Lo5 1) Chemical Bonds

Lo5
1)chemical bonds
Atoms tend to arrange themselves in the most stable patterns
possible, which means that they have a tendency to complete or fill
their outermost electron orbits. They join with other atoms to do just
that. The force that holds atoms together in collections known as
molecules is referred to as a chemical bond.
Chemical bonds are the connections between atoms in a molecule.

These bonds include both strong intramolecular interactions, such as
covalent and ionic bonds. They are related to weaker intermolecular
forces, such as dipole-dipole interactions, the London dispersion
forces, and hydrogen bonding.
Chemical bonds are forces that hold atoms together to make

compounds or molecules.
Types of chemical bonds

Chemical bonds include covalent, polar covalent, and ionic bonds.
1)covalent bonds
The most common bond in organic molecules, a covalent bond
involves the sharing of electrons between two atoms. The pair of
shared electrons forms a new orbit that extends around the nuclei of
both atoms, producing a molecule. There are two secondary types of
covalent bonds that are relevant to biology — polar bonds and
hydrogen bonds.
Elements having very high ionization energies are incapable of

transferring electrons and elements having very low electron affinity
cannot take up electrons. The atoms of such elements tend to share
their electrons with the atoms of other elements or with other atoms
of the same element in a way that both the atoms obtain octet
configuration in their respective valence shell and thus achieve
stability. Such association through sharing of electron pairs among
different or same kinds is known as Covalent Bond.
When there is a greater electronegativity difference than between

covalently bonded atoms, the pair of atoms usually forms a polar
covalent bond.
Covalent bonds involve two atoms, typically nonmetals, that share

electron density to form strong bonding interactions.
Covalent bonds include single, double, and triple bonds and are
composed of sigma and pi bonding interactions where 2, 4, or 6
electrons are shared respectively.
Covalent compounds typically have lower melting and boiling points

than ionic compounds
Covalent bonding requires a specific orientation between atoms in

order to achieve the overlap between bonding orbitals. Covalent
bonding interactions include sigma-bonding (σ) and pi-bonding (π).
Sigma bonds are the strongest type of covalent interaction and are
formed via the overlap of atomic orbitals along the orbital axis. The
overlapped orbitals allow the shared electrons to move freely between
atoms. Pi bonds are a weaker type of covalent interactions and result
from the overlap of two lobes of the interacting atomic orbitals above
and below the orbital axis.
Covalent bonds can be single, double, and triple bonds.
 Single bonds occur when two electrons are shared and are
composed of one sigma bond between the two atoms. Although
this form of covalent bond has a smaller density and is weaker
than a double and triple bond, it is the most stable
 Double bonds occur when four electrons are shared between the
two atoms and consist of one sigma bond and one pi bond.
Double covalent bonds are much stronger than a single bond,
but they are less stable
 Triple bonds occur when six electrons are shared between the
two atoms and consist of one sigma bond and two pi bonds. and
are the least stable types of covalent bonds.
Covalent Bonding can be Achieved in two Ways:
 Sharing of electrons between atoms of the same kind E.g.

Formation of H2, Cl2, O2, etc.
 Sharing of electrons between atoms of different kind E.g.

Formation of CH4, H2O, NH3, etc.
Properties of covalent bond

1)Covalent bonding does not result in the formation of new electrons.
The bond only pairs them.
2)They are very powerful chemical bonds that exist between atoms.
3)A covalent bond normally contains the energy of about ~80
kilocalories per mole (kcal/mol).
4)Covalent bonds rarely break spontaneously after it is formed.

5)Covalent bonds are directional where the atoms that are bonded
showcase specific orientations relative to one another.
6)Most compounds having covalent bonds exhibit relatively low melting

points and boiling points.
7)Compounds with covalent bonds usually have lower enthalpies of

vaporization and fusion.
8)Compounds formed by covalent bonding don’t conduct electricity due

to the lack of free electrons.
9)Covalent compounds are not soluble in water
2)ionic bonds
Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bond in which valence electrons are
lost from one atom and gained by another. This exchange results in a
more stable, noble gas electronic configuration for both atoms involved.
An ionic bond is based on attractive electrostatic forces between two ions
of opposite charge.
Ionic bonds involve a cation and an anion. The bond is formed when an
atom, typically a metal, loses an electron or electrons, and becomes a
positive ion, or cation. Another atom, typically a non-metal, is able to
acquire the electron(s) to become a negative ion, or anion.
One example of an ionic bond is the formation of sodium fluoride, NaF,

from a sodium atom and a fluorine atom. In this reaction, the sodium
atom loses its single valence electron to the fluorine atom, which has just
enough space to accept it. The ions produced are oppositely charged and
are attracted to one another due to electrostatic forces.
At the macroscopic scale, ionic compounds form lattices, are crystalline

solids under normal conditions, and have high melting points. Most of
these solids are soluble in H2O and conduct electricity when dissolved.
The ability to conduct electricity in solution is why these substances are
called electrolytes. Table salt, NaCl, is a good example of this type of
compound.
Ionic bonds differ from covalent bonds. Both types result in the stable
electronic states associated with the noble gases. However, in covalent
bonds, the electrons are shared between the two atoms. All ionic bonds
have some covalent character, but the larger the difference in
electronegativity between the two atoms, the greater the ionic character
of the interaction.
exothermic reaction: A process which releases heat into its
surroundings.
lattice energy: The amount of energy released upon formation of a
crystalline ionic solid from gaseous ions
Definition of Lattice Energy
Lattice energy is an estimate of the bond strength in ionic compounds. It

is defined as the heat of formation for ions of opposite charge in the gas
phase to combine into an ionic solid. As an example, the lattice energy of
sodium chloride, NaCl, is the energy released when gaseous Na+ and Cl–
ions come together to form a lattice of alternating ions in the NaCl
crystal.
The negative sign of the energy is indicative of an exothermic reaction.

