Technology in Society: Hayder Albayati, Suk Kyoung Kim, Jae Jeung Rho

Technology in Society 62 (2020) 101320
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Technology in Society
journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/techsoc
Accepting financial transactions using blockchain technology and

cryptocurrency: A customer perspective approach
Hayder Albayati a, *, Suk Kyoung Kim b, Jae Jeung Rho b
a
Global IT Technology Program (ITTP), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
b
School of Business and Technology Management, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of
Korea
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T
Index Terms: Blockchain, and cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Litecoin, are innovative FinTech technologies
TAM that speedily invade the finance market and changing the power of the global economy. However, there was a
Blockchain low acceptance of these technologies among consumers. There is a clear gap in-between that has not yet been
Behavioral intention
taken into consideration and has been misunderstood on many platforms. This paper intends to estimate the
Trust
Regulatory support
usability of blockchain technology by investigating behavioral elements that affect customers’ intention towards
Experience blockchain-based cryptocurrency transactions. Given the complexity of the technology, this study proposes a new
Social influence integration model: The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) together with new external variables regarding
And design blockchain adoption characteristics such as trust, regulatory support, social influence, design, and experience.
Surveys were conducted among international users to identify the impacts of these variables on their intention.
Our findings indicate two powerful constructs (regulatory support and experience) that encourage customer
trust towards blockchain-based applications. People surveyed agreed on a great sense of security and can trust
the Blockchain-based applications when they are regulated and insured by the local government. Also, at a
certain level of experience, users feel confident to use blockchain-based applications, a high level of trust sup
ports technology adoption. As such, governments and businesses can dedicate efforts to enhance customers’ trust
and ultimately promote better acceptance of blockchain technology and its applications.
1. Introduction smart contract, both of which integrate into different blockchain plat
forms and applications like IBM Hyperledger and Ethereum and serve
The advanced personal computer (hardware and software), tablets many other technologies [4].
and mobile phones have been a major influence on customers’ lives. It Many experts in blockchain technology discuss the complex char
had the same effect on the global market and the development of the acteristic and unique structure of this technology, which has encouraged
economic system. The dedication to design and generate a good mobile consideration of new surrounding contents. From the user’s point of
application has been increased, due to market demand and the rapid view, legislation and legitimacy is the first axiomatic concern, followed
development of information technology [1]. The financial market has by environmental variables like the social effect, technology design, and
many new technologies launched every day, but most cannot succeed or user experiences [5]. Furthermore, trust and risk have to be considered.
survive. Blockchain has been in the global market for more than ten Customers consider the risk to be the most anxious concern regarding
years and seriously invades the finance market and threatens the future blockchain technology. To avoid this, technology should have enough
of traditional businesses. It is known as a trustful technology [2]. trust to move forward in the highly competitive market [5,6].
However, blockchain and cryptocurrency are unexpected technologies, On the other hand, new technology implementation is very complex
difficult to predict future adoption in the financial system [3]. and expensive. Today, the failures of many information technologies
The blockchain technology is known as a secured platform for (IT) implementations cost millions of dollars [7], raising the need for
recording transactions. Many technologies designed inside the mecha good forecasting to the market needs. However, low adoption or
nism of the blockchain, such as disruption ledger technology DLT and implementation of IT has become a major problem for many
* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: hayder1111@gmail.com, hayder1111@yahoo.com (H. Albayati).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101320
Received 12 December 2019; Received in revised form 24 June 2020; Accepted 25 June 2020
Available online 3 July 2020
0160-791X/© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
H. Albayati et al. Technology in Society 62 (2020) 101320
organizations in terms of accessing tangible or intangible benefits [8]. blockchain technology and five external constructs. These constructs
The importance of customer acceptance toward a new technology is adopted according to market forecasts and technology characteristics.
shown in the feedback results. Inventors receive little evaluation com There are mutual and influential relationships between trust, regulatory
ments on technical feasibility, then they move on to improve the firm’s support, and experience strongly reflected in the adoption of blockchain
invention. Also, more data and forecasts can increase the probability of technology.
acceptance [9]. The attitude can predict a particular technology actual These external constructs represent the environmental factors next to
use by measure customer’s behavior intention [10]. the contextual factors. However, many studies clarify these definitions
However, at the core, an assertion for IT is to have a favorable effect in their analysis as shown in (Table 1).
on the customer’s performance: the highest need for using good tech This study aims to investigate the customers’ behavior toward
nology to fit different tasks [11]. Blockchain technology could be a cryptocurrency transactions that are supported by blockchain technol
substantial technology that the market needs. Using this new technol ogy while asking three questions: first, what are the reasons behind the
ogy, many industries can develop and evolve. Also, service quality can low level of usage? second, what are the external factors that affect the
be improved by adopting blockchain technology [12]. customers’ behavior and resist the money transactions using blockchain-
Recently, blockchain technology has become a hot topic for many based applications? last, what are the customers’ expectations toward
new platforms; especially for financial applications. But regarding blockchain technology?
customer usage, the level was lower than expected [5]. This concern Blockchain is a highly advanced technology, it is being used to
causes to search for the reason behind customers’ abstention toward enhance the nature of business and provide an affected platform design
using cryptocurrency modulated with blockchain technology, while for supporting customers. Customer acknowledgment methods and
most people keep using the traditional banking services, which cause previous studies will add more to the objectives and goals of this study
them a high cost and long time with no privacy or control [13]. [9,15,16,20,22]. The structure is progressively helpful to designing a
Significant success has been achieved over the last decade years in new blockchain framework for the global market and future studies.
user acceptance of new information technology services [14]. In The combination of TAM and blockchain external constructs are
particular, theoretical and experimental knowledge has heaped up in shown in the proposed model (Fig. 3). To support it by surveying a group
support of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) [15–17]. Many of people from a variety of fields and education levels. The results
authors and researchers endeavor to prove TAM as a strong model to contribute to these paper goals, considering the customers’ behavioral
find user acceptance among the new technology [18]. Studies present a intention toward new technology.
new proposal model that integrates with TAM to examine user accep
tance [19]. The testing processes of user acceptance enables the man 2. Organization of this paper
ager and the decision-maker to evaluate proposed new technical
services. Also, user acceptance can guide the technical team to achieve a The remaining of the paper is organized as follows. Section 3 the
high configuration design for the system [20]. Even the TAM model definition of the technology acceptance model (TAM). Section 4 in
started in the USA, but this model stands as a durable explanation to the troduces hypotheses and model development. Section 5 represents the
relationship between customers and new technology acceptance, that research methodology. Section 6 describes the results and discussion.
showed in many types of research and studies [10]. Section 7 contains the conclusion and future work.
The TAM model (Fig. 1) strongly supports the concept of user
acceptance and behavior toward new technologies by finding the right 3. Technology acceptance model (TAM)
tools to make good decisions that may affect the success of a new sys
tem’s deployment. Customer behavioral intention toward blockchain-based crypto
The acceptance of blockchain technology is complicated, and the currency transactions is the concern of this study. To achieve this, we
TAM model alone cannot be a comprehensive tool for this. TAM should should consider adopting the TAM model, but as mentioned earlier,
be combined with other significant constructs, that guide to thinking TAM alone cannot be the only tool for an accurate assessment. An In
about the modern blockchain-compatible model [21]. tegrated model will be conducted in this study.
In this study, a list of customer behavior indicators was identified to The TAM model is extracted from the Theory of Reasoned Action
assess the effect of these indicators on blockchain acceptance. The (TRA) model [16,23] which is to understand and explain information
customer can decide whether to take the right interventions or not, technology usage in different environments and workplaces. These
which affects the usage of new transaction technology. theories (TRA, and TAM) explain that people’s behavior is specified by
However, blockchain technology its new and highly complicated their intention to carry out their behavior. A high correlation was found
technology in term of adoption and development. Five constructs play a between the behavior and the intention [20]. The people’s intention is
direct and indirect role in adopting blockchain technology, especially in defined as the attitude of the new technology across their behaviors.
the FinTech market [22] (Fig. 2). It illustrates the relationship between Davis’ model, in the core, tests the external environment that affects
Fig. 1. Technology acceptance model TAM (Davis, 1989).
2
Fig. 2. External constructs affecting blockchain technology adoption.
the perceived ease of use (PEoU) and perceived usefulness (PU) to (behavior intention, attitude, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of
determine or influence attitude and behavior towards IT use. The TAM use); Second, external constructs (trust, regulatory support, experience,
identifies specifically the two main constructs, PU, and PEoU, as unique social influence, and design).
variables and PEoU directly impacts PU [16]. In the TAM model, the
hypothesis assumes that the behavior intention is an optional perspec
4.1. TAM-core constructs
tive that can provide a free space for the user to make the decision. TAM
is a supportive model for the user that guides him/her to make the right
4.1.1. Behavioral intention (BI)
choices toward the success of the acceptance to examine steps and
Behavioral intention refers to the user’s perceived likelihood or
procedures [20].
probability that he/she will engage in a particular behavior, in this case,
Furthermore, the user attitude can be a key tool to know and deeply
experience the new technology [27].
understand the two main factors of TAM (perceived ease of use and
Behavioral intention help to find well-formed measures of user
perceived usefulness) on the customer intention toward new technology
acceptance in the early stages of the system development life cycle. Also,
