 11223
351–375 2 4 0
376–400 2 5 a Key: 12 7 = 127 b Key: 13 2 = 132
401–425 3 Stem Leaf Stem Leaf
426–450 0 10 8 11 4
451–475 2 11 6 7 8 12 4
476–500 2 12 9 13 0 1
13 2 7 14 6
Total 30 14 5 15 0 2
Range = 492 − 252 = 240 15 2 16
16 4 5 17 1 3
240
Groups = --------- ≈ 10 17 2
25 18 9
10 Quick Questions 2 c Key: 18 5 = 186 d Key: 23 7 = 237
1 70 2 Carlton and Richmond Stem Leaf Stem Leaf
3 Collingwood 4 3 minutes 16 8 19 0
5 35 m/min 6 140 m 17 0 0 20 5 7 8
18 0 1 6 6 8 21
7 Score Tally Frequency 19 3 6 6 9 22 5
20 9 23 7 9
5 ||| 3 24 4 8 8 8
6 || 2 25 5
7 || 2 e Key: 65 2 = 652
8 |||| 4 Stem Leaf
9 || 2 64 1 5 7 7
10 | 1 65
66 2
Total 14 67 5
68 5
8 f 69 1
5
70 8
Frequency

4
3 71
2 72
1 73 5 6
0 x
74 8
5 6 7 8 9 10
Score 6 a Key: 1 7 = 1.7 b Key: 2 6 = 2.6
9 10 10 8 Stem Leaf Stem Leaf
1 279 1 8
Exercise 12E — Stem-and-leaf plots 2 238 2 5789
1 a 22 b 17 c 64 3 9 3 5
d 13 e 42 f 0 4 16 4 1
2 a Key: 23 7 = 237 b 226 5 48 5 27
Stem Leaf 6 26
20 2 4 7 9 c Key: 6 7 = 6.7 d Key: 13 7 = 13.7
21 0 2 7 Stem Leaf Stem Leaf
22 3 3 6 8 9 6 059 13 0899
23 0 1 1 2 2 6 7 457 14 3556778
24 5 8 348 15 12679
3 Key: 2 7 = 27 9 238 16 2
Stem Leaf e Key: 1 5 = 0.15
2 11558899 Stem Leaf
3 11379 0 27
4 01167 1 58
5 13348 2
6 2222778 3 7
7 12338 4 4
8 12 5 1
9 233 6 7 12E
➔

12E
answers 770 Answers

Exercise 12F — Mean, median and mode 20 a 3 b 3 c Both

1 26.8 21 a 4 b 3
2 a 4.33 b 7.33 c 36.3 d 6.91 c 3 strokes. Factors include wind, difficulty of hole,
3 a 18 b 10 c 1.8 goals performance on the day and so on.
4 C 22 a $18 000 b $26 000
5 4.6 c Mode d Median
6 a Group A: 6.1; Group B: 6.8. Group B has a larger e $30 000
mean.
b Group A has a larger spread of values; that is, Maths Quest challenge (page 598)
from 2 to 9. Group B’s spread is from 5 to 9. 1 One possible answer is 5, 6, 12, 13, 14. If the five
7 a 6.7 b 10 numbers are in ascending order, the third number must
8 2 be 12 and the other 4 numbers must total 38.
9 7.8 2 Highest score is 49 and lowest score is 0.
10 The scores would be 0, 1, 12, 13, 49.
x f xf 3 Largest value for median is 15. Scores would be
0, 2, 15, 16, 17. Smallest value for median is 2. Scores
0 1 0 would be 0, 1, 2, a, b where a + b = 47
1 2 2 4 43; highest score: 100; lowest score: 57. The scores
2 7 14 would be 57, 77, 78, 79, 80, 97, 98, 99, 100.
3 3 9
4 4 16 Exercise 12G — Measures of spread
5 2 10 1 a 8 b 15 c 50 d 2.5
6 1 6 2 a 4 b 5 c 15 d 4
3 a 35 b 46 c 35
Total 20 57 4 1
Mean = 2.85 5 a 4 b 1.6
6 a 17.8, 1.04 b 6.5, 3.08 c 113, 5.43
11 7 See table at foot of the page.
x f xf
8 a 1.45 b 1.31
1 4 4 9 a i 11.58 ii 6.6 iii 0.90
2 5 10 b i 124.86 ii 42.4 iii 8.91
3 4 12 c i 0.40 ii 0.65 iii 0.24
4 2 8 d i 40.84 ii 2.2 iii 0.68
5 1 5 10 a 0, 30
b No, since the range of each class is the same.
Total 16 39
c As Class A had the smallest mean absolute
Mean = 2.4 difference, it had the most consistent results.
12 80 11 a iii 125.89, 126.29, 126.3
13 a 36 b 7 iii 9.6, 9.6, 9.6
14 a 7 b 17 iii 2.51, 2.65, 2.52
15 a 48 b 1.8 b The range value for each is the same; therefore, it
16 a 31 b 260.5 c 172.5 is not a good measure for determining the most
17 Question 14 a 5 b 17 consistent machine.
Question 15 a 52 b 1.5, 1.7, 1.8 c The most consistent is machine A: its mean is the
18 C one closest to 126 mm, and its mean absolute
19 E difference is also the smallest.

