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CALCULATION PROCEDURE DOUBLE PIPE AND
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Changes shown by ➧

CONTENTS
Section Page

SCOPE ............................................................................................................................................................3

REFERENCES.................................................................................................................................................3

EQUIPMENT TYPES AND APPLICATIONS...................................................................................................3

DOUBLE PIPE UNITS.............................................................................................................................3
MULTITUBE UNITS ................................................................................................................................4
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS..................................................................................................................4
CALCULATION PROCEDURE................................................................................................................4
VENDORS...............................................................................................................................................4

NOMENCLATURE...........................................................................................................................................5

SINGLE PHASE CALCULATION PROCEDURE..........................................................................................14

A. PROCESS DATA...........................................................................................................................14
B. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES .............................................................................................................14
C. EXCHANGER GEOMETRY...........................................................................................................15
D. TUBESIDE HEAT TRANSFER ......................................................................................................16
E. ANNULUS HEAT TRANSFER .......................................................................................................16
F. FIN EFFICIENCY...........................................................................................................................17
G. OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT...............................................................................17
H. ITERATE FOR WALL TEMPERATURE.........................................................................................18
I. REQUIRED SURFACE ..................................................................................................................18
J. TUBESIDE PRESSURE DROP .....................................................................................................19
K. ANNULUS PRESSURE DROP......................................................................................................20

SINGLE PHASE CALCULATION PROCEDURE (SAMPLE CALCULATION).............................................21

A. PROCESS DATA...........................................................................................................................21
B. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES .............................................................................................................21
C. EXCHANGER GEOMETRY...........................................................................................................22
D. TUBESIDE HEAT TRANSFER ......................................................................................................23
E. ANNULUS HEAT TRANSFER .......................................................................................................23
F. FIN EFFICIENCY...........................................................................................................................24
G. OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT...............................................................................24
H. ITERATE FOR WALL TEMPERATURE.........................................................................................24
I. REQUIRED SURFACE ..................................................................................................................25
J. TUBESIDE PRESSURE DROP .....................................................................................................25
K. ANNULUS PRESSURE DROP......................................................................................................26

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CALCULATION PROCEDURE DOUBLE PIPE AND
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CONTENTS (Cont)
Section Page

TABLES
Table 1A Data for Bare and Finned Double Pipe Sections (Customary).......................................7
Table 1B Data for Bare and Finned Double Pipe Sections (Metric) ..............................................8
Table 2A Data for Bare Multitube Sections (3 - 16 in.), Customary...............................................9
Table 2B Data for Bare Multitube Sections (76 - 406 mm), Metric ..............................................10
Table 3A Data for Bare Multitube Sections (18 - 30 in.), Customary...........................................11
Table 3B Data for Bare Multitube Sections (457 - 762 mm), Metric ............................................12
Table 4 Geometric Constants For Double Pipe And Multitube Sections...................................13

FIGURES
Figure 1 Typical Hairpin Section ................................................................................................27
Figure 2 Fin Efficiency For Longitudinally Finned Tubes ...........................................................28

Revision Memo
12/01 Reaffirmation of previous revision of DP IX-H, December, 1995, with minor
editorial changes.

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CALCULATION PROCEDURE DOUBLE PIPE AND
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SCOPE
This section presents a brief description and a single phase calculation procedure for double pipe and multitube hairpin heat
exchangers.

REFERENCES
GLOBAL PRACTICE
GP 6-2-1 Double Pipe and Multitube Hairpin Heat Exchangers

OTHER LITERATURE
Hagner, R. C., Petro/Chem Engineer, 27, August 1968
Kern, D. Q., Process Heat Transfer, McGraw Hill, New York 1950
McDonough, M. J., Chemical Engineering, July 20, 1987