[24]. The TAM has been approved in several studies and researches on
it helps the customers to accept useful technologies, or reject the wrong
technology usage [7,14,16,17,25].
and bad ones, in order to cut the risk of delivering poor technologies
before they are rejected [15,20,28].
4. Hypotheses and model development
Behavioral intention is referred to the capability of a user’s subjec
tive reasons that perform a behavior on a system [29,30]. The reason
The TAM approved good results to calculate the behavioral intention
behind the user planning to do, use, and give such as a technical system
for use the new technology. Nevertheless, not every time TAM can
is the driver of his/her belief to have intentional behavior [31]. How
explain all new technologies, it needs to be customized in order to
ever, in 1970 Ajzen & Fishbein found that in many situations perceived
achieve the current technology approach [26]. However, five other
moral values just act as a unique performance of behavioral intention
constructs lacked to be explained in TAM, shown in (Fig. 2). These
[32]. In such a morality situation maybe the user impacts behavioral
factors are considered according to an abundance of experts in block
intentions according to his/her attitude value [33]. Landis, Triandisa,
chain technology and they discuss the technology’s unique properties
and Adamopoulos assume that behavior that has never happened in the
and structure [5]. The new constructs have been added to be compre
history of life is under the control of behavioral intentions [34].
hensive over the changes and developments that happened in recent
Behavioral intentions are predicted to be approximately the same as the
years in the FinTech market, in time to reach the goals of this study.
actual observed behavior under specified circumstances [35]. There is a
This paper will classify the new model (Fig. 3) into two parts and
correlation between cognitive and behavioral measures which was
explain it in detail with each hypothesis: First, the TAM-core constructs
specified by luck more than by formal reasoning and considerable
3
Table 1 evidence connects multiple constructs with behavior [36]. Davis, Fred,
External constructs definition. and Richard in 1989 mentioned that future research is needed to observe
External Conceptualization Source the generality of PU and PEoU to estimate the effect of an external factor
constructs on these internal behavioral findings [16].
Trust Trust refers to the level of comfort, McClosky, Donna Weaver Behavioral intention is the ultimate goal. Several studies have found
confidence, and security that 2006 Jarvenpaa, Sirkka, the attitude measures and then estimates their correlation with
consumers have when using Tractinsky 2000 behavior. A more reasonable path is to focus on behavior and how to
technologies. In the case of measure it or predict it, which will guide to find the major causes and
blockchain technology adoption,
trust is a core element that needed to
attributes behind the customers’ behavioral intention toward accep
maintain a relationship with the tance of finance services underlying blockchain technology.
customer.
Regulatory Regulatory framework & New York codes 2015 4.1.2. Attitude (A)
support government support refers to legal
Attitude refers to the user’s positive or negative feelings toward the
frameworks that were established by
the government to monitor and new technology [15,20,28].
ensure that both service providers The theory of reasoned action [29], lead researchers to find the
and consumers of technologies will actual behavior, the user belief system described as an attitude toward
fulfill their obligations and avoid using and exploring things such as a technology system. Individuals
violations. In the case of blockchain
technology adoption, government
consider their attitudes toward each of the alternatives in a situation
regulation could support the when forming their behavioral intentions, and it does appear that the
adoption and increase trust. It’s the attitude similar choice process does not show the formation of an in
way to legalize the usage of dividuals’ estimates of whether they will perform several activities [37].
blockchain-based applications and
The salient consequence of the target behavior could be subjected by
cryptocurrencies.
Experience Experience refers to the level of Hackbarth 2003 the consideration of wishes and the reasons behind the urge. The atti
customers’ knowledge and tude value can be combined with the normative beliefs under the
experience that supports his/her use average of anticipation [20]. Different studies mentioned that attitude
of new technologies. In the case of could be impacted and affected by other’s attitudes. The presumption
blockchain technology adoption,
has been made for the high need for social influence processing in the
Experience can motivate adoption
and increase trust. acceptance of a new system [38]. Moreover, the implementation of new
Social Social influence refers to an Chaouali, Yahia, and technology itself may make changes in attitudes toward these technol
influence individual’s norms, roles, Souiden 2016 ogies, in turn leading directly to changes in communication patterns,
memberships, and values, which
organizational structure, and working location [39].
influence the individual’s perception
of what they should do. In the case of Icek & Martin found a high correspondence between predictors and
blockchain technology adoption, fixed criteria, that will ensure strong attitude-behavior relations only to
Social factors could affect adoption the extent that suitable measurement execution is employed [40].
and trust. Consequently, the TAM model and other research results have approved
Design Design refers to the effects of Zhou, T., Lu, and Wang
the correlation between the attitude and behavioral intention, and the
experiencing technological aspects 2009
such as navigation, appearance, and effects between them. Hence, it is hypothesized that:
layout on users’ tendency to use the
system. In the case of blockchain
H1. Attitude has a positive and significant impact on behavioral
technology adoption, the intention toward cryptocurrency transactions that are supported by
application’s design could affect blockchain technology.
technology acceptance and usability.
4.1.3. Perceived usefulness (PU)
Perceived usefulness refers to the degree that a user believes that
Fig. 3. Proposed research model.
4
using the new technology will enhance his/her performance [15,20,28]. perceived usefulness toward cryptocurrency transactions that are sup
Davis in 1989 [15,16] found the partial intervention of the intended ported by blockchain technology.
could impact beliefs on attitude. Attitude had a weak relationship with
the perceived usefulness, and intention has a strong direct effect on
perceived usefulness. This was explained as output from his articles 4.2. External constructs
when surveying the aspect of people who want to use a useful new
technology, even though they don’t have a positive attitude toward 4.2.1. Trust (T)
using it. Trust refers to the level of comfort, confidence, and security that
PU is theoretically well: users tend to encourage an application consumers have when using technologies [52,53].
essentially due to the capacities and abilities of their performance, and Trust, security, and privacy are affected factors that directly or
then to express the simplicity or difficulty of the system which is to indirectly would encourage people to embrace technology [54]. The
motivate the framework to perform those capacities [16]. This indicates evolution of social relationships over time can be handled by a trusted
that a specific system or technology attributes, such as overall perceived system that adapts itself to the inevitable trust fluctuations [55]. Keen
usefulness, are related to usage, but they cannot in isolation be used to mentioned that customer trust has a direct significant effect on Internet
affordably explain the usage [41]. purchases and activities toward Internet usage, and that mostly
There are different reasons behind the user PU that cause strong happened for new systems during the development stage [56]. To reduce
considerations like the outlier environmental factors that can make the risks of internet purchases by increasing trust, electronic banking
customer beliefs change about technologies. It is proposed that the systems were also affected by customer trust. Banks must consider
contextual variables of decentralization and perceived environmental reducing the probability of usage risk for their transaction systems and
uncertainty will influence the PU of aggregated information [42]. The increase the institutional reliance [57]. Trust is critical in e-commerce.
findings explain the value of the previous assimilation of PU in things Building a strong trust bridge helps consumers overcome perceptions of
such as technology systems [43]. In other beliefs, Igbaria, Magid, Ste risk and insecurity and pushes them to feel safe in interacting with the
phen, and Thomas found that The effect of computer anxiety was more often unknown, socially distant service provider over a new medium
about fun than the effect on perceived usefulness, even though PU and [58].
fun had a similar impact on the frequency of use and the time of use However, the relation between the customers and vendor are
[44]. The direct effect on the information technology system, especially bordered by the trust. Trust becomes important to keep the communi
on perceived ease of use, was because many elements from the system cation channel active and sustainable and keep confidence in a trading
environment and PU have a significant impact on PEoU for the tech partner. It is a feature of trustful relationships that can reduce the threat
nology system [45]. Hence, it is hypothesized that: of risks [59]. Trust is known as the preparation of the customer toward
the service provider; likewise, protection bad actions which can be ex
H2. Perceived usefulness has a positive and significant impact on the
pected in advance to provide more protection and monitoring for
attitude toward cryptocurrency transactions that are supported by
customer activities in order to increase their trust [60].
blockchain technology.
People who have suitable attitudes toward a particular technology
could be more receptive to trust and have reassurances about its safety
4.1.4. Perceived ease of use (PEoU)
than those who have negative attitudes. This shows high partial corre
Perceived ease of use refers to the degree of users’ belief that using
lations between risk and acceptance controlling for trust [61]. McClos
the new technology will be free of effort [15,20,28].
key and Weaver found that trust has a significant positive effect on ease
PEoU in the TAM model is one of the main structural constructs. This
of use. When the customer trusts to give their financial and personal
construct has two direct formative effects on PU and attitude [15]. TAM
information that signifies a high level of belief that online shopping was
theory has been approved and used in a variety of studies to estimate
easy to use [52].
customer behavior on new technology [15,20,28]. PEoU to the proba
When trust declines, customers become more resistant to take risks
bility level of user expectation from the target system to be free of effort
and the protection is greater against the probability of disloyalty. Trust
[16]. PEoU in construct refers to the level to which the user expects and
is the only way in these situations where one has to take risk and where
believes that using this service or technical system could be free of effort
one cannot control the consequences. In the case of blockchain, the risk
[15].
probability for the customers’ perspective should be low and the trust
Gould said when trying to express the customers’ feelings and hopes
should be high. The trust directly affects both attitude and PEoU of the
from the services providers, “Making a system easy to use, user-friendly,
available technology.
easy to operate, simple, responsive, and flexible, our goals, indeed very
Trust is the key element of this study, and this factor shows a sig
difficult goals to reach” [46]. Some constructs’ relations could explain
nificant indirect effect on customers’ behavior. Trust could lead to
why usage may be unrelated to ease of use. Importantly, it would not
change the customer’s decision toward any technology or even any
explain why usage might increase when PEoU decreases [41]. Addi