Score Absolute difference Frequency Absolute difference ¥ frequency

(x) x–x (f) x–x × f

4 | 4 – 5.8 | = 1.8 11 1.8 × 11 = 19.8

5 | 5 – 5.8 | = 0.8 13 0.8 × 13 =10.4

6 | 6 – 5.8 | = 0.2 10 0.2 × 10 = 2

7 | 7 – 5.8 | = 1.2 7 1.2 × 7 = 8.4

8 | 8 – 5.8 | = 2.2 9 2.2 × 9 = 19.8

Total 50 60.4
 771

answers
Answers

12 a Key: 3 5 = 35 3 a 10°C b Day 5 c Day 7

Stem Leaf d Day 6 e 10°C f Days 6 and 7
2 5 5
4 a 60 kg b ------
12
c 5 kg d 4.2%
3 1
4 e
Body composition
5 8 25
6 55667 20

Mass (kg)
7 0111233468 15
8 234667 10
5
9 468 0
10 0

Br e
Ot in
r
Bl at
M od
cle
he
n

F
a
Bo

o
us
b 73 c 71 d 75
e Lowest score: 25 Highest score: 100
More students received scores in the 70–79 5 a Weekly expenses
interval. The modal score was 71. It occurred Food and drink
3 times. Only one student achieved a perfect score. Rent or mortgage

Item
Transport
Chapter 12H — Analysing data Clothing

1 a Range b Mean c Mode Recreation

Other
d Mean e Median
2 a Frank: 3, Erik: 3; no 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
b Frank: 0.88; Erik: 0.72; no. Amount ($)
c The mean together with the mean absolute
difference would give a better measure of their b Clothing c Transport, recreation
abilities. 140 7
3 a Tigers with a mean of 13 d --------- = ------ e 30%
600 30
b Jackals: 4, Panthers: 10. Panthers have a higher
modal score than the Jackals. 6 a i 2 ha ii 3 ha
c Jackals: 4.5, Panthers: 10, Wallabies: 6.5, b i 10 acres ii 6 acres iii 8.7 acres
Tigers: 12 7 a
Population (thousands)

Estimated insect
d Tigers with a range of 25 population
400
4 a C b C
c No, numerical values required for rating. 300
5 a Range: 12 b 32.5, 3.3, 32, 28
200
c Mean and mean absolute difference: need to know
what her batting average is and how consistent 100
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
she is. Year
d No; lowest score
6 a 80, 37.7, 25.5, 35.5, no mode b i 1980–1990 ii 2010–2020
b Much higher range, higher mean, higher median, c i 320 000 ii 400 000
higher mean absolute difference value d i 2002 ii 2013
c Jennifer. Although her batting average is a little less 8 a
than Mark’s, Jennifer is a more consistent player. Video rating Frequency
(Compare the range and mean absolute difference
value for each.) 0 8
d Mean, highest ‘average’ result 1 6
2 3
Summary 3 2
1 random, population 2 distribution 4 0
3 tables, line 4 title, axes, same 5 1
5 column, frequency 6 polygons, histogram
7 stem, leaf 8 mean, middle, mode Total 20
9 range, spread 10 absolute, difference
b f Video ratings
Chapter review 8
7
1 a 6 b 14 c 2 d 4 e 1
--- 6
3 5
4
2 a 5 b Sydney, St George Illawarra 3
2
c St George Illawarra 1
d Bigger difference between F and A 0
x
e 2
0 1 2 3
Score
4 5 12F
➔

12H
answers 772 Answers

9 a x f c 13 d 13.5, 13
e 13; as this is the most frequently sold size.
0 5 f 6 g 58% h Discuss
1 19 a 2 b 2.6 c 9 d 1.6
---
2
3
1 4 e The mean number of pieces of mail delivered is
1 1--2- 4 2.6. The mean average difference value is 1.6
pieces of mail.
2 6
2 1--2- 0 Chapter 13 Probability
3 2 Are you ready?
3 1--2- 1 1 a Impossible b Fifty–fifty
4 1 c Certain d Impossible
e Fifty–fifty
Total 26 2 a 26 b 4 c 2
b 26 c 2h d 4 e 8 d 1 e 4 f 12
1
f f 3 a ---
2
b 4--5- 25
9
c -----
- d 1
---
4
6
5 4 a 0.2 b 0.75 c 0.3 d 0.85
4
3 5 a 25% b 60% c 70% d 35%
2
1 6 a 16 b 72 c 10 --12- d 16
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 x 7 a {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} b {Heads, Tails}
Hours
c {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
10 Key: 9 2 = 92 3 8 7 8
8 a -----
14
- b -----
27
- c ------
24
d ------
39
11 5 = 115
Stem Leaf Exercise 13A — Probability scale
7 158 1 a Certain b Highly unlikely
8 123456788 c Discuss d Discuss
9 011222344667
e Highly unlikely f Highly unlikely
10 2 3 4 4
g Certain h Impossible
11 0 5
i Highly unlikely j Highly likely
11 Only 3 cars were travelling under the 80 km/h speed
k Even chance l Highly unlikely
limit. The slowest speed recorded was 71 km/h,
m Even chance n Better than even chance
while the fastest speed recorded was 115 km/h. Most
o Highly likely p Highly unlikely
of the recorded speeds were in the 90–99 km/h class
2 a–e should be discussed in class.
interval. The most common (modal) speed recorded
was 92 km/h. 3 a --12- 9
b -----
10
- c 0 d 1
12 3.1 1 1 1 11
e --- f --- g ------ h ------
13 8 2 3 52 20
14 4.3 i 5
--- j 1
------ k 1
--- l 2
------
6 13 5 13
15 a 5 b 5 c 4
16 a There is no mode since none of the values occur m --47- n 1
more than once.
4 C 5 E
b 7 c 40
17 Mode: 0, Median: 1, Range: 5 Exercise 13B — Experimental probability
14 11
18 a x f xf 1 a ------
25
(0.56) b ------
25
(0.44)
13
11 6 66 2 a ------
25
b 0.48
12 10 120 7 43
3 a ------ (0.14) b ------ (0.86)
13 11 143 50 50
14 8 112 4 a 5
------ b 13
------ c 0.3625
16 40
15 8 120
16 5 80 5 a iiii 2, 4, 6 iiiii 1, 2
17 2 34 iiii 3, 4, 5, 6 iiiv 2, 3, 5
iiv Impossible iivi 5, 6
Totals 50 675 vii 1, 4, 6 viii 1, 2, 3, 4
b iix 3, 6 iiix 5
f Chicken sales
12 b 1 → 15%
Frequency