EQUIPMENT TYPES AND APPLICATIONS

Double pipe and multitube heat exchangers consist of one or more pipes or tubes inside a pipe shell. The units usually consist
of two straight tube lengths connected at one end to form a U or “hairpin". A sketch of a typical hairpin section is shown in
Figure 1. The two straight shell lengths are connected by a return bend cover referred to as the “bonnet". These exchangers
are also available without the hairpin - i.e., a straight section. The use of the hairpin construction rather than a straight length
allows the ability to handle differential thermal expansion. One advantage of Hairpins is that the tube bundle is removed from
the bonnet end which does not require the disassembly of the piping connections on the other end. Another advantage is that
because of the large U-bend diameters even on the smallest U's, it is possible to use a flexible cleaning tool to clean the inside
of the tubes. This is difficult to do in the inner tubes of a TEMA type shell-and-tube exchanger. Although some double pipe
sections have bare tubes, the majority have longitudinal fins on the outside of the inner tubes. The fins are sometimes slotted
to provide enhancement to the outside heat transfer coefficient.
Hairpins are available in all the common materials of construction and can be built to the most severe design temperature and
pressure requirements expected in petroleum refining. Also, the tubes, fins, and shell can be of different materials. However,
since the fins are normally welded to the tubes, the fin and tube materials must be compatible.
The use of fin tubes in hairpin sections is normally economical if the annular (shell side) heat transfer coefficient is less than
75% of the tube side coefficient. This is not a hard and fast rule because the break even point is a strong function of the
annular heat transfer coefficient and fin material, both of which affect the fin efficiency. The fin efficiency increases with
decreasing annular coefficient and increasing fin thermal conductivity. In addition, shorter fins have higher fin efficiencies.
Hairpin sections can be combined in a variety of series or parallel arrangements to provide the required surface area while
maintaining pressure drop limitations. Sections installed in series are normally mounted one on top of the other. Sections can
also be connected in series/parallel (unbalanced) arrangements which are obtained using a combination of side-by-side and
stacked mountings.

DOUBLE PIPE UNITS

Double pipe sections contain a single inner pipe or tube inside a pipe shell. Commercially available single tube sections have
shells ranging from 2 through 6 in. pipe sizes (50 to 150 mm). The inner tube, which may be bare or longitudinally finned, is
available with outside diameters of 1/2 to 4-1/2 in. (12 to 114 mm).
The fins, 12 to 72 per tube, are 1/2 to 1 in. high (12 to 25 mm), and 35 to 50 mils thick (0.9 to 1.3 mm). For change of phase
services, the fins frequently contain holes to allow for fluid redistribution along the length of the tube.
Double Pipe sections can be economically justified if the equivalent shell and tube surface area required is less than
approximately 400 ft2 (40 m2). However, this criteria is not firm since the relative economics are a function of the service,
materials, and installation costs.

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CALCULATION PROCEDURE DOUBLE PIPE AND
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EQUIPMENT TYPES AND APPLICATIONS (Cont)

MULTITUBE UNITS
Multitube hairpin sections contain from 7 to 750 tubes, bare or longitudinally finned. Section shells range from 4 through 30 in.
(200 to 760 mm) pipe or shell sizes. The inner tubes are available with outside diameters of 5/8 in. to 1-1/4 in. (16 to 37 mm).
The fins, 12 to 20 per tube, are nominally 1/4 in. high (6 mm) and 35 mils thick (0.9 mm).
The surface area available in multitubes varies from approximately 40 ft2 (3.75 m2) to 7000 ft2 (650 m2). The larger hairpins
can economically compete with TEMA type shell-and-tube heat exchangers when multiple shells in series are required due to a
temperature cross.

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Considerations like fluid placement, fouling factors, minimum velocities are the same as shell-and-tube heat exchangers.
Therefore recommendations in Sections IX-B and IX-C should be followed. If the shell-side heat transfer coefficient is small
compared to the tubeside, finned tubes should be considered. These exchangers are also available with segmental baffles like
a shell-and-tube. To rate exchangers with baffles, refer to Section IX-D.

CALCULATION PROCEDURE
The calculation procedure is based on single phase flow in both the tubes and the shell. If the flow on either side is changing
phase (vaporization or condensation), follow the tube side calculation procedure in the appropriate subsection (Section IX-E or
IX-F) to evaluate the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop. When the change of phase stream is in the shell, use the
hydraulic diameters.
The procedure should be used for rating existing equipment and checking vendor calculations. For new designs, it is common
practice to supply the process data to the vendor and ask them to provide a design.
Geometry parameters of some commonly available sections are given in Tables 1, 2, and 3. This information was provided by
Brown Fintube Co. Geometry parameters for sections not listed can be calculated using Table 4, and the vendors listed below
may have other standard sizes.