service [62]. Until now, blockchain technology did not have enough
tionally, Hsu, Chin, and Hsi found that users believe playing online
trust in the technical and financial markets. People think that the risks
games was effortless. In this scope, PEoU took less effort by using the
outweigh the benefits [5]. Also, people believe that blockchain is a
information technology system [47].
highly complicated technology that is hard to use and control. However,
A large number of researches considered the PEoU to find user
if trust comes from blockchain-based consensus protocol like proof of
acceptance. Also, in practice, using the TAM model was very popular in
stake (PoS) which could encourage the trust chain [63]. Also, IBM
this field, even when all but a few of these researchers got their expected
Hyperledger platform designed for blockchain applications and in
results concerning PEoU [24]. Previous researches on user acceptance
troduces a collaborated management system ensuring data security and
have worked on the actual use to find the PEoU and the evaluated results
trust among users [64]. Hence, it is hypothesized that:
confirmed the importance of direct experience to find the PEoU [43,
48–51]. Hence, it is hypothesized that: H5. Trust has a positive and significant impact on attitude toward
cryptocurrency transactions that are supported by blockchain
H3. Perceived ease of use has a positive and significant impact on
technology.
attitude toward cryptocurrency transactions that are supported by
blockchain technology. H6. Trust has a positive and significant impact on perceived ease of use
toward cryptocurrency transactions that are supported by blockchain
H4. Perceived ease of use has a positive and significant impact on
technology.
5
4.2.2. Regulatory support (RS) interests of technology used, especially after the past decade of an upset
Regulatory framework & government support refers to legal frame of customers toward bad technical services, which could be solved by
works that were established by the government to monitor and ensure the upsurge of government regulation [72].
that both service providers and consumers of technologies will fulfill According to the above studies, this study assumed a direct corre
their obligations and avoid violations [65]. lation between regulatory support and trust. Government regulation has
Government regulation and laws are important to deal with e-busi a significant effect on the customers’ trust toward new technologies thus
ness and monitoring service quality and to authorize new technologies lead to a reduction of the level of risk. The secure regulation increases
and deploy them in the nation under their rule of government [66]. the usage of blockchain-based applications which reflects on the value of
These legislations are used to ensure all the processes are moving e-businesses in the domestic and global markets. Hence, it is hypothe
smoothly and equitably. The same case applies to blockchain technology sized that:
and cryptocurrencies, regarding customer behavior toward its technol
H7. Regulatory Support has a positive and significant impact on trust
ogy applications. The need for the regulation is mandatory to avoid or
toward cryptocurrency transactions that are supported by blockchain
reduce the uncertainty results [5]. Government regulations and in
technology.
structions can impact the customers’ intention to trust the technology
and secure its usage. However, there exist many problems with the
4.2.3. Experience (E)
development of cryptocurrencies internationally, such as weak govern
Experience refers to the level of customers’ knowledge and experi
ment regulation and laws [67].
ence that supports his/her use of new technologies [48].
Williamson is consistent that government regulation takes two di
A high experience level increases the trust in customer behavior to
rections to impact a technology innovations’ usage: one by limitation on
use the new IT system [47]. Many studies show experience has a strong
taxation and any other determination, and the other by changing the
effect on trust. This variable has a significant impact and may increase or
environmental implementation of technology innovations [68]. Block
decrease, depending on the individual’s level of experience [52,62,75,
chain implementation protocols clarify that policies, laws, and regula
76].
tions are important to identify the authentication and the authorization
Any new technology requires customers to have a certain level of
of the involved organizations [69].
experience and knowledge to use it [77]. A user’s capability and past
Regulators around the world have increasingly begun to pay atten
experiences may affect the ease of use for the new technology; especially
tion to cryptocurrencies. Recently, in 2015, the New York federal gov
in a short training time that supports and influences their control and use
ernment issued the official cryptocurrency regulation framework [65].
for some systems [20]. Studies find that users’ experience and enjoy
The Statutory Authority Financial Services Law covers the whole cryp
ment toward new technology increase the interaction and the actual
tocurrency perspective, starting from its definition, to issuing business
easier to use [78]. Fazio and Zanna in 1978 conducted a correlational
licenses, and ending with the server-ability. Section 19 (Consumer
study to measure and estimate experience as a continuous variable. The
protection) shows the customer rights and the government responsible
attitude was based on linear behavioral experience: the more probable
for digital currency, explaining the level of risk to use the crypto
that attitude may predict subsequent behavior, the more it affected the
currency [66].
experience that individuals had, the wider their range of rejection, and
Institutional trust for technological and legal protection is important
the more confirmed they were of their attitudes [79]. Productivity in
to online consumers. In other cases, years back the sheriff of a town
creases and high-performance benefits of computer applications could
would work on regulation to keep security as well as to protect and
be significantly affected by the industry experience [80].
increase the trust of the customer toward an institution [58]. Xu, in
The level of experience of using technology has a powerful control
2004, mentioned the importance of regulations to support and enhance
and effect on the feelings of new technology. Any technology system
e-business in China.
based on an innovative application susceptible to user experience,
The lack of government regulation support might hinder e-business
knowledge, and behavior can shape their trust, belief, and acceptance
diffusion. In the decade of online business, the growth was an upsurge in
for the new system [53]. The implications are that previous experience
the technology market, as well as the increased need for government
with an information technology service is a substantial factor to consider
regulation. Legal support is important to facilitate, control, and monitor
during development, testing, or applying models of new technology
institutional environments [70]. According to Zhu & Kraemer, in order
adoption and use. One possibility is that experience has a direct influ
to establish a support law system for businesses, governments should
ence on behavior [23]. Fazio & Zanna proposed that the relationships
consider the right regulations that can be a part of the market to control
found in subject pool studies suggest a model of how the experience may
and monitor. These regulations should enhance the trust of technology
impact attitude-behavior consistency by influencing trust [81]. Ven
platforms and provide the motivation tools to encourage the whole
katesh said in his article, “With increasing direct experience with the
technical market to engage in the platform [71]. Barksdale et al., in their
target system, individuals adjust their system-specific PEoU to reflect
experimental study on online buyers, found that the majority of re
their interaction with the system” [24].
spondents agreed that governmental regulation is required and impor
Furthermore, another study from Chin & Hsi on the gaming experi
tant to protect the interests of buyers [72].
ence and its effect on players behave as follows: “Flow experience was
Government regulations become more important as a successful part
defined as the extent of involvement, enjoyment, control, concentration
of technical system implementation, which can be the tool to guide most
and intrinsic interest with which users engage in an online game ac
e-businesses [70]. The expansion of technology can become large and
tivity” [47]. Individual’s reactions changed over time for using an IT
very fast, therefore, the need for supportive regulation also increases. In
system based on their experience. Experience is an important variable
high-intensity countries, there usually exists more available technology
that affects the trust level of the system which was mentioned in many
and service providers, which may help and support the adoption of new
types of research [82,83]. Venkatesh in 2000 proposed that, while
technology. Managers accumulate more departmental experience,
experience guides users to make the decision, people can control and
which helps to lower the expected risk. The government also progres
rearrange these decisions after they take a real test on the system giving
sively improves its regulation policies and laws [73].
them experience and trust with this technology [14]. Russell & Zanna
Gerd, Christian, and Frank consider the government regulation
focused on the development and change of an attitude through behav
perspective to control and monitor the real problem and the practical
ioral experience with the attitude matter and investigated whether at
issues in the electronic market. This regulation can be the output of an
titudes better predict behavior than attitudes formed without behavioral
affected class on customer attitude [74]. Furthermore, Hiram, William,
experience [81]. In Blockchain technology, the experience is an essential
and William found that government regulators need to protect the
6
factor to customer’s trust. According to all the above studies, this paper H10. Social Influence has a positive and significant impact on
assumes that there is a direct correlation between experience and trust. perceived usefulness toward cryptocurrency transactions that are sup
This relation will impact the proposed model; hence, it is hypothesized ported by blockchain technology.
that:
4.2.5. Design (D)
H8. Experience has a positive and significant impact on trust toward
Design refers to the effects of experiencing technological aspects
cryptocurrency transactions that are supported by blockchain
such as navigation, appearance, and layout on users’ tendency to use the
technology.
system [90].
The actual use of any mobile application becomes part of daily life;
4.2.4. Social influence (SI)
thus, the design affects the customers’ behavior and can change their
Social influence refers to an individual’s norms, roles, memberships,
expectations [90]. DeLone and McLean conducted comprehensive
and values, which influence the individual’s perception of what they
research on the probability expectation that can impact the success of a
should do [75].
technical system in the future. The authors proposed that the quality of
The social influence factor has been considered in the most successful
the system and the information quality could be affected by quality
internet services, allowing the customer to interact with the platform in
measurements which have a significant influence on the success of IT
time to have enough experience while affecting his/her loyalty for the
implementation and design quality criteria [91].
business or technology [27,75]. Also, social influence is a unique con
Even with high Internet popularity use, there are still many reasons
struction because it reflects the amount of trust in technology and makes
that people resist the use of technologies such as hardware/software
a real effect on it [75].
speed-over-time and slow response. Also, if the website design is
These interactions and communication environments encouraged
complicated, it can cause heavy traffic and a lack of system accessibility
the customer to explore, evaluate the risk level, and trust toward
[91]. Furthermore, the website design should be a high concern for
deciding whether to use or not this service [75]. The estimate of the
developers. It should have a friendly user interface to increase the
