Resources and Development

Resources and Development
* Resource : Everything available in our environment which can be

used to satisfy our needs , provided , it is technologically
accessible , economically feasible and culturally acceptable
can be termed as 'Resource' .

*These resources can be classified in following ways:

(1) On the basis of origin -
(i) Biotic resources: Which are obtained from biosphere and have
life .
ex: Humans, flora, fauna, livestock, etc.

(ii) Abiotic resources : which are composed of non living things.
ex: rocks , minerals etc.
(2) On the basis of exhaustibility -

(i) Renewable resources: Which can be reserved or reproduced by
physical , mechanical or chemical
processes.
ex: wind energy, forest, water etc.
(ii) Non-Renewable: Which takes millions of years in their

formation. They may exhaust on excessive use.
ex: coal, fossil fuels , petrol etc.
3) On the basis of development:

(i) Potential resource: which have potential to satisfy human
needs but their utilisation has not been started because
technology is expenive.
ex: Gujrat and Rajasthan have potential for solar and wind energy.
(ii) Devloped resources: Which are surveyed and their quality and
quantity is determined for utilisation.
They are currently used by humans.
(iii) Stock resources: Which have potential to satisfy human

needs but their is no appropriate technology
to access them.
ex: extracting oxygen & hydrogen from H2O
(iv) Reserve resources : Which can be utilised with the help of
existing technology but are kept for future
requirements.
(4) On the basis of ownership:

(i) Individual resources: Which are owned privately by an
individual.
ex: land by a farmer , car etc.
(ii) Community resources: Which are accessible to all the

members of a community.
ex: Temple, Public parks etc.
(iii) National resources : Which are within political boundary

and Oceanic area upto 12 nautical miles
belong to the nation
ex: Trains, lakes, road, etc.
(iv) International resoures : Which are regulated by international

organisations. These resources does
not belong to anyone
ex: Moon, ocean, Mars, etc.
* Development of Resources:
- It was believed that resources are free gifts of nature .
- As a result, human beings used them indiscriminately and this
led to various major problem :
1) depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few

individuals.
(2) Accumulation of resources in few hands, which in turn ,
divided the society into two segments i.e half having full rights
to use and others don't
(3) Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global

ecological crises such as , global warming, ozone layer.
depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation.
* Resource planning in India:

(1) Identification of resources across the regions of the country. It
involves surveying, mapping, quantitative and qualitative
estimation and measurement of the resources.
(2) Planning a structure with appropriate technology, skill and

institutional set up for implemention of resource development
plans.
(3) Matching the resource development plans with overall

development plans.
*Conservation of Resources:
Resources are vital for any developmental activity. But irrational

consumption and over-utilisation of resources may lead to socio-
economic and environmental problems.
- To Overcome these problems, resource Conservation at various
levels is important.
- This had been the main concern of the leaders and. thinkers in
the past. For example, Gandhi ji was very apt in voicing
Conservation in these words: (There is enough for everybody's
need and not for any body's greed." He placed the greedy and
selfish individuals and exploitative nature of moderm technology
as the root cause for resource depletion at the global level. He
was against mass production and wanted to replace it with the
production by the masses.
* Land resources :
- India has a variety of relief features of land i.e.., mountains,
pleatues, plains, and islands.
(i) 43% of land is plain. It is useful for agriculture amd industry.
(ii) 30% of total land area is mountainous which ensures perennial
flow of some rivers . The mountains provide facilities for
tourism amd ecological aspects.
(iii) 27% area is plateau region which possesses rich reserves of
minerals, fossils fuels and forests.
* Land Use Pattern in India:
Land resources in India are primarily divided into agricultural land,

