Generation of Hve

Generation of High Voltages and Currents
Faculty: Dr Susmita Kar

Importance and Application of High
voltage
• Importance of HVDC
– Electron microscope
– X-Ray
– Electrostatic precipitator
– Particle accelerator
– HVDC Transmission
• Importance of HVAC
– HVAC transmission
– Testing of power apparatus for EHV application
• Importance of Impulse voltage

– Testing purpose (Transformer, HV cables, switch gears) to simulate
high voltage that occurs in PS due to lightening or switching
Methods of HV Generation
1. HVDC Generation
– HV Rectifier
• Half wave
• Full Wave
• Voltage doubler
• Voltage multiplier Circuit.
– Van De Graff Generator
– Cockcroft Walton type DC generator(Voltage multiplier circuit)
2. HVAC Generation
– HV Transformer
– Cascade Transformer
– Resonant Circuits
• Series
• Parallel
– Tesla Coil
3. Impulse Voltage and Current Generation
– Impulse Voltage Generator
• Single Stage
• Multi Stage
Generation of high voltage DC
Half-Wave Rectifier Circuit
Fig. (a) Single Phase rectifier (b) Output voltage without Capacitor (c) Output voltage
with Capacitor
Where δ V is the ripple voltage, I the load current, f is the frequency, C capacitance
Disadvantages of Half Wave Rectifier
We can see from the formula, the higher the frequency of supply and larger the
value of filtering capacitor the smaller will be the ripple in the d.c. output.
The single phase half-wave rectifier circuits have the following disadvantages:
• The size of the circuits is very large if high and pure d.c. output voltages
are desired.
• The h.t. transformer may get saturated if the amplitude of direct
current is comparable with the nominal alternating current of the
transformer.
• It is to be noted that the circuit considered here are able to supply relatively low
currents and therefore are not suitable for high current applications such as
HVDC transmission.
Full wave Rectifier Circuit
Greinarcher Voltage Doubler Circuit
(Half wave voltage Doubler)
D2
A M
- +
D1
Suppose B is more positive with respect to A and the diode D1 conducts, thus
charging the capacitor C1 to Vmax with polarity as shown in Fig. During the
next half cycle terminal A of the capacitor C1 rises to Vmax and hence terminal
M attains a potential of 2Vmax. Thus, the capacitor C2 is charged to 2Vmax
through D2.. Normally the voltage across the load will be less than 2Vmax
depending upon the time constant of the circuit C2RL.
Full wave voltage Doubler Circuit
Voltage Multiplier Circuit (Cockcroft-
Walton Voltage Multiplier Circuit)
Van de Graaff Generator
(Electrostatic Generator)
• In electromagnetic
generators, current
carrying conductors are
moved against the
electromagnetic forces
acting upon them.
Electrostatic generators
convert mechanical energy
into electric energy
directly.
• The electric charges are
moved against the force of
electric fields, thereby
higher potential energy is
gained at the cost of
mechanical energy.
Basic operating Principle
Van de Graaff Generator
(Electrostatic Generator)
An insulated belt is moving with uniform velocity in an electric field of
strength E (x). Suppose the width of the belt is ‘b’ and the charge density σ
consider a length dx of the belt. The charge dq= σ bdx.
The force experienced by this charge (or the force experienced by the belt).
dF = Edq = E σ bdx
Normally the electric field is uniform
∴ F = σbV
The power required to move the belt
= Force × Velocity
= F ν = σbVν
Now current I = (dq/dt)× σb ×(dx/dt) = σbV
∴ The power required to move the belt
P = Fν = σbVν = VI
Assuming no losses, the power output is also equal to VI.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Van de
graaff generator
• The advantages of the generator are:
a) Very high voltages can be easily generated
b) Ripple free output
c) Precision and flexibility of control
• The disadvantages are:

a) Low current output
b) Limitations on belt velocity due to its tendency for vibration. The
vibrations may make it difficult to have an accurate grading of electric
fields
• These generators are used in nuclear physics laboratories for particle