Alternatively, lattice energy can be thought of as the energy required to
separate a mole of an ionic solid into the gaseous form of its ions
In 1918, Born and Lande presented the following model for lattice
energy:
E=−NAMz+z−e24πϵoro(1−1n)
In this equation, NA is Avogadro’s constant; M is the Madelung constant,
which depends on the crystal geometry; z+ is the charge number of the
cation; z– is the charge number of the anion; e is the elementary charge
of the electron; n is the Born exponent, a characteristic of the
compressibility of the solid; ϵo
is the permittivity of free space; and r0 is the distance to the closest ion.
This model emphasizes two main factors that contribute to the lattice
energy of an ionic solid: the charge on the ions, and the radius, or size, of
the ions. The effect of those factors is:
 as the charge of the ions increases, the lattice energy increases
 as the size of the ions increases, the lattice energy decreases
Lattice energies are also important in predicting the solubility of ionic
solids in H2O. Ionic compounds with smaller lattice energies tend to be
more soluble in H2O
In reality, the bond between these atoms is more complex than this
model illustrates. The bond formed between any two atoms is not a
purely ionic bond. All bonding interactions have some covalent character
because the electron density remains shared between the atoms. The
degree of ionic versus covalent character of a bond is determined by the
difference in electronegativity between the constituent atoms. The larger
the difference, the more ionic the nature of the bond. In the conventional
presentation, bonds are designated as ionic when the ionic aspect is
greater than the covalent aspect of the bond. Bonds that fall in between
the two extremes, having both ionic and covalent character, are classified
as polar covalent bonds. Such bonds are thought of as consisting of
partially charged positive and negative poles.
Though ionic and covalent character represent points along a
continuum, these designations are frequently useful in understanding
and comparing the macroscopic properties of ionic and covalent
compounds. For example, ionic compounds typically have higher boiling
and melting points, and they are also usually more soluble in water than
covalent compounds.
Difference Between Covalent and Ionic Bonds

Covalent bonds and ionic bonds are types of atomic bonds. These bonds
are different in their properties and structure. The covalent bonds
include pairs of electrons by two atoms binding them in a fixed
orientation. While a bond between two ions is called ionic bonds.
Covalent bonding occurs between two non-metallic atoms characterized

by the sharing of electron pairs between the atoms and other covalent
bonds with electronegativity difference is greater than 2.0 (<2.0). In the
case of covalent bond formation, polyatomic ions are formed. Whereas,
the ionic bond is formed as a result of electrostatic attraction between
the oppositely charged ions.
Covalent bond Ionic bond

A covalent bond is formed This type of bond is formed
between two similar between a metal and non-metal
electronegative non-metals
Bonds formed from covalent Ionic Bonds have No definite
bonding have a Definite shape shape
Low Melting Point and Boiling High Melting Point and Boiling
Point Point
Low Polarity and more Flammable High Polarity and less Flammable
Covalent Bonds are in Liquid or At room temperature, Ionic Bonds
gaseous State at room have Solid-state.
temperature
Examples: Methane, Example: Sodium chloride,
Hydrochloric acid Sulfuric Acid
The presence of a bond between two elements can be determined by

calculating the electronegative value between two atoms.
Bond type electronegativity
Polar Covalent Bond 0.5 to 1.9
Non-polar Covalent Bond 0 to 0.4
Ionic Bond 2.4 to 4

Lo5 1) Chemical Bonds

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Lo5

Chemical bonds are the connections between atoms in a molecule.

Chemical bonds are forces that hold atoms together to make

Types of chemical bonds

Elements having very high ionization energies are incapable of

When there is a greater electronegativity difference than between

Covalent bonds involve two atoms, typically nonmetals, that share

Covalent compounds typically have lower melting and boiling points

Covalent bonding requires a specific orientation between atoms in

Covalent bonds can be single, double, and triple bonds.

Covalent Bonding can be Achieved in two Ways:

 Sharing of electrons between atoms of the same kind E.g.

 Sharing of electrons between atoms of different kind E.g.

Properties of covalent bond

4)Covalent bonds rarely break spontaneously after it is formed.

6)Most compounds having covalent bonds exhibit relatively low melting

7)Compounds with covalent bonds usually have lower enthalpies of

8)Compounds formed by covalent bonding don’t conduct electricity due

9)Covalent compounds are not soluble in water

One example of an ionic bond is the formation of sodium fluoride, NaF,

At the macroscopic scale, ionic compounds form lattices, are crystalline

Lattice energy is an estimate of the bond strength in ionic compounds. It

The negative sign of the energy is indicative of an exothermic reaction.

Difference Between Covalent and Ionic Bonds

Covalent bonding occurs between two non-metallic atoms characterized

Covalent bond Ionic bond

The presence of a bond between two elements can be determined by

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