10
8
2 → 17%
6 3 → 17.5%
4
2 4 → 16%
0 x 5 → 17.5%
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Chicken sizes 6 → 17%
 773

answers
Answers

c 50% d 48% e 17.5% f 68% 1→ 11

------ (0.275)
40
g 50% h 34.5% i 34.5% j 32%
9
6 a The greater the number of trials, the closer the 2→ ------
40
(0.225)
results come to what we would expect; that is, 1
a relative frequency of 50% for each event. 3→ ---
4
(0.25)
1
b No, the results would not be identical because this 4→ ---
4
(0.25)
is an experiment and values will differ for each c 21
------ (0.525) d 2, 3 e 19
------ (0.475)
40 40
trial.
1 19
7 a Score Frequency 10 a ------
20
(0.05) b ------
20
(0.95) c 30
13
1 34 11 a ii 3 of hearts ii ------
60

2 27 b ii Queen of diamonds and 3 of diamonds

9
3 24 ii -----
20
-

4 15 c ii 3 of hearts, queen of diamonds and 3 of

ii diamonds
Total 100 ii --23-
b Swimming = 34
--------- (0.34) d ii 3 of each suit
100
ii --34-
27
Athletics = ---------
100
(0.27)
e ii 3 of both spades and hearts
24
Gymnastics = ---------
100
(0.24) ii --25-
15 f ii All cards drawn
Rowing = ---------
100
(0.15)
ii 1
c 1 d Swimming e 204 g ii None of the cards drawn
8 a Score Frequency ii 0
h ii All cards drawn
1 3
ii 1
2 5 12 D 13 B
3 5 10 Quick Questions 1
4 4 1 Very unlikely
2 Possible solution: The sun will rise and set today.
5 3 3 True
Total 20 4 --12-
1
b 1→ 3
------ (0.15) 5 ---
6
20
1 6 0.4
2→ --- (0.25)
4 7 3--4-
1
3→ --- (0.25) 8
4 Score Frequency
1 1 4
4→ ---
5
(0.2)
2 5
3
5→ ------
20
(0.15) 3 6
c 4 4 2
Since there are five possible outcomes, each has an 5 1
6 1
equal chance of occurring. Therefore, in 20 trials
each outcome would be expected to occur 4 times. Total 20
3
d 2 and 3 e 1 9 ------
10
1
9 a --4- 10 Possible solution: The number 2 coming up from a
3-sector spinner
b Score Frequency
Exercise 13C — Sample spaces and
1 11 theoretical probability
2 9 1 a {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
3 10 b i 1--6- ii 1--2- iii 2--3- iv 1
---
3
v 1
---
2
vi 1
---
3
vii 0 viii 1

4 10 2 a {Heads, Tails} b {a, a, o, u}

c {Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday,
Total 40 Saturday, Sunday} 13A
➔