effect of social influence on blockchain technology will provide an un
acceptance and ease-of-use to the system flowed by experience and
derstanding of customer behavior toward the new technology and the
favorable attitudes [47].
expected benefit of use.
Also, good design, friendly interfaces, fast interactions and response
Social dimensions deeply influence user behavior in new technology.
time impact the PEoU toward blockchain-based applications. Hence, it is
Many studies and methods propose the importance of social influence to
hypothesized that:
describe customer behavioral intention [27,47,75]. A study on social
media found that the Social factor has a positive effect on technology H11. Good application design and friendly interface have a positive
usefulness. Also, social factors enhanced collaboration to create a sup and significant impact on perceived ease of use toward cryptocurrency
portive belief [84]. The TRA model explains that user behavioral transactions that are supported by blockchain technology.
intention can be influenced by both the subjective norm and attitude
[16]. Researchers found that user decisions and behaviors are directly 5. Research methodology
influenced by a social environment that crosses the IT characteristics
and customer decisions [27,75,85,86]. Validated factors were used from previous studies and researches,
Varadarajan and Yadav mentioned that the IT market is a network of the aim was to design the new proposed model in (Fig. 3) to test
technologies that can have a big free space for both buyers and sellers to customer behavior on blockchain technology and underlying applica
make information transactions and to carry out any other performances tions. The new model’s design is based on the TAM model [15,20,28]
at different times and durations [87]. People’s perceptions engaged with and Blockchain external constructs model. As this paper mentioned
social impact to predict their usefulness. Customer confidence toward before, TAM has to be integrated with other factors to comprehend the
using a system could affect the workgroup and enhance their life and job study goals and understand the customers’ behavior intention toward
performance [14]. blockchain-based applications. Five New constructs (Fig. 2) were
However, Social influence is represented in many public environ correlated and integrated with the TAM model (trust, social influence,
mental categories that help people participate and engage in the IT design, regulatory support, and experience). The new proposed model
ecosystem. These organizational processes can be a good tool for can be counts as a new contribution to the previous researches and add a
simplifying the use of information technologies [7]. Moreover, new perspective that engages many new factors in the world of esti
Mathieson has explained the need for more tools that support the un mating customer behavior and assist future technology acceptance. The
derstanding of the relation between social influence and technology big advantage determined by TAM is the validation of factors. All TAM
acceptance behavior [88]. It is highly expected that most employees will measurements and scales have been tested and approved by previous
push their positive social effects on others in the workplace toward researchers in the same field [15,16,62,89,92,93].
technology usage [14]. Response to hazards is mediated by social in Trust is correlated with attitude and PEoU [52,59–61]. Regulatory
fluences transmitted by family, friends, coworkers, and respected public Support is correlated and affects trust [68,70–72]. The experience was
officials. In many cases, risk perceptions may take shape afterward, as correlated and has an impact on trust [81–83]. Social influence is
part of the logic of an individual’s behavior [89]. correlated and has an impact on PU and trust [47,75,88,89]. Design is
Regarding Chin & Hsi, social influences are perceived when people correlated and has an impact on PEoU [47,76,91].
interact with each other and exchange information and communicate The research design conducted a survey methodology for a group of
via the IT system. This interpersonal interaction generally makes a international people from different backgrounds and experiences (gov
community [47]. The trust level comes from family or friends who ernment employees, private sector employees, students, etc.), who are
approve the level of usage of the new products or services which in using money transaction technologies for domestic and international
creases trust and the actual use of them [75]. Social Influence is an purposes, such as banks or Western Union. There are no specifications
affected factor in the customers’ behavior for blockchain-based appli for the district or area as it is a global survey. However, regional and
cations. Hence, it is hypothesized that: cultural aspects could show different implications and behaviors, that
will reflect on users’ impressions and answers. The purpose of this sur
H9. Social influence has a positive and significant impact on trust to
vey is to examine the differentiation in each classification presented and
ward cryptocurrency transactions that are supported by blockchain
to make a clear understanding of whether the impact of their decisions is
technology.
affected by the users’ trust, experience, or other factors.
7
This survey uses seven measurement scales (7-point Likert) for each 6.3. Measurement model assessment
question (34 specific questions), starting from the lower support
(strongly disagree), ending with highly support (strongly agree). Also, According to Ref. [96], reliability and validity must be measured for
this study added four demographic questions to classify the criteria. each item, and the factor loading should also be measured. Reliability is
However, the limitations were the actual use of this technology was the consistency of a measure. A measure is reliable when it produces
not utilized in the study because adoption is still in the initial stage and consistent outcomes under consistent conditions and the value should be
the percentage of actual usage is very low. Moreover, the educational equal or greater than (0.7) for each item’s loading to be considered as
backgrounds for the respondents were aligned more with the graduated reliable. Also, for composite reliability, the Cronbach’s Alpha values
and highly educated people in a variety of cultures. Also, there are other should be equal or greater than (0.7). In (Table 3), all items are reliable
correlations not mentioned in this study between some constructs, ac and satisfy the set criteria. Besides, validity is the extent to which a
cording to the author’s goal, perspective, and belief. In the future, re construct’s indicators jointly measure and the average variance extrac
searchers can study these other relations and make a new conclusion. ted (AVE) is the common measure for establishing the convergent val
idity, which is defined as the grand mean value of the squared loadings
6. Results and discussion of the items related to the construct. This is the degree to which a latent
construct explains the variance of its indicators. A value of (0.5) or
6.1. Descriptive statistics greater for AVE specifies that the construct elucidates more than half of
the variance of its items [96]. As shown in (Table 3), the Cronbach’s
The sample responses were collected from a total of 277 people with Alpha and composite reliability values are greater than (0.7), and the
a variety of backgrounds and were conducted via an on-line survey for AVE values are greater than (0.5). Hence, the constructs’ convergent
two months. The final number of responses after removing the missing validity is established.
values and outliers by using data trimming was 251 (Table 2). shows the To estimate the discriminant validity, this study should examine the
demographic information for the respondents. The observation shows Fornell-Larcker criterion and cross-loadings. The Fornell-Larcker crite
that males constituted (72%) of the collected data while only (28%) rion compares the square root of the AVE value with latent variable
were females. Furthermore, most of their occupations were from the correlations, which is described in (Table 4). To estimate the cross-
private sector (51%), and the public sector was only (28%). The age of loading, the loading of each indicator should be higher than the load
respondents was mostly between 25 and 34 years (61%). Also, the ings of its corresponding variables’ indicators. According to (Table 5),
educational background of the respondents was represented by (48%) of the cross-loadings criterion is perfect; all items have value more than
graduate degree holders followed by (28%) of masters or Ph.D. degree (0.7) and its highest value is when being compared with other items.
holders; however, undergraduate survey takers were only (18%).
6.4. Structural model assessment
6.2. Data analysis
The model was evaluated by measuring the discrepancy amount for
This study analyzed the surveyed data with the Partial Least Squares- dependent variables. Path coefficients and R-squared (R2) are the pri
Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) by using (SmartPLS 3.2) for mary measures for estimating the structural model [94]. R2 is a statis
statistical analysis [94,95]. Since this study is exploratory tical measure that represents the proportion of the variance for a
based-research, PLS-SEM is considered the best approach to find the best dependent variable that’s explained by an independent variable or
results [96,97]. For the reflective measurement model [96], proposed variables in a regression model. Correlation explains the strength of the
that scholars should consider the outer loadings of all items and the relationship between an independent and dependent variable, and R2
average variance extracted (AVE) to find the convergent validity. In explains to what extent the variance of one variable explains the vari
terms of the structural model, the coefficient and the path coefficients of ance of the second variable.
determination were measured [96–98]. Accordingly, this paper applied (Fig. 4) shows the model has R2 values as follows: (74.0%) for
all the mentioned criteria to support the measurement and structural behavioral intention (BI), which explains a substantial effect of the
model. behavioral intention on the transaction applications using underlying
blockchain technology. (63.8%) for attitude (A), which explains a sub
stantial or moderate effect of the attitude on the transaction applica
tions. (57.6%) for PU, (48.4%) for PEoU and (59.1%) for trust (T), which
explains a moderate effect of the PU, PEoU, and trust in the transaction
Table 2
Demographic information. applications. The path coefficients are the essential measures for
assessing the structural model.
Item Values Frequency Percentage
According to the path analysis (Fig. 4), and (Table 6) found each
Gender Male 181 72% hypothesis by estimating the p-values and the path coefficients. It can be
Female 70 28%
noticed that all the hypotheses are supported, which in turn indicates
Age Less than 25 27 11%
25–34 153 61% that all the paths are significant between the independent and depen
35–44 50 20% dent variables.
45–54 11 4% The results of this paper found that;
More than 54 10 4% H1 (B ¼ 0.860, p < 0.05) describes the path between attitude and BI.
Occupation Public sector (e.g. government 71 28%
Employee)
This relation is significant and stronger than any other relation. It’s
Private Sector (e.g. most businesses and 128 51% described that attitude has a strong positive effect on the customer’s
individuals) behavioral intention who intends to use blockchain-based applications.
Retired 3 1% H2 (B ¼ 0.369, p < 0.05) describes the path between PU and attitude.
Academia 18 7%
H3 (B ¼ 0.269, p < 0.05) describes the path between PEoU and
Students 31 13%
Education Elementary or Junior high school 2 1% attitude.
High School 18 7% H5 (B ¼ 0.286, p < 0.05) describes the path between trust and
Undergraduate degree 46 18% attitude.
Graduate degree 115 46% Three constructs of PU, PEoU, and trust, are positive effects on the
Master or PH.D. degree or higher 70 28%
customer attitude toward blockchain-based applications. These effects
8
Table 3
Measurement model results.
Latent Variable Indicators Convergent Validity Internal Consistency Reliability Discriminant Validity?
Loading Indicators Reliability AVE Composite Reliability Cronbach’s Alpha
>0.70 >0.50 >0.50 0.60–0.90 0.60–0.90
Attitude A1 0.874 0.764 0.740 0.895 0.824 yes