VENDORS
The following vendors (all in the USA) may be contacted for additional information and quotations. A Specification Sheet is
available in GP 6-2-1.
1. Brown Fintube
Houston, Texas
(713) 466-3535
2. Alco Products
Wichita Falls, Texas
(940) 723-6366
3. R. W. Holland
Tulsa, Oklahoma
(918) 664-7822

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NOMENCLATURE
A = Total exchanger area, ft2 (m2)
Ai = Inside surface area per unit tube length, ft2/ft (m2/m)
Ao = Outside surface area per unit tube length, ft2/ft (m2/m)
Ar = Required surface area, ft2 (m2)
As = Surface area of one section, ft2/f (m2/m)
AA = Annular flow area, ft2 (m2)
AF = Finned surface area per unit tube length, ft2/ft (m2/m)
Cp = Fluid specific heat, Btu/lb-°F (kJ/kg-°C)
di = Inside diameter of inner tube, in. (mm)
do = Outside diameter of inner tube, in. (mm)
dsni = Inside diameter of shell inlet nozzle
dsno = Inside diameter of shell outlet nozzle
d2 = Inside diameter of shell (or outer pipe), in. (mm)
Dhh = Hydraulic diameter for heat transfer calculations, in. (mm)
Dhp = Hydraulic diameter for pressure drop calculations, in. (mm)
hi = Inside film coefficient, based on inside area, Btu/hr-ft2-°F (W/m2-°C)
ho = Annular film coefficient, Btu/hr-ft2-°F (W/m2-°C)
Hf = Fin height, in.
k = Fluid thermal conductivity, Btu/hr-ft-°F (W/m-°C)
kf = Thermal conductivity of fin material, Btu/hr-ft-°F (W/m-°C)
kw = Thermal conductivity of tube wall, Btu/hr-ft-°F (W/m-°C)
L = Straight tube length, ft (m)
LMTD = Log Mean temperature difference, °F (°C)
Nf = Number of fins per tube
Ns = Number of sections in series
NT = Number of tubes per section
Pr = Prandtl Number, (2.42 µ Cp/k or 1000 µ Cp/k)
∆Pta = Total annular pressure drop, psi (kPa)
∆Ptt = Total tube side pressure drop, psi (kPa)
∆Pf = Pressure drop due to friction, psi (kPa)
∆Pn = Pressure drop in the nozzles, psi (kPa)
∆Pe = Pressure drop due to expansion, contraction, entrance, psi (kPa)

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NOMENCLATURE (Cont)
Q = Rate of heat transfer (Heat Duty), Btu/hr (W)
rf = Inside fouling resistance based on inside surface area, hr-ft2-°F/Btu (m2-°C/W)
rw = Tube wall resistance, hr-ft2-°F/Btu (m2-°C/W)
Rf = Annular fouling resistance, hr-ft2-°F/Btu (m2-°C/W)
Rio = Inside film resistance corrected to outside area, hr-ft2-°F/Btu (m2-°C/W)
Ro = Annular film resistance, hr-ft2-°F/Btu (m2-°C/W)
Rt = Total resistance to heat transfer, hr-ft2-°F/Btu (m2-°C/W)
Re = Reynolds number (dimensionless)
ti = Inlet temperature of tubeside fluid, °F (°C)
to = Outlet temperature of tubeside fluid, °F (°C)
Tf = Fin thickness, in. (mm)
Ti = Inlet temperature of annulus fluid, °F (°C)
To = Outlet temperature of annulus fluid, °F (°C)
Uo = Overall heat transfer coefficient, Btu/hr-ft2-°F (m2-°C/W)
V = Velocity, ft/sec (m/s)
W = Mass flow rate, lb/hr (kg/s)
X = Fin efficiency factor
ρ = Fluid density, lb/ft3(kg/m3)
η = Fin efficiency
η′ = Surface efficiency
µ = Fluid viscosity, cP (Pa•s)
Subscripts
a = annulus
t = tube
w = wall
av = average