13C
answers 774 Answers

d {R, R, R, W, W, B} 15 a H H, 1
--- H T, 1
--- TH, 1
--- T T, 1
--- b 1
4 4 4 4
e {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
1
f {king of: hearts, diamonds, clubs, spades 16 a ---
6
b 1 c Yes
queen of: hearts, diamonds, clubs, spades d The total of probabilities for all elements in a
jack of: hearts, diamonds, clubs, spades} sample space is always 1.
g {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} 17 C 18 A
h {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20}
i {apple, apple, pear, pear, pear, pear, orange,
Maths Quest challenge (page 638)
1 5 1
orange, orange, orange, banana, banana, banana, 1 ---
4
2 ---
9
3 ---
2
banana} Exercise 13D — Simulations
j {Dolly, Dolly, Dolly, Girlfriend, Girlfriend, Smash 1 a–c Results will vary.
Hits, Mathsmag, Mathsmag} Note: One device only is given for questions 2 to 9.
k {A, B, C, D, E} Others, however, are possible.
l {gold, silver, bronze} 2 a ii Flip a coin; Head to represent true, Tail to
1
- , 1.9%
3 a ----- 1
- , 7.7%
b ----- represent false.
52 13
ii Use same technique to flip and catch each time;
2 1 must be a fair (unbiased) coin.
c ------
13
, 15.4% d ---
4
, 25%
b ii Flip a coin; Head to represent red, Tail to
1 4
e ---
2
, 50% f ------
13
, 30.8% represent black.
1 ii Use same technique to flip and catch each time;
g ------
13
, 7.7% must be a fair (unbiased) coin.
4 a 2
------ b 8
--- c 1
--- d 1
---
c ii A spinner of 4 equal sectors; each sector will
45 9 9 9 represent a particular toy.
5 a 3
------ b 1
--- c 1
--- d 5
------ ii Twirl the pointer in the same manner each time.
14 7 7 14
Start in a random position for the first spin. The
11 4 13
e ------
14
f ---
7
g 0 h ------
14
next spin will occur from the sector in which
1 1
the pointer stopped in the previous spin. If the
6 a ---
2
b ---
2
c 0 d 1 pointer lands on a line, have another spin.
1 1 7 7 d ii Roll a die; let each face represent a particular
7 a --------- (or --------- ) b --------- (or --------- )
365 366 365 366 person.
c 30
--------- = 6
------ (or 30
--------- = 5
------ ) d 1
--------- (or 1
--------- ) ii Consistent rolling procedure; fair die to be used
365 73 366 61 365 366 throughout.
Note: In a leap year there are 366 days. e ii A spinner of 3 equal sectors; each sector will
8 a i Yes, equal sectors ii 1--2- represent a particular meal.
ii Twirl the pointer in the same manner each time.
1
b i Yes, equal sectors ii ---
4
Start in a random position for the first spin. The
c i No, sector 1 occupies a larger area ii --23- next spin will occur from the sector in which
1 the pointer stopped in the previous spin. If the
d i No, sector 1 occupies the smallest area ii ---
8 pointer lands on a line, have another spin.
1
9 ---
2 f ii A spinner of 5 equal sectors; each sector will
10 a b Each sector has an angle of 72° represent a particular destination.
G R at the centre of the spinner. ii Twirl the pointer in the same manner each time.
Start in a random position for the first spin. The
Y W
next spin will occur from the sector in which
B
the pointer stopped in the previous spin. If the
pointer lands on a line, have another spin.
11 a
g ii A spinner of 5 sectors, one which will have an
1 angle size of 120°; the other 4 will have an
3 angle size of 60°. Each sector will represent a
2
particular food.
ii Twirl the pointer in the same manner each time.
b Sectors 1 and 2 have angles of 90° and sector 3
Start in a random position for the first spin. The
has an angle of 180° at the centre of the spinner.
next spin will occur from the sector in which
12 a
C the pointer stopped in the previous spin. If the
A
pointer lands on a line, have another spin.
D B 3 ii Flip a coin; Head to represent right, Tail to
represent left.
b Sectors A and D: 90°, sector B: 120° and ii Use same technique to flip and catch each time;
sector C: 60°. must be a fair (unbiased) coin. Due to simulation,
13 a 1 b 360° results will vary.
1 1 4 ii A spinner of 4 equal sectors; each sector will
14 a Heads, --2- ; Tails, --2- b 1
represent a particular dessert.
 775

answers
Answers

ii Twirl the pointer in the same manner each time. 9

Start in a random position for the first spin. The
next spin will occur from the sector in which the A
pointer stopped in the previous spin. If the pointer
lands on a line, have another spin. B
5 ii Flip a coin; Head to represent rider 1, Tail to C
represent rider 2.
ii Use same technique to flip and catch each time;
must be a fair (unbiased) coin. Due to simulation, 10 Equilateral triangular spinner
results will vary.
6 ii A spinner of 3 equal sectors; each sector will have Exercise 13E — Tree diagrams and
an angle size of 120° and represent a particular two-way tables
student. 1 a ii 1 2 Outcomes
ii Twirl the pointer in the same manner each time. H HH
Start in a random position for the first spin. The H
T HT
next spin will occur from the sector in which the H TH
pointer stopped in the previous spin. If the pointer T
T TT
lands on a line, have another spin. Due to
ii
simulation, results will vary. 1
7 ii Roll a die; let each face represent a particular card.
ii Consistent rolling procedure; fair die to be used H T
throughout. Due to simulation, results will vary.
8 ii A spinner of 5 sectors, one which will have an H HH TH
angle size of 120°; the other 4 will have an angle 2
size of 60°. Each sector will represent a particular T HT TT
model. 1 1 1 1 1
ii Twirl the pointer in the same manner each time. b i ---
4
ii ---
4
iii ---
4
iv ---
2
v ---
2
Start in a random position for the first spin. The 2 a 1 2 Outcomes
next spin will occur from the sector in which the
B BB
pointer stopped in the previous spin. If the pointer B
BG
G
lands on a line, have another spin. Due to GB
B
simulation, results will vary. G
G GG
9 ii A spinner of 5 sectors; sector E will have an angle
1 1 1 1 1 1
size of 135°, sector D will have an angle size of b i ---
4
ii ---
4
iii ---
2
iv ---
4
v ---
4
vi ---
2
90° and sectors A, B, C will each have an angle
size of 45°. Each sector will represent a candidate. 3 a 1 2 Outcomes
ii Twirl the pointer in the same manner each time. On ✓✓
On
Start in a random position for the first spin. The Off ✓✗
next spin will occur from the sector in which the On ✗✓
Off
pointer stopped in the previous spin. If the pointer Off ✗✗
lands on a line, have another spin. Results will vary. b i 1
--- ii 1
--- iii 1
--- iv 1
---
10 ii A spinner of 4 sectors; sector Pythagorasville will 4 4 2 2