A2 0.833 0.694
A3 0.872 0.760
Behavioral Intention BI1 0.913 0.833 0.794 0.920 0.870 yes
BI2 0.902 0.814
BI3 0.857 0.734
Design D1 0.720 0.518 0.630 0.872 0.803 yes
D2 0.851 0.724
D3 0.841 0.707
D4 0.757 0.573
Experience E1 0.874 0.764 0.697 0.873 0.782 yes
E2 0.755 0.570
E3 0.871 0.759
Perceived Ease of Use PEoU1 0.795 0.632 0.697 0.902 0.855 yes
PEoU2 0.850 0.722
PEoU3 0.850 0.722
PEoU4 0.844 0.712
Perceived Usefulness PU1 0.834 0.680 0.653 0.918 0.893 yes
PU2 0.806 0.650
PU3 0.849 0.684
PU4 0.731 0.534
PU5 0.802 0.643
PU6 0.820 0.672
Regulatory Support RS1 0.785 0.616 0.619 0.867 0.796 yes
RS2 0.812 0.659
RS3 0.786 0.618
RS4 0.763 0.582
Social Influence SI1 0.794 0.606 0.683 0.896 0.845 yes
SI2 0.780 0.608
SI3 0.870 0.760
SI4 0.859 0.738
Trust T1 0.839 0.704 0.698 0.874 0.784 yes
T2 0.826 0.682
T3 0.842 0.709
Table 4
Fornell-larcker criterion results.
A BI D E PU PEoU RS SI T
A 0.860
BI 0.860 0.891
D 0.594 0.587 0.794
E 0.586 0.598 0.423 0.835
PU 0.725 0.695 0.599 0.536 0.808
PEoU 0.671 0.614 0.659 0.516 0.661 0.835
RS 0.576 0.514 0.461 0.431 0.568 0.501 0.787
SI 0.713 0.686 0.604 0.497 0.688 0.582 0.523 0.827
T 0.665 0.621 0.558 0.651 0.624 0.552 0.577 0.631 0.835
are related to the user’s trust and belief. Customer attitude is important used with less effort. PEoU is the main factor in this model to describe
to influence the right behavior and action. The three constructs affect the complexity level of blockchain-based applications.
differently the attitude. High trust and belief in usefulness and the ease H7 (B ¼ 0.248, p < 0.05) describes the path between regulatory
of use, increase customer expectation and motivate them to act posi support (RS) and trust. Government regulation and instructions posi
tively to use blockchain-based applications. tively affect the customers’ trust in new blockchain technology appli
H4 (B ¼ 0.393, p < 0.05) describes the path between PEoU and PU. cations. These regulations are built to control and monitor the use of
the relation between the two constructs is very strong, it is the core cryptocurrencies. Each country has different laws and instructions, but
reason for the customer’s attitude toward new technology. PEoU posi all of them deal with the importance of keeping justice. These regula
tively influences the customer’s PU; lower the technology complexity, tions reflect on the end-user to ensure trust in blockchain-based
increase the belief that blockchain-based application is efficient to use applications.
and helpful for doing daily needs. H8 (B ¼ 0.391, p < 0.05) describes the path between experience (E)
H6 (B ¼ 0.267, p < 0.05) describes the path between trust and PEoU. and trust. This path has a strong positive effect from experience on trust.
In this study, Trust is a pivotal construct that has a significant effect on Studies show that the more user experience with the new technology
other constructs and it is reflected in the customers’ decisions. Trust and affects their way of interaction. The knowledge and previous use of
risk have an opposite relationship; the expected risk reduced when trust similar technology support confidence in other technologies. Further
is increased. Trust is the way to encourage the belief in the new tech more, user experience, knowledge, and behavior are the real experiences
nology and to increase the belief in how efficient this technology can be and actual uses that can shape their belief and acceptance of blockchain-
9
Table 5
Cross loadings results.
A BI D E PEoU PU RS SI T
A1 0.874 0.751 0.582 0.474 0.635 0.656 0.505 0.609 0.530

