01 Representation of Power System
01 Representation of Power System
01 Representation of Power System
System Components
oFeatures of a Transformer
• Transfer electrical energy (AC only) from one circuit to another
circuit by changing voltage and current
• Frequency cannot be changed
• Energy transformation is accomplished by electromagnetic
induction
• Electrical circuits are magnetically coupled no direct electric
connection
• Efficiency is high and maintanance is simpler since there has no
rotating parts
Transformer
o Main Components of a Transformer
• The magnetic core
• Primary and secondary windings
• Insulation of windings
• Lead and tapping for coils with their
supports, terminals and terminal insulator
• Tank, oil, cooling arrangement etc.
o Applications of Transformer
• Stepping-up of voltage
• Stepping-down of voltage
• Electrical Isolation
• Impedance matching
• Link between AC and DC systems
• Instrument extension
Classification of Transformer
o Transformer can be classified according to the following ways:
• Based on Number of Phases
• Single-phase transformer
• Three phase transformer
• Based on Relative Position (Construction) of Winding and Core
• Core type transformer
• Shell type transformer
• Based on Number of Winding Per Phase
• One winding per phase
• Two winding per phase
• Three winding per phase
• Based on Volt-Ampere and Voltage Ratings
• Low voltage transformer [VHV < 1.1 kV]
• Medium voltage transformer [1.1 kV ≤VHV < 11 kV]
• High voltage transformer [VHV ≥ 11 kV]
Classification of Transformer
• Based on Service Conditions
• Power transformer
• Distribution transformer
• Instrument Transformer
• Current transformer
• Potential transformer
• Based on Method of Cooling
• Air Natural
• Air Blast
• Oil Natural
• Oil Blast
• Forced Oil Cooling
• Oil and Water Cooled
• Forced Oil and Water Cooled
Current Transformers (CTs)
o Used to measure current in ac circuit where high-current flows with low-
range ammeters
o Step up the voltage
o Step down the current
o Has a primary coil with one or more turns of thick wire connected in
series with the line whose current is to be measured
o Has a secondary coil with a large number of turns of fine wire and
connected across the ammeter terminals.
o If the current transformer has primary to secondary current ratio (I1/I2) of
100:5, then it steps up the voltage 20 times whereas it steps down the
current to (1/20)th of its actual value.
o The secondary of a current transformer should never be left open
under any circumstances. If this not done, then due to the absence of
counter amp-turns of the secondary, the unopposed primary mmf
will set up an abnormally high flux in the core which will produce
excessive core loss with subsequent heating and a high voltage across
the secondary terminals.
Potential Transformers (PTs)
E2= a E1
2 2
VLV N LV
Z LV Z HV Z HV
VHV N HV
2 2
VHV N
Z HV Z LV Z LV HV
VLV N LV
Equivalent Circuit Model of Transformer
o It is a common practice that:
• Core loss is neglected (i.e. RC ≈ ∞)
• Magnetization loss is also neglected (i.e. Xm ≈ ∞)
Z PU ,new Z PU ,old
S B , new (in MVA)
V 2
(in kV )
B ,old
S B ,old (in MVA) V 2
B , new (in kV )
Proof Required
Exercise on Per Unit Calculation
Z 1 ( PU ) Z P ( PU ) Z S ( PU ) Z ( PU )
Z 2 ( PU ) Z S ( PU ) Z P ( PU ) Z ( PU )
V S , Base a V P , Base
1
I S , Base I P , Base
a
I P , PU I S , PU Since the magnetization branch is neglected
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