have an angle size of 180°, sector Geometricville 4 a 1 2 Outcomes

will have an angle size of 90° and sectors T TT
Arithmeticville and Cartesianville will each have T
F TF
an angle size of 45°. T FT
ii Twirl the pointer in the same manner each time. F
F FF
Start in a random position for the first spin. The 1 1 1 1 1
next spin will occur from the sector in which the b i ---
4
ii ---
4
iii ---
4
iv ---
4
v ---
2
pointer stopped in the previous spin. If the pointer 5 a 1 2 Outcomes
lands on a line, have another spin. Results will
on open, on
vary. open
off open, off
11 D closed, on
on
closed
10 Quick Questions 2 off closed, off
3 Light
1 False 2 ---
4
1
3 0 4 ---
5
On Off
5 {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} D Open open, on open, off
6 Possible solution is rolling a 3 with a die. o
7 1--4- 8 3--4- o
r Closed closed, on closed, off 13D
➔

13E
answers 776 Answers

b i 1
--- ii 1
--- iii 1
--- iv 1
--- 10 1 2 Outcomes
4 4 4 4
R1 R1R1
6 a ii R1 R2 R1R2
Outcomes B R1B
1 H1 R1 R2R1
2 H2
3 H3 R2 R2 R2R2
H 4 H4 B R2B
5 H5 R1 BR1
6 H6 B R2 BR2
1 T1 B BB
2 T2
1 4 2 2
T 3 T3 iii ---
9
iii ---
9
iiii ---
9
iiiv ---
9
4 T4
5 T5 iv 4
--- vi 5
--- vii 1
--- viii 4
---
6 T6 9 9 9 9
ii ix 8
--- ix 0 ixi 5
---
1 9 9
11 E 12 E
H T 13 a 1 Outcomes
1– 1– 2
H1
1 H1 T1 6 6 1–
6 H2
1– 3 H3
H 6
2 H2 T2 1– 1– 4 H4
2 1– 6 H5
6 5
6 H6
3 H3 T3
1
2 1– 1– 2 Outcomes
1– 6 1– T1
6
4 H4 T4 2 6 T2
1– 3
T 6 T3
1– 4 T4
5 H5 T5 1– 6
6 5 T5
6 T6
6 H6 T6
1
b Pr(H, 1) → Pr(T, 6) = ------
12
c1
1 1 1 1
b i ------ ii --- iii --- iv --- 1 1 1
12 2 4 6 d i ---
4
ii ---
2
iii ---
2
7 a 14 a Blue Red
Spinner 1– 1–
1– 2
6 3 Yellow
1 2 3 Blue
1 1– 1– Red
6 2 1–
C 3
Yellow
o H H1 H2 H3 1– 2 Blue
6 1–
i 6
1–
6
1–
2
n T T1 T2 T3 1– Red
6 3 1–
3 Yellow
1– 1–
b i 1
--- ii 1
--- iii 1
--- iv 1
--- v 1
--- vi 1
--- vii 1
---
6 6 1– Blue
6 6 6 6 3 6 3 1– 4 2
6 1– Red
3
8 a 1– Yellow
Colour 1– 5 6
6 1– Blue
1– 2
T 6 1– 3 Red
r
Red White Yellow 6 Yellow
a 1– 1– Blue
2
n Manual MR MW MY
3
s Yellow Red
m 1
i b Pr(1, Blue) → Pr(6, Blue) = ------
s Auto AR AW AY 36
s 1
i Pr(1, Red) → Pr(6, Red) = ------
12
o
n 1
Pr(1, Yellow) → Pr(6, Yellow) = ------
18
1 1 1 1 1
b i ---
3
ii ---
2
iii ---
6
iv ---
6
v ---
6
c 1
d i --16- ii 1
--- iii 1
--- iv 1
------
9 a 3 2 12
Die
Summary
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 random 2 chance; impossible; certain
C 3 Experimental 4 trial
o H H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 5 outcome 6 event
i 7 relative frequency 8 Favourable
n T T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 9 sample space 10 Theoretical
1 1 1 1 1 1 5 11 Probability; fraction 12 long run
b i ------ ii ------ iii --- iv --- v --- vi --- vii ------
12 12 4 4 4 6 12 13 simulation 14 tree diagram; two-way table
 777

answers
Answers

Chapter review Twirl the spinner until a green/green combination

1 D has been obtained. This will be defined as one
2 a Certain b Highly unlikely experiment. Count the number of trials required for
c Highly unlikely d Very likely the experiment. Repeat this procedure 50 times.
e Even chance Once results have been recorded, count the total
3 a 1--4- (0.25) b 2
--- (0.67) c 1
--- (0.33) number of trials and divide by 50.
3 3 Due to simulation, results will vary.
4 B 17 Results will vary.
5 C 18 a 1 2 Outcomes
6 a 60 b 6 c 10
Y YY
d i 1--6- ii 3
------ iii 29
------
Y
20 60 N YN
7 a Y NY
Score Frequency N
N NN
1 1 1 1
1 18 b ii ---
4
iii ---
4
iiii ---
4
iv ---
4
1 1
2 20 v ---
2
vi ---
2
vii 0