A2 0.833 0.722 0.445 0.509 0.535 0.561 0.474 0.601 0.556
A3 0.872 0.746 0.501 0.530 0.558 0.650 0.507 0.631 0.630
BI1 0.782 0.913 0.571 0.491 0.588 0.645 0.477 0.649 0.545
BI2 0.800 0.902 0.532 0.460 0.568 0.635 0.466 0.622 0.499
BI3 0.714 0.857 0.462 0.661 0.479 0.575 0.429 0.560 0.626
D1 0.460 0.509 0.720 0.485 0.479 0.431 0.385 0.504 0.549
D2 0.536 0.494 0.851 0.366 0.586 0.502 0.427 0.496 0.468
D3 0.506 0.465 0.841 0.281 0.562 0.544 0.394 0.541 0.454
D4 0.367 0.393 0.757 0.214 0.452 0.413 0.239 0.367 0.294
E1 0.455 0.456 0.299 0.874 0.373 0.378 0.309 0.405 0.556
E2 0.344 0.387 0.357 0.755 0.463 0.359 0.268 0.302 0.448
E3 0.635 0.627 0.405 0.871 0.467 0.582 0.479 0.513 0.610
PEoU1 0.520 0.444 0.518 0.433 0.795 0.504 0.390 0.437 0.463
PEoU2 0.576 0.515 0.579 0.436 0.850 0.567 0.429 0.523 0.431
PEoU3 0.562 0.519 0.560 0.412 0.850 0.575 0.423 0.464 0.448
PEoU4 0.580 0.567 0.544 0.445 0.844 0.558 0.432 0.518 0.503
PU1 0.636 0.600 0.539 0.445 0.611 0.834 0.518 0.584 0.554
PU2 0.589 0.591 0.504 0.446 0.543 0.806 0.476 0.542 0.511
PU3 0.658 0.610 0.483 0.490 0.542 0.849 0.446 0.624 0.566
PU4 0.516 0.468 0.417 0.461 0.459 0.731 0.443 0.473 0.484
PU5 0.523 0.508 0.431 0.347 0.485 0.802 0.420 0.506 0.429
PU6 0.576 0.572 0.516 0.405 0.549 0.820 0.445 0.590 0.466
RS1 0.503 0.460 0.387 0.438 0.390 0.433 0.785 0.386 0.530
RS2 0.388 0.375 0.359 0.347 0.376 0.399 0.812 0.355 0.441
RS3 0.465 0.371 0.339 0.265 0.348 0.455 0.786 0.459 0.428
RS4 0.449 0.400 0.360 0.278 0.472 0.509 0.763 0.458 0.395
SI1 0.622 0.598 0.549 0.362 0.516 0.701 0.478 0.794 0.497
SI2 0.597 0.551 0.454 0.449 0.460 0.479 0.402 0.780 0.546
SI3 0.572 0.563 0.527 0.395 0.489 0.547 0.428 0.870 0.516
SI4 0.558 0.548 0.456 0.443 0.452 0.524 0.411 0.859 0.529
T1 0.580 0.567 0.454 0.570 0.497 0.548 0.519 0.538 0.839
T2 0.550 0.512 0.465 0.549 0.472 0.482 0.471 0.511 0.826
T3 0.534 0.473 0.480 0.508 0.409 0.532 0.452 0.533 0.842
based applications. that encourage and affect customer’s trust toward blockchain-based
H9 (B ¼ 0.307, p < 0.05) describes the path between social influence applications. The surveyed people agreed significantly that they feel
(SI) and trust. This path is shown strong positive effects from Social secure and they can trust the Blockchain-based applications when it is
influence on trust. Social factors are becoming more overlap in people’s regulated and ensured by the local government. Also, at a certain level of
life and behave. People interact with each other if there is certain trust, experience, they feel confident and trust the blockchain-based applica
then the impact will be high. Social media is the source for thousands of tions. Moreover, these results could get some different if applied in some
personal thoughts and beliefs, which are reflected in other opinions and countries depending on education level and average ages, the more
influence their decision to use or not any new technology. In blockchain educated and younger people could agree to adopt blockchain-based
technology, trust is very important to support customer behavior, so the applications.
social factor is a significant player in this aspect.
H10 (B ¼ 0.460, p < 0.05) describes the path between Social influ 7. Conclusion and future work
ence and PU. This path has a strong positive effect from Social influence
to PU, which explains that social factors are related to the new appli Recently, blockchain technology has grown rapidly in the global
cations and services (positive or negative effect). The relations and market, providing a variety of solutions to secure transactions and ser
communications between people in social media, work, or market or any vices. However, the technology is not very well received and the actual
other place has a significant impact on each other’s attitude and usage is still very low as customers have high resistance against block
perception. chain technology. Given the low usage rate, this paper aims to estimate
H11 (B ¼ 0.510, p < 0.05) describes the path between design (D) and the usability of blockchain technology and determine factors that affect
PEoU. The findings show the application design positively influences the customers’ acceptance of cryptocurrency transactions conducted via
PEoU for the same technology; the application’s good design supports Blockchain-based applications. Considering the rise of new technology
customer satisfaction in using and interacting positively. and the few resources that can be helpful to support this research and the
The results of the survey conducted demonstrate that all hypotheses methodology, making the new proposed model is to open a new
are supported. The proposed model has successfully met research goals perspective and contribute to blockchain technology adoption. Survey
and clarify the reasons behind the low acceptance of blockchain-based was conducted among international customers, and the PLS-SEM
applications. Highlights factors affecting customer behavior toward approach was used to assess the collected data.
cryptocurrency transactions powered by blockchain technology. Survey results revealed that new factors have significant impacts on
The designed model was conducted to match the blockchain tech customers’ behavioral intention towards blockchain-based crypto
nology characteristics. Each construct was used carefully to balance the currency transactions. The findings emphasize trust is the main factor
value of the efficiency and the effectiveness to reflect on any group of affecting consumers’ behavior and decisions, and ultimately the accep
people. This model was structured mostly on the effect of trust with the tance. However, these findings indicate two powerful constructs (regu
TAM model on the blockchain technology customers. The core findings latory support and experience) that encourage and affect the trust level.
indicated two powerful constructs (regulatory support and experience) The respondents largely agreed that they feel safe and they can trust the
10
Fig. 4. Path analysis results.
Table 6
Hypotheses test results.
Hypotheses Path Path t Values p 25% Confidence 95% Confidence Significance (p <
Coefficients Values Intervals Intervals 0.05)?
H1 Attitude - > Behavioral Intention 0.860 36.021 0.000 0.807 0.901 yes
H2 Perceived Usefulness - > Attitude 0.369 3.847 0.000 0.176 0.551 yes
H3 Perceived Ease of Use - > Attitude 0.269 2.944 0.003 0.095 0.452 yes
H4 Perceived Ease of Use - > Perceived 0.393 6.032 0.000 0.272 0.528 yes
Usefulness
H5 Trust - > Attitude 0.286 4.495 0.000 0.159 0.406 yes
H6 Trust - > Perceived Ease of Use 0.267 4.520 0.000 0.152 0.382 yes
H7 Regulatory Support - > Trust 0.248 3.891 0.000 0.120 0.369 yes
H8 Experience - > Trust 0.391 7.565 0.000 0.291 0.491 yes
H9 Social Influence - > Trust 0.307 5.266 0.000 0.192 0.419 yes
H10 Social Influence - > Perceived Usefulness 0.460 6.451 0.000 0.308 0.584 yes
H11 Design - > Perceived Ease of Use 0.510 7.380 0.000 0.368 0.642 yes
Blockchain-based applications when they are regulated and ensured by process and knowing how to interact and trust the blockchain-based
the local government. Also, at a certain level of experience, customers applications.
feel confident and they can trust the blockchain-based applications. Nevertheless, there are limitations to the proposed methodology
However, regional and cultural aspects show slightly different behaviors where the model is designed to only measure customers’ intention, not
in user impressions. Each government regulates the blockchain and the actual usage rate. This provides a direction for future research to use
cryptocurrency technologies differently and that reflected on customer actual usage data to support our findings. Besides, the majority (74%) of
behavior. respondents were graduates and highly educated people whose behavior
Accordingly, governments, companies, and decision-makers should might somewhat differ from the average population. They are generally
consider the results achieved in this study. The implementation of more innovative and faster to interact with and accept new technologies,
blockchain-based applications should take consumers’ trust into which may add biases to the results. Finally, there are other correlations
consideration supported by government regulation and customer expe between the new constructs and the TAM model that this paper has not
rience. Governments should support and regulate the use of any block covered, according to blockchain characteristics.
chain application and initial a suitable law to control the usage and
avoid fraud. Customers need a clear understanding of each transaction
11
Declaration of competing interest
None.
Appendix A. Constructs’ items
Regulatory Support (RS)
RS1 Government supports of cryptocurrencies would provide an incentive to use cryptocurrencies.

