RRB NTPC - Physics - Light

Sreedhar’s CCE RRB NTPC-PHYSICS
LIGHT PART-1
Light is a form of energy which is propagated as electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic
waves are transverse in nature and require no medium for their propagation, hence
light is regarded as non mechanical wave unlike sound waves (Longitudinal, mechanical
waves) which require medium for their propagation
PROPERTIES OF LIGHT
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Light exhibits the following properties
1. Rectilinear propagation of Light
2. Reflection
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3. Refraction
4. Total internal reflection
5. Dispersion
6. Scattering
7. Interference
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8. Polarity or Polarisation of light.
9. Diffraction
1. Rectilinear propagation of light:
Light always travels in straight path and takes the shortest path( Fermat’s principle).
Applications
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1. Formation of Eclipses
2. Shadows
3. Pinhole camera
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2. Reflection of light
The throwing back by a body or surface of light without absorbing it is known as
reflection of light.
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A highly polished surface, such as a mirror or other smooth and plane surface reflects
most of the light falling on it.
Reflection of light is either specular (just like mirror) or diffuse (retaining the energy.)
Image formation by a plane mirror.
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In the Image formed by a plane mirror, the left of the object appears on the right and
the right appears on the left. This is known as lateral inversion.
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An image formed by a plane mirror is erect and of the same size as the object.
Image formed by a plane mirror is always virtual and erect.
The distance of image from the mirror is equal to distance of object from the mirror.
If an object moves towards (or away from) a plane mirror with speed ‘v’, the image
moves towards ( or away) with a speed ‘2v’ relative to the object.
To see the full image of the person in a plane mirror, person requires a minimum of at
least half of his height.
Spherical Mirror
Real image of an object is formed when reflected rays actually intersect. These im-
ages are inverted and can be projected on a screen. They are formed on the same side
as the object in front of the mirror
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Virtual image of an object is formed by reflected rays that appear to diverge from the
mirror. Such images are always erect and virual; these cannot be projected on a
screen. They are formed behind the mirror
The spherical mirror, whose reflecting surface is curved inwards (as shown in the
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image given below), i.e. face towards the center of the sphere, is known as concave
mirror.
The spherical mirror, whose reflecting surface is curved outwards (as shown in the
image given below), is known as a convex mirror.
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The center of the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is a point known as pole
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represented by English letter ‘P.’
The reflecting surface of a spherical mirror forms a part of a sphere, which has a
center, known as the center of curvature represented by English letter ‘C.’
Remember, the center of curvature is not a part of the mirror, but rather it lies out-
side the reflecting surface.
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In case of concave mirror, the center of curvature lies in front of it.

In case of convex mirror, the center of curvature lies behind the mirror.
The radius of the sphere of which, the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror forms a
glish letter ‘R.’

C
part, is known as the radius of curvature of the mirror and represented by the En-
Remember, the distance pole (P) and center of curvature (C) is equal to the radius of
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curvature.
The imaginary straight line, passing through the pole and the center of curvature of a
spherical mirror, is known as the principal axis (see the image given below).
All the reflecting rays meeting/intersecting at a point on the principal axis of the
mirror; this point is known as principal focus of the concave mirror. It is represented
C
by English letter ‘F’ (see the image given below).
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On the other hand, in case of convex mirror, the reflected rays appear to come from a
point on the principal axis, known as the principal focus (F) (see the image given
below).
The distance between the pole (P) and the principal focus (F) of a spherical mirror is
known as the focal length and it is represented by the English letter ‘f’ .
The diameter of the reflecting surface of spherical mirror is known as its aperture.
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1. All distances are measured from the pole (O) of the mirror. The object is always
placed on the left so that the incident ray is always taken as travelling from left lo right.
2. All the distances on the left of O are taken as negative and those on the right ofOas
positive.
3. The distances measured above and normal to the principal axis are taken as posi-
tive and the downward distances as negative.
The radius of curvature and the focal length of a concave mirror are negative and
those for a convex mirror are positive.
Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors:
Drawing the ray diagrams is an ideal way to illustrate the formation of images by
spherical mirrors.
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The inter section of at least two reflected rays give the correct position of image of the
point object.
The following table illustrates the image formed by a concave mirror for different
positions of the given object –
Position of Position of Size of Image Nature of Image

Object Image Image
At infinity At the focus Highly diminished, Real and
F point sized inverted
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Beyond C B/w Diminished Real and
F and C inverted
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At C At C Same size
E Real and
inverted
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B/w Beyond C
C Enlarged Real and
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C and F inverted
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At F At infinity Highly enlarge Real and
inverted
B/w Behind the Enlarged Virtual and

P and F mirror erect
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Uses of Concave Mirror
In order to get powerful parallel beams of light, concave mirrors are universally used
in torches, search-lights, and vehicles headlights.
Concave mirror is also used in barber’s saloon, as it gives larger view.
Concave mirror is also used by dentists, to see the large images of the teeth of pa-
tients.
Large concave mirrors are used to concentrate sunlight to produce maximum heat in
the solar furnaces.
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C
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Sreedhar’s CCE RRB NTPC-PHYSICS

In case of concave mirror, the center of curvature lies in front of it.

glish letter ‘R.’

Position of Position of Size of Image Nature of Image

B/w Behind the Enlarged Virtual and

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