3 6 19
Answer 1
4 4 Y N
5 2 Y YY NY
Total 50 Answer 2
N YN NN
b 1 → 36% 20 a 1 2 Outcomes
2 → 40% Blond Boy, blond
3 → 12% B
Black Boy, black
4 → 8% Brown Boy, brown
Red Boy, red
5 → 4% Blond Girl, blond
c 1 Liberal–National or 2 Labour Black Girl, black
G Brown Girl, brown
d 120 e 100% Red Girl, red
8 A
9 a {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} Hair colour
b No, because the sectors are of varying angle size.
3 and 6 have sectors which are double the size of Blond Black Brown Red
others, therefore they will have a larger
probability. B B B B B
c i 1--8- ii 1--4- Blond Black Brown Red
1
10 --------
-
Sex
200 G G G G G
11 a 1
--- b 1
--- c 2
--- d 1
---
Blond Black Brown Red
3 6 3 2
1 2 4 1 1 1 3 1
12 a --- b --- c 0 d --- b i ---
8
ii ---
8
iii ---
4
iv ---
4
v ---
4
5 5 5

13 a i 1
--- ii 4
--- b 1 21 a Crème caramel
5 5 Chicken Ice-cream
Fruit salad
14 a Crème caramel
2 Pasta Lamb Ice-cream
Fruit salad
1 Crème caramel
3 Seafood Ice-cream
4 Fruit salad
Crème caramel
Chicken Ice-cream
b Sector 1: 180° Sector 2: 90° Fruit salad
Crème caramel
Sector 3: 45° Sector 4: 45° Soup Lamb Ice-cream
Fruit salad
15 Sector 1: 1--4- Sector 2: 1--8- Sector 3: 1
---
8 Crème caramel
Seafood Ice-cream
1 1 1 Fruit salad
Sector 4: --- Sector 5: --- Sector 6: ---
6 6 6 b 18
16 Use a spinner of 3 equal sectors; each sector will have c i 1--3- ii 1
--- iii 1
--- iv 2
---
an angle size of 120° and represent a particular colour. 3 6 9

Twirl the pointer in the same manner each time. Start d i 27 ii 36 iii 24
in a random position for the first spin. The next spin e Multiply the total number of options from each
will occur from the sector in which the pointer category. For example, 4 entrees, 3 mains and 2
stopped in the previous spin. If the pointer lands on a desserts give (4 × 3 × 2) 24 different meal
line, have another spin. combinations. 13E
➔

13E
answers 778 Answers

Chapter 14 Networks 3 a Regions = 3, edges = 6, vertices = 5

b Regions = 5, edges = 10, vertices = 7
Are you ready?
c Regions = 10, edges = 16, vertices = 8
1 a 2 b 4 c 2
d Regions = 6, edges = 10, vertices = 6
d 4 e 2 f 4
2 a There are 6 vertices. b There are 9 edges. 4 a Regions = 6, edges = 10, vertices = 6
3 a One possible path from A is: A–B–C–F–E–D. b Regions = 6, edges = 10, vertices = 6;
b Yes, it is possible. One possible path from A is: 6 = 10 − 6 + 2
A–D–E–F–D–B–F–C–B–A. 5 a 5=6−3+2 b 7 = 10 − 5 + 2
4 The diagram is able to be traced from any vertex. c 8 = 16 − 10 + 2 d 6 = 10 − 6 + 2
6 a A
Exercise 14A — What is a network? B
1 H I 2 J F
C E F
J K

L M A B D
b Degree of A = 2, B = 3, C = 3, D = 2, E = 4, F = 2
N O c Vertices (V) = 6, edges (E) = 8, faces (F) = 4;
3 J F 6=8−4+2
7 C 8 E
Maths Quest challenge (page 672)
A B 1 9 metres. One possible path is shown.
2
K
1 3
4 {(A, B), (A, C), (A, D), (B, C), (B, D), (C, D)} A 4
5 a {(A, B), (A, C), (B, C), (B, D), (C, D), (C, E),
(D, E)} 8
5
b {(A, B), (A, F), (B, C), (B, D), (B, E), (B, F), 9 7
(C, D), (C, E), (E, F)} 6
c {(P, Q), (P, S), (P, T), (Q, S), (Q, T), (Q, R),
(R, T), (R, U), (R, V), (S, T) (S, U), (T, U), 2 8 joints need to be soldered.
(T, V), (U, V)} 10 Quick Questions 1
6 A B D 7 B E 1 A C

A C F
D B K
C E
D G P M
8 A
B E

B C F 2 P B

D E G C D
9 B 10 D 3 E
History of mathematics — Leonhard 4 A B
Euler (15 April 1707–18 September
1783)
D C
1 The sight of one eye
2 His memory was so good that he could do complex
calculations in his head. E F G
3 Geometry, calculus, mechanics, number theory 5 {(A, B), (A, C), (B, C), (C, D), (C, E), (D, E)}
4 More than 500 6 Vertices = 5
Exercise 14B — Basic properties of Edges = 6
networks Regions = 3
1 Degree of A = 3, B = 4, C = 3, D = 2, E = 5, F = 3 7 4
2 a Degree of Q = 3, R = 3, S = 3, T = 1, V = 2 8 V = 6, E = 9, F = 5
b Degree of A = 2, B = 6, C = 2, D = 2, E = 3, F = 2, V=E−F+2
G=3 Both E − F + 2 and V equal 6.
c Degree of P = 3, Q = 4, R = 4, S = 4, T = 7, U = 4, Euler’s formula is confirmed.
V = 2, W = 4 9 Planar, vertices
d Degree of A = 1, B = 5, C = 2, D = 5, E = 4, F = 3 10 Degrees, twice, edges
 779

