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    Minerals and Energy Resources

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    PRASHANT SHARMA
    Minerals and energy resources are important natural resources. [1] Minerals form in rocks and ores and are non-renewable. India has significant reserves of ferrous minerals like iron and manganese used in steel production, and non-ferrous minerals including copper, bauxite, and mica. [2] Energy resources include conventional sources like coal, petroleum, natural gas and electricity generated from thermal power or hydropower, as well as non-conventional renewable sources like solar, wind, and biomass. Conservation of both minerals and energy resources is important to ensure sustainable use of these finite resources.

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    Minerals and Energy Resources

    Uploaded by

    PRASHANT SHARMA
    55 views7 pages
    Minerals and energy resources are important natural resources. [1] Minerals form in rocks and ores and are non-renewable. India has significant reserves of ferrous minerals like iron and manganese used in steel production, and non-ferrous minerals including copper, bauxite, and mica. [2] Energy resources include conventional sources like coal, petroleum, natural gas and electricity generated from thermal power or hydropower, as well as non-conventional renewable sources like solar, wind, and biomass. Conservation of both minerals and energy resources is important to ensure sustainable use of these finite resources.

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    Minerals and energy resources are important natural resources. [1] Minerals form in rocks and ores and are non-renewable. India has significant reserves of ferrous minerals like iron and manganese used in steel production, and non-ferrous minerals including copper, bauxite, and mica. [2] Energy resources include conventional sources like coal, petroleum, natural gas and electricity generated from thermal power or hydropower, as well as non-conventional renewable sources like solar, wind, and biomass. Conservation of both minerals and energy resources is important to ensure sustainable use of these finite resources.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    55 views7 pages

    Minerals and Energy Resources

    Uploaded by

    PRASHANT SHARMA
    Minerals and energy resources are important natural resources. [1] Minerals form in rocks and ores and are non-renewable. India has significant reserves of ferrous minerals like iron and manganese used in steel production, and non-ferrous minerals including copper, bauxite, and mica. [2] Energy resources include conventional sources like coal, petroleum, natural gas and electricity generated from thermal power or hydropower, as well as non-conventional renewable sources like solar, wind, and biomass. Conservation of both minerals and energy resources is important to ensure sustainable use of these finite resources.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 7

    Minerals and Energy Resources

    * Mineral: It is defined as a “homogenous, naturally occurring


    substance with a definable internal structure.”
    - Minerals are found in varied forms in nature, ranging from the
    hardest diamond to the softest talc.
    - Rocks are combinations of homogeneous substances called
    minerals.

    * Mode of Occurrence of Minerals


    - Minerals are usually found in “ores”. The term ore is used to
    describe an accumulation of any mineral mixed with other
    elements. Minerals generally occur in the following forms:
    (i) In igneous and metamorphic rocks, minerals may occur in the
    cracks, crevices, faults or joints.
    (ii) In sedimentary rocks, a number of minerals occur in beds or
    layers.
    (iii) The decomposition of surface rocks and the removal of
    soluble constituents also forms the minerals.
    (iv) Minerals also occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley
    floors and the base of hills.
    (v) The ocean waters contain vast quantities of minerals.
    * Ferrous Minerals
    - Ferrous minerals account for about three-fourths of the total
    value of the production of metallic minerals.

    [1] Iron Ore


    1. India is endowed with fairly abundant resources of iron ore.
    2. Magnetite is the finest iron ore with a very high content of iron,
    up to 70%. It has excellent magnetic qualities.
    3. Hematite ore is the most important industrial iron ore. It
    contains 50 to 60% iron.

    * The major iron ore belts in India are:


    (i) Odisha-Jharkhand belt
    (ii) Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt
    (iii) Ballari-Chitradurga-Chikkamagaluru-Tumakuru belt
    (iv) Maharashtra-Goa belt

    [2] Manganese
    1. It is mainly used in the manufacturing of steel and ferro-
    manganese alloy.
    2. Nearly 10 kg of manganese is required to manufacture 1 tonne
    of steel.
    3. It is also used in manufacturing bleaching powder, insecticides
    and paints.

    * Non-Ferrous Minerals
    - Non-ferrous minerals include copper, bauxite, lead, zinc and gold.
    These minerals play a vital role in a number of metallurgical,
    engineering and electrical industries.

    [1] Copper
    1. Malleable, ductile and good conductor of heat and electricity.
    2. Mainly used in electrical cables, electronics and chemical
    industries.
    3. The Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh, Khetri mines in
    Rajasthan and Singhbhum district of Jharkhand are leading
    producers of copper.
    [2] Bauxite
    1. Bauxite deposits are formed by the decomposition of a wide
    variety of rocks rich in aluminium silicates.
    2. Aluminium is obtained from bauxite. Aluminium has good
    conductivity and great malleability.
    3. Deposits are mainly found in the Amarkantak plateau, Maikal
    hills and the plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni.