acceleration and other processes in research work.
Generation of High AC Voltages
Cascaded Transformer
•The primary of the first stage transformer is
connected to a low voltage supply. A voltage is
available across the secondary of this transformer.
The tertiary winding (excitation winding) of first
stage has the same number of turns as the primary
winding, and feeds the primary of the second stage
transformer. The potential of the tertiary is fixed to
the potential V of the secondary winding as shown
in Fig.
•The secondary winding of the second stage
transformer is connected in series with the
secondary winding of the first stage transformer, so
that a voltage of 2V is available between the
ground and the terminal of secondary of the
second stage transformer.
•Similarly, the stage-III transformer is connected in
series with the second stage transformer. With this
the output voltage between ground and the third
stage transformer, secondary is 3V.
•it is to be noted that the individual stages except
the upper most must have three-winding
transformers. The upper most, however, will be a
two winding transformer.
Schematic of Cascaded Transformer
Resonant Transformer
At resonance, the net

reactance of the circuit
becomes zero. Thus
XL =XC
VC/V=XC/R=1/ωCR=Q-factor
Q varies from 40 t0 80
Application of Series Resonant Circuit
• It is used for testing at very high voltages and on occasions requiring large
current outputs such as cable testing, dielectric loss measurements,
partial discharge measurements, etc.
• A transformer with 50 to 100 kV voltage rating and a relatively large

current rating is connected together with an additional choke, if necessary.
The test condition is set such that (ω(Le+L) = 1/ωC
• where Le is the total equivalent leakage inductance of the transformer
including its regulating
• transformer.
Advantages of Series Resonant Circuit
• it gives an output of pure sine wave,
• power requirements are less (5 to l0% of total kVA required),
• no high-power arcing and heavy current surges occur if the test object
fails, as resonance ceases at the failure of the test object,
• cascading is also possible for very high voltages,
• simple and compact test arrangement, and
• no repeated flashovers occur in case of partial failures of the test object
and insulation recovery. It can be shown that the supply source takes Q
number of cycles at least to charge the test specimen to the full voltage.
• The disadvantages are the requirements of additional variable chokes

capable of withstanding the full test voltage and the full current rating.
Series resonant ac test system
Parallel resonant ac test system

Tesla Coil
(Generation of High Frequency HVAC)
• For testing electrical apparatus for switching surges, high frequency high
voltage damped oscillations are needed which need high-voltage high-
frequency transformers.
• The commonly used high-frequency resonant transformer is the Tesla coil,
which is a doubly tuned resonant circuit.
Tesla Coil (Construction)
• The windings are tuned to a frequency of 10 to 100 kHz by means
of the capacitors C1 and C2.
• The primary coil is wound on an insulator fibre tube of about 1 m
length to represent a cylindrical or helical winding and consists of a
few tens of turns (usually copper strip or tubings).
• The secondary winding is spaced quite away from the primary
winding on another concentric fibre or pyrex tube with a few
thousand turns.
• The whole assembly will be immersed in an oil tank under pressure.
• With separate bushings taken out for the primary and the
secondary windings, the primary winding is supplied through a
high-voltage capacitor rectifier unit rated for 10 kV to 50 kV or more
and the power rating of the transformer may be 10 kVA or more.
Tesla Coil (Voltage Equation)
• The output voltage V2 is a function of the parameters L1 , L2 , C1 , C2 and
the mutual inductance M.
• Usually, the winding resistances will be small and contribute only for
damping of the oscillations.
• The analysis of the output waveform can be done in a simple manner
neglecting the winding resistances.
• Let the capacitor C1 be charged to a voltage Vl when the spark gap is
triggered. Let a current il flow through the primary winding L1 and produce
a current i2 through L2 and C2.
The Laplace transformed equations for the above are:

A 100 kVA, 250 V/200 kV feed transformer has resistance and reactance of 1% and 5%
respectively. This transformer is used to test a cable at 400 kV at 50 Hz. The cable takes a
charging current of 0.5 A at 400 kV. Determine the series inductance required. Assume
1% resistance of the inductor. Also determine input voltage to the transformer. Neglect
dielectric loss of the cable.
THANK YOU

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Generation of Hve

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Generation of High Voltages and Currents

Faculty: Dr Susmita Kar

• Importance of Impulse voltage

• The disadvantages are:

• These generators are used in nuclear physics laboratories for particle

At resonance, the net

• A transformer with 50 to 100 kV voltage rating and a relatively large

• The disadvantages are the requirements of additional variable chokes

Parallel resonant ac test system

The Laplace transformed equations for the above are:

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