answers
Answers

Exercise 14C — Application of c None — vertices P, S, U and R of odd degree

networks to problem-solving 3 R–T–U–R–P–U–S–P–Q–S
1 4 a Buford, Eulersburg
b B–A–H–B–C–H–G–C–D–E–G–F–E
Number of 5 6 7 8 9 10 c Chesterton, Hapless, Grunge City, because they all
people have the highest degree
Number of 10 15 21 28 36 45 5 a i A–B–E–D–C
handshakes ii A–B–E–D–C–A
b i A–B–E–D–F–C–G
2 Same as answers obtained in question 1. ii A–B–E–D–F–C–G–A
3 a 4 teams c i E–D–B–A–G–C–F
Round 1: A plays B; C plays D ii There is no possible circuit because both E and F
Round 2: A plays D; B plays C ii have a degree of one.
Round 3: A plays C; B plays D d i A–B–C–D–E–F
b 7 teams ii A–B–C–D–E–F–A
Round 1: A plays B; C plays D; E plays F; 6 a, b and d
G — bye 7 B 8 D
Round 2: A — bye; G plays F; E plays D;
C plays B Exercise 14E — Paths and circuits —
Round 3: A plays E; B — bye; C plays G; part II
D plays F 1 A–B–C–A–D–C–E–A
Round 4: B plays F; A plays C; D — bye; 2 D–A–B–C–E–A–C–D
E plays G 3 Other circuits are possible.
Round 5: A plays D; B plays G; F plays C; a A–D–F–A–B–C–D–E–A
E — bye b A–B–C–D–E–C–A–E–F–A
Round 6: C — bye; A plays F; B plays E; 4 Other circuits are possible.
D plays G a B–A–D–B–E–C–B–F–G–B
Round 7: A plays G, B plays D, C plays E, F — bye b A–E–D–C–E–B–C–F–B–A
c 8 teams c A–B–C–D–E–A–F–D–G–A
Round 1: AB; CD; EF; GH 5 Other circuits are possible.
Round 2: AH; GF; ED; CB F–P–Q–R–F–S–T–U–V–T–F–V–W–F
Round 3: AE, HB, GC, FD 6 E 7 D 8 B
Round 4: FB, AC, HD, GE 10 Quick Questions 2
Round 5: AD, BG, FC, EH 1 {(A, B), (A, C), (A, D), (B, C), (C, D), (C, E),
Round 6: AF, BE, CH, DG (D, E), (D, F), (E, F)}
Round 7: AG, BD, CE, HF 2
d 9 teams
Round 1: AB; CD; EF; GH; I — bye A B
Round 2: A — bye; IH; GF; ED; CB E
Round 3: AF; B — bye; CI; HD; EG
C D
Round 4: BG; AC; D — bye; IE; HF
Round 5: CH; BD; AE; F — bye; IG
Round 6: DI; CE; BF; AG; H — bye 3 V = 6, E = 9, R = 5
Round 7: E — bye; FD; CG; HB; AI 4 Both V and E − R + 2 equal 6; so Euler’s formula is
Round 8: AD; G — bye; CF; IB; EH confirmed.
Round 9: DG; C — bye; FI; BE; AH 5 C–A–E–B–D–E–C–D
e 10 teams 6 E
Round 1: AB; CD; EF; GH; IJ 7 A–D–E–B–F–G (Other paths are possible.)
Round 2: AJ; IH; GF; ED; CB 8 A–D–E–B–F–G–A (Other circuits are possible.)
Round 3: AF; BJ; CI; HD; EG 9 True
Round 4: BG; AC; DJ; IE; HF 10 False
Round 5: CH; BD; AE; FJ; IG Exercise 14F — Trees and networks
Round 6: DI; CE; BF; AG; HJ 1 b, d and e
Round 7: EJ; FD; CG; HB; AI 2 Remove either (B, D), (B, C) or (D, C).
Round 8: AD; GJ; CF; IB; EH 3 For example: (X, Y) and (Y, Z)
Round 9: DG; CJ; FI; BE; AH. 4 B G
The minimal spanning
Exercise 14D — Paths and circuits — tree is shown with the
part I A C F
red lines.
1 A–B–C–D–E–C–A (also a circuit)
2 a B–A–C–E–D–C–B–D D E
b P–Q–S–U–P–R–T–U Total length = 238 14A
➔