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TABLE 1A
DATA FOR BARE AND FINNED DOUBLE PIPE SECTIONS (CUSTOMARY)

SHELL TUBE FINS AREAS

NO. NOMINAL ID NOM. ACTUAL ID NO. HGT. ANNULUS FINS TOTAL RATIO RATIO
SIZE d2 OD OD, do THICK.
di Nf Hf AA AF Ao AF/Ao Ao/Ai
(in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (ft2) (ft2) (ft2)

1 2.0 2.067 1.0 1.000 0.109 0.782 0 0.50 0.018 0.000 0.262 0.00 1.28
2 2.0 2.067 1.0 1.000 0.109 0.782 16 0.50 0.016 1.333 1.595 0.84 7.79
3 2.0 2.067 1.0 1.000 0.109 0.782 24 0.50 0.015 2.000 2.262 0.88 11.05

4 3.0 3.068 1.5 1.900 0.145 1.610 0 0.50 0.032 0.000 0.497 0.00 1.18
5 3.0 3.068 1.5 1.900 0.145 1.610 16 0.50 0.030 1.333 1.831 0.73 4.35
6 3.0 3.068 1.5 1.900 0.145 1.610 28 0.50 0.028 2.333 2.831 0.82 6.72
7 3.0 3.068 1.5 1.900 0.145 1.610 36 0.50 0.027 3.000 3.497 0.86 8.30

8 4.0 4.026 1.5 1.900 0.145 1.610 0 1.00 0.069 0.000 0.497 0.00 1.18
9 4.0 4.026 1.5 1.900 0.145 1.610 16 1.00 0.065 2.667 3.164 0.84 7.51
10 4.0 4.026 1.5 1.900 0.145 1.610 28 1.00 0.062 4.667 5.164 0.90 12.26
11 4.0 4.026 1.5 1.900 0.145 1.610 36 1.00 0.060 6.000 6.497 0.92 15.42
12 4.0 4.026 2.0 2.375 0.154 2.067 0 0.75 0.058 0.000 0.621 0.00 1.15
13 4.0 4.026 2.0 2.375 0.154 2.067 16 0.75 0.055 2.000 2.621 0.76 4.85
14 4.0 4.026 2.0 2.375 0.154 2.067 28 0.75 0.053 3.500 4.121 0.85 7.62
15 4.0 4.026 2.0 2.375 0.154 2.067 40 0.75 0.050 5.000 5.621 0.89 10.39
16 4.0 4.026 2.5 2.875 0.203 2.469 0 0.50 0.043 0.000 0.752 0.00 1.16
17 4.0 4.026 2.5 2.875 0.203 2.469 16 0.50 0.041 1.333 2.086 0.64 3.23
18 4.0 4.026 2.5 2.875 0.203 2.469 32 0.50 0.039 2.667 3.419 0.78 5.29
19 4.0 4.026 2.5 2.875 0.203 2.469 48 0.50 0.037 4.000 4.752 0.84 7.36

20 5.0 5.047 3.0 3.500 0.216 3.068 0 0.688 0.072 0.000 0.916 0.00 1.14
21 5.0 5.047 3.0 3.500 0.216 3.068 28 0.688 0.067 3.208 4.124 0.78 5.14
22 5.0 5.047 3.0 3.500 0.216 3.068 40 0.688 0.065 4.583 5.499 0.83 6.85
23 5.0 5.047 3.0 3.500 0.216 3.068 56 0.688 0.063 6.417 7.333 0.88 9.13

24 6.0 6.065 4.0 4.500 0.237 4.026 0 0.688 0.090 0.000 1.178 0.00 1.12
25 6.0 6.065 4.0 4.500 0.237 4.026 36 0.688 0.084 4.125 5.303 0.78 5.03
26 6.0 6.065 4.0 4.500 0.237 4.026 56 0.688 0.081 6.417 7.594 0.84 7.21
27 6.0 6.065 4.0 4.500 0.237 4.026 72 0.688 0.078 8.250 9.428 0.88 8.95

Notes:
1. Total surface area (A) for a straight section: As = Ao (L)
2. Total surface area (A) for a hairpin section: As = Ao (2L)
3. GP 6-2-1 requires a minimum Schedule 40 shell for carbon and low alloy steel, and Schedule 10 for high alloy and
non-ferrous material.