forest land, land meant for pasture and grazing, and waste land.
- Waste land includes rocky, arid and desert areas, and land used
for other non-agricultural purposes such as housing, roads and
industry.
- According to the recent data, about 54% of the total land area is
cultivable or fallow, 22.5% is covered by forests, and 3.45% is
used for grazing.
- The rest is waste land, with traces of miscellaneous cultivation.
*Q) why has the land under forest not increased much since
1960-61?
i) The land under forest has not increased since 1960–61 because
in the post-independence era demand for more land to expand
agriculture
ii) mainly after Green Revolution, developmental works and
infrastructural facilities, led to clearance of forests areas.
ii) Industrialization and urbanization also decreased the forest
area.
Thus, land under forest has increased by only about 4% since
1960-61.
* land degradation :
- The decrease in the quality of land due to human and natural
activities which makes it unfit for cultivation is known as land
degradation.
The decrease in the quality of land due to human and natural
activities which makes it unfit for cultivation is known as land
degradation.
* Causes :
(i) Overgrazing : Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya pradesh and
Maharashtra.
(ii) Over irrigation : Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar pradesh , ( due
to water logging leading to increase to salinity and alkalinity in
soil.
(iii) waste from industries causes land and water pollution .
(iv) Deforestation and overburing at mining sites causes serve
land degradation.
(v) Mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement

industry and soap stone for ceramic industry generates huge
amount of dust. when it settles down on land, it prevents the
process of infiltration of water into soil.
*On the basis of chemical and physical properties soil can ne

classified into:
(1) Alluvial soil-:
• Most widely spread
• old alluvial soil has the kankar nodules . It is called Bangar soil.
• New alluvial soil has fine particles . It is called khadar soil.
• It has phosphorus , lime and potash content . very fertile - sugar
cane , wheat .
• Places: found in entire northern plains , Rajasthan , Gujrat .
(2) Black soil :

• the soil is black in colour
• also known as Regur soil
• Ideal for growing cotton and is known as Black cotton soil
• It is made of clayey material amd can hold moisture
• Places : found in madhya pradesh and Maharashtra
(3) Red and yellow soil :

• Developes reddish colour due to diffusion of iron in crystalline
and metamorphic rocks
• It looks yellow in hydrated form
• highly porus and fertile when they are fine grained and deep
• Places : found in Odisha and chattisgarh
(4) Laterite soil :

• Needs high temperature and heavy rainfall
• Humus content of the soil is low
• Suitable for the growth of tea and coffee
• Places : found in Tamil Nadu , Kerala and Assam
(5) Arid soil :

• Reddish brown in colour
• They are generally sandy in texture and saline in nature
• Due to dry climate , high temperature , evaporation is faster and
the soil lacks humus and moisture
• Can become cultivable if irrigation facilities are made available
• Places : found in Western Rajasthan , Punjab and Haryana
(6) Forest soil :

• Found in mountainous area
• They are loamy and silty
• Acidic in snow covered areas ( less humus)
• Places : himachal pradesh , Jammu and Kashmir
* Soil Erosion:
- Soil erosion is the natural process in which the top soil of field is
carried away by physical sources such as wind and water.
* Causes for soil erosion :
• Over grazing
• Deforestation
• Afforestation
• Terrace farming
• Building dams
Measures of soil conservation :

• Contour ploughing : i.e., ploughing along the contour lines
decelerate the flow of water down the slopes .
• Terrace cultivation : It divides large fields into stripes making

Resources and Development

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Resources and Development

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Resources and Development

* Resource : Everything available in our environment which can be

(2) On the basis of exhaustibility -

(ii) Non-Renewable: Which takes millions of years in their

3) On the basis of development:

(iii) Stock resources: Which have potential to satisfy human

(4) On the basis of ownership:

(ii) Community resources: Which are accessible to all the

(iii) National resources : Which are within political boundary

(iv) International resoures : Which are regulated by international

1) depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few

(3) Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global

* Resource planning in India:

(2) Planning a structure with appropriate technology, skill and

(3) Matching the resource development plans with overall

Resources are vital for any developmental activity. But irrational

* Land Use Pattern in India:

Land resources in India are primarily divided into agricultural land,

(v) Mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement

*On the basis of chemical and physical properties soil can ne

(2) Black soil :

(3) Red and yellow soil :

(4) Laterite soil :

(5) Arid soil :

(6) Forest soil :

Measures of soil conservation :

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