14F
answers 780 Answers

5 62 W 77
E
9 Add vertex B–D.
Q 68 77
45 61 A F E
70
R T
55
52 72
67 81 Y
I 61 O B D
Total length = 403
6 W 77 C
62 E
Q 77
45 68
61 Euler circuit: A–F–E–D–F–B–D–C–B–A
40 R 70
T
X 55
52 72
10 a A–B–C–D–E–B–D–A–E or E–D–C–B–E–A–D–
44 67 81 Y B–A (There are other possibilities starting with A
I 36 61 O
49 Z or E.)
b C
Total length = 450
7 26
B D
27 36 14 19
17 40 21
18
11
16 24
12 23 A E
16
32
F
Total cost = $1.28
8 D 9 C
c i B–C–D–B–A–D–E–A–F–E–B
Summary ii C–B–A–D–B–E–A–F–E–D–C
1 vertices 2 vertex, connected 11 a 3 b 7 c 99
3 edges 4 crossing 12 a C 5.4 Total distance = 17.5
5 regions 6 6 9.9
5.2 12.3 A
7 path, circuit 8 edge 4.9 9.7 5.1
B D
9 all, 2 10 Hamiltonian path 3.8 3.6 E
11.6
11 every edge 12 Euler circuit
13 the smallest number of 14 11 b A
2
B
4
C
Total distance = 16
3 4
15 the smallest total length 5 6 3
D E
Chapter review 4 5
1 F
B E
c 30 R 29
V X
A C G 8
18 31 15
27 Y
17 S
D F P
26 23
W 21 36
2 {(Q, R), (Q, S), (R, T), (R, V), (S, U), (S, W), (V, A), 20 25
T 11 10 20 U
(V, X), (W, B), (W, Y)} 32 Q 33
3 Vertex Q = 2, R = 3, S = 3, T = 1, U = 1, V = 3, 34

W = 3, X = 1, Y = 1, A = 1, B = 1 Z Total distance = 172

4 a V=6 b E=9 c F=5
d 6=9−5+2 13 a Yes, because the edges do not cross each other.
5 Round 1: AB; CD; EF; GH b i 7 ii 11 iii 6
Round 2: AH; GF; ED; CB c Yes, V = E − F + 2.
Round 3: AE, HB, GC, FD d iii Degree A = 2, degree B = 3, degree C = 5,
Round 4: FB, AC, HD, GE iii degree D = 3, degree E = 3, degree F = 4,
Round 5: AD, BG, FC, EH iii degree G = 2
Round 6: AF, BE, CH, DG iii Sum = 22
Round 7: AG, BD, CE, HF iii 4
6 28 e C–A–D–E–F–G–B (Answers may vary.)
7 a An Euler path b An Euler path f iii No, because each edge must be used only once
c Neither d Neither iii and the path must begin and end with the same
e Both an Euler path and an Euler circuit iii vertex.
f Neither g An Euler path iii No, because each edge must be used only once.
8 a i B–A–F–E–D–F–B–C–D iii No, because the Hamiltonian path did not
ii A–B–C–D–E–F (Others are possible.) iii begin and end with the same vertex.
iii A–B–C–D–E–F–A (Others are possible.) iv Yes, because each vertex was passed only once.
b Because there are 2 vertices of odd degree. g A–C–F–G = 128 km
 781

answers
Answers

h G Communicating, reasoning and

B reflecting
1 There are 82 L 700 mL of water in the drum at this
F
A C stage.
2 There are 36 different types of sandwiches available
D at the canteen.
E 3 48 = 65 536
4 There were 16 pairs of shoes in Sue’s cupboard at the
i 240 km beginning of the year.
5 Ken’s house number is 87.
6 John would travel approximately 65 m every 100
Strategies for problem solving paces.
Strategies for investigation and 7 The three numbers are 2, 8 and 25.
problem solving 8 Increase of 15.5%; multiply the selling price by
1.155.
Create a table, then look for a pattern or a result 9 Decrease of 1%; multiply the selling price by 0.99.
1 174 feet and 2 inches 10 Use the formula 1.05x − 1.
2 208 stone and 3 pounds 11 Increase of approximately 26%; multiply the sum of
3 Total distance walked = 129 km 900 m money by 1.2597.
4 Total age of residents over 90 years m
12 m = 2d or d = ----
= 839 years 1 month 2
5 Peta has 7 kg 400 g remaining in her 20 kg bag of 1000d
flour. 13 p = --------------- (with d in megabytes)
40
Draw a diagram, then look for a pattern or a result 14 m = 4p
1 32 rabbits 15 V = 0.05A + 0.1B + 0.2C + 0.5D
2 Nigel would have 54 rabbits after the third litter.
3 36 different combinations of numbers can result from
rolling a six-sided die twice.
4 There are 20 people in Jocelyn and Bernard’s
extended family.
5 There will be 1024 bacteria after 5 minutes.
Use a pattern of numbers, making use of technology
such as a computer spreadsheet
5 43
1 $33 693.51 2 2 -----
19
- or ------
19
3 48
1
4 ---------
256
5 56.637

Work backwards from the answer

1 245 2 $789.91 3 207
4 The initial purchase was 48 roses.
5 Dan had 112 emails in his inbox on Monday morning.
Use a process of elimination
1 $550 2 0.579
3 64 is a perfect square (82) and a perfect cube (43).
4 –12 and +1 multiply to give –12 and add to give –11.
5 The number 36 is both triangular and square.
Look at similar but simpler problems
1 42.5 days 2 Approx. 2 cars 3 777 visits
4 Gordon walked approximately 1.7 km every 15 minutes.
5 At this rate it would take approximately 6 years
8 months to raise the $2 000 000.
Trial and error (guess and check), making use of
technology such as a computer spreadsheet
1 1st group: 17, 2nd group: 21, 3rd group: 63
2 White; 87 3 $11
4 The three integers are 6, 24 and 20.
5 The four-digit number is 2735. SPS
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