    * Non-Metallic Minerals
    1. Mica is a mineral made up of a series of plates or leaves. It can
    be clear, black, green, red, yellow or brown.
    2. Mica is the most indispensable minerals used in electric and
    electronic industries.
    3. It has excellent di-electric strength, low power loss factor,
    insulating properties and resistance to high voltage.
    4. Mica deposits are found in the northern edge of the Chota
    Nagpur plateau.

    * Rock Minerals
    1. Limestone is found in rocks composed of calcium carbonates
    or calcium and magnesium carbonates.
    2. It is the basic raw material for the cement industry and essential
    for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace.

    *Conservation of Minerals
    - Minerals are a non-renewable resource. It takes thousands of
    years for the formation and concentration of minerals. Continued
    extraction of ores leads to the depletion of minerals. So, it's
    important to take the necessary steps so that mineral resources
    can be used in a planned and sustainable manner.

    * Energy Resources
    - Energy resources can be classified as
    1. Conventional Sources: It includes firewood, cattle dung cake,
    coal, petroleum, natural gas and electricity.
    2. Non-Conventional Sources: It includes solar, wind, tidal,
    geothermal, biogas and atomic energy
    * Conventional Sources of Energy

    [1] Coal:
    1. It is the most abundantly available fossil fuel.
    2. It is used for power generation, to supply energy to the industry
    as well as for domestic needs.
    3. Lignite is a low grade brown coal, which is soft with high
    moisture content.
    4. Coal that has been buried deep and subjected to increased
    temperatures is bituminous coal.
    5. Anthracite is the highest quality of hard coal.
    6. Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro are important coalfields.

    [2] Petroleum
    1. It provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for machinery
    and raw materials for a number of manufacturing industries.
    2. Petroleum refineries act as a “nodal industry” for synthetic
    textile, fertiliser and numerous chemical industries.
    3. Mumbai High, Gujarat and Assam are major petroleum
    production areas in India.

    [3] Natural Gas


    1. Natural gas is an important clean energy resource. It is
    considered an environment-friendly fuel.
    2. The power and fertilizer industries are the key users of natural
    gas.
    3. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG ) is used in vehicles to replace
    liquid fuels.
    4. Large reserves of natural gas have been discovered in the
    Krishna-Godavari basin

    [4] Electricity
    - Electricity is generated mainly in 2 ways:
    1. By running water which drives hydro turbines to generate Hydro
    Electricity. It is a renewable resource of energy. India has a
    number of multi-purpose projects like the Bhakra Nangal,
    Damodar Valley Corporation, the Kopili Hydel Project.
    2. By burning other fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas
    to drive turbines to produce
    [5] Thermal Power.
    - It uses non-renewable fossil fuels for generating electricity.

    * Non-Conventional Sources of Energy


    - The renewable energy sources like solar energy, wind, tide,
    biomass and energy from waste material are called Non-
    Conventional Energy Sources.

    -Let’s discuss them one by one.

    [1] Nuclear or Atomic Energy


    Nuclear Energy is obtained by altering the structure of atoms.
    Uranium and Thorium are used for generating atomic or nuclear
    power.

    [2] Solar Energy


    Solar energy is produced by the Sun's light. Photovoltaic technology
    converts sunlight directly into electricity.

    [3] Wind Power


    Wind Energy or Power is the use of wind to generate electricity. Wind
    turbines are used for this purpose. The largest wind farm cluster is
    located in Tamil Nadu from Nagarcoil to Madurai.

    [4] Biogas
    Biogas is a type of biofuel that is naturally produced from the
    decomposition of organic waste. Biogas is the most efficient use of
    cattle dung. It improves the quality of manure.

    [5] Tidal Energy


    Tidal energy is the form of hydropower that converts the energy
    obtained from tides into useful forms of power, mainly electricity. In
    India, the Gulf of Khambhat, the Gulf of Kachchh in Gujarat on the
    western coast and Gangetic delta in Sunderban regions of West
    Bengal provide ideal conditions for utilising tidal energy.

    [6] Geo-Thermal Energy


    When heat and electricity are produced by using the heat from the
    interior of the earth, it is known as Geo-Thermal Energy. In India,
    geothermal energy is harnessed from Parvati valley near Manikarn
    in Himachal Pradesh and from Puga Valley, Ladakh.
    *Conservation of Energy Resources
    - Every sector of the national economy – agriculture, industry,
    transport, commercial and domestic - needs inputs of energy.
    There is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path for energy
    development.

    * Here are some ways that each one of us can contribute to save
    energy resources:
    1. Using public transport systems instead of individual vehicles
    2. Switching off electricity when not in use
    3. Using power-saving devices.
    4. Using non-conventional sources of energy

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