RS2 Government regulations and monitoring would reduce the risks associated with using cryptocurrencies.
RS3 The government should support and/or be responsible for regulating the use of cryptocurrencies.
RS4 Regulations and government insurance should exist to protect the users of cryptocurrencies.
Experience (E)
E1 I have good experiences and adequate knowledge to conduct transactions through blockchain/cryptocurrency system (Application).
E2 I use online applications rather than offline channels for international money transactions (i.e. Online: Terra/Offline: Visit the Bank).
E3 My past experience and knowledge of conducting different money transactions motivate me to use blockchain/cryptocurrency system (Application).
Trust (T)
T1 This service is trustworthy.

T2 The service providers (both cryptocurrency and blockchain) give the impression that they keep promises and commitments.
T3 I believe the service providers (both cryptocurrency and blockchain) keep my best interests in mind.
Social Influence (SI)
SI1 I will use this system (application) if the service is widely used by people in my community.
SI2 I will adopt this system (application) if my supervisors/seniors use it.
SI3 I will adopt this system (application) if my friends use it.
SI4 I will adopt this system (application) if my family members/relatives use it.
Design (D)
D1 I expect this system (application)’s design to be similar with other systems that I used or know of.
D2 I expect this system (application) is simple to navigate.
D3 I expect this system (application) to clearly show my transaction activities.
D4 Overall, I expect this system (application) to operate effectively and free from technical issues.
Perceived Ease of Use (PEoU)
PEoU1 Learning to operate the system (application) would be easy for me.
PEoU2 I believe it would be easy to get the system (application) to accomplish what I want to do.
PEoU3 It is easy for me to become skillful at using this system (application).
PEoU4 I believe the system (application) is easy to use.
Perceived Usefulness (PU)
PU1 Using this system (application) would improve my transaction quality.

PU2 Using this system (application) would increase my productivity.
PU3 Using this system (application) would enhance the transaction effectiveness.
PU4 Using this system (application) would decrease the transaction fee.
PU5 Using this system (application) would reduce the transaction time.
PU6 I believe this system (application) is useful for conducting financial transactions.
Attitude (A)
A1 I am interested in using this system (application).

A2 I am likely to use this system (application) because of its attractiveness.
A3 I feel financial transactions overall will be better with this system (application).
Behavioral Intention (BI)
BI1 If I have access to this system (application), I intend to use it.

BI2 If I have access to this system (application), I would use it.
BI3 I plan to use this system (application) within the next <n> months.
Appendix B. Supplementary data
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101320.
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Technology in Society 62 (2020) 101320

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Accepting financial transactions using blockchain technology and

Fig. 1. Technology acceptance model TAM (Davis, 1989).

Fig. 2. External constructs affecting blockchain technology adoption.

Fig. 3. Proposed research model.

Loading Indicators Reliability AVE Composite Reliability Cronbach’s Alpha

>0.70 >0.50 >0.50 0.60–0.90 0.60–0.90

Attitude A1 0.874 0.764 0.740 0.895 0.824 yes

A1 0.874 0.751 0.582 0.474 0.635 0.656 0.505 0.609 0.530

Fig. 4. Path analysis results.

Declaration of competing interest

Appendix A. Constructs’ items

Regulatory Support (RS)

RS1 Government supports of cryptocurrencies would provide an incentive to use cryptocurrencies.

T1 This service is trustworthy.

Social Influence (SI)

Perceived Ease of Use (PEoU)

Perceived Usefulness (PU)

PU1 Using this system (application) would improve my transaction quality.

A1 I am interested in using this system (application).

Behavioral Intention (BI)

BI1 If I have access to this system (application), I intend to use it.

Appendix B. Supplementary data

Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101320.

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