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TABLE 1B
DATA FOR BARE AND FINNED DOUBLE PIPE SECTIONS (METRIC)

SHELL TUBE FINS AREAS

NO. NOMINAL ID NOM. ACTUAL ID NO. HGT. ANNULUS FINS TOTAL RATIO RATIO
THICK.
SIZE d2 OD OD, do di Nf Hf AA AF Ao AF/Ao Ao/Ai
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (m2) (m2/m) (m2/m)

1 50.8 52.5 25.4 25.4 2.769 19.86 0 12.70 0.0017 0.000 0.080 0.00 1.28
2 50.8 52.5 25.4 25.4 2.769 19.86 16 12.70 0.0015 0.406 0.486 0.84 7.79
3 50.8 52.5 25.4 25.4 2.769 19.86 24 12.70 0.0014 0.610 0.689 0.88 11.05
4 76.2 77.9 38.1 48.3 3.683 40.89 0 12.70 0.0029 0.000 0.152 0.00 1.18
5 76.2 77.9 38.1 48.3 3.683 40.89 16 12.70 0.0028 0.406 0.558 0.73 4.35
6 76.2 77.9 38.1 48.3 3.683 40.89 28 12.70 0.0026 0.711 0.863 0.82 6.72
7 76.2 77.9 38.1 48.3 3.683 40.89 36 12.70 0.0025 0.914 1.066 0.86 8.30
8 101.6 102.3 38.1 48.3 3.683 40.89 0 25.40 0.0064 0.000 0.152 0.00 1.18
9 101.6 102.3 38.1 48.3 3.683 40.89 16 25.40 0.0060 0.813 0.964 0.84 7.51
10 101.6 102.3 38.1 48.3 3.683 40.89 28 25.40 0.0057 1.422 1.574 0.90 12.26
11 101.6 102.3 38.1 48.3 3.683 40.89 36 25.40 0.0056 1.829 1.980 0.92 15.42
12 101.6 102.3 50.8 60.3 3.912 52.50 0 19.05 0.0054 0.000 0.189 0.00 1.15
13 101.6 102.3 50.8 60.3 3.912 52.50 16 19.05 0.0051 0.610 0.799 0.76 4.85
14 101.6 102.3 50.8 60.3 3.912 52.50 28 19.05 0.0049 1.067 1.256 0.85 7.62
15 101.6 102.3 50.8 60.3 3.912 52.50 40 19.05 0.0047 1.524 1.713 0.89 10.39
16 101.6 102.3 63.5 73.0 5.156 62.71 0 12.70 0.0040 0.000 0.229 0.00 1.16
17 101.6 102.3 63.5 73.0 5.156 62.71 16 12.70 0.0038 0.406 0.636 0.64 3.23
18 101.6 102.3 63.5 73.0 5.156 62.71 32 12.70 0.0037 0.813 1.042 0.78 5.29
19 101.6 102.3 63.5 73.0 5.156 62.71 48 12.70 0.0035 1.219 1.448 0.84 7.36
20 127.0 128.2 76.2 88.9 5.486 77.93 0 17.46 0.0067 0.000 0.279 0.00 1.14
21 127.0 128.2 76.2 88.9 5.486 77.93 28 17.46 0.0063 0.978 1.257 0.78 5.14
22 127.0 128.2 76.2 88.9 5.486 77.93 40 17.46 0.0061 1.397 1.676 0.83 6.85
23 127.0 128.2 76.2 88.9 5.486 77.93 56 17.46 0.0058 1.956 2.235 0.88 9.13

24 152.4 154.1 101.6 114.3 6.020 102.26 0 17.46 0.0084 0.000 0.359 0.00 1.12
25 152.4 154.1 101.6 114.3 6.020 102.26 36 17.46 0.0078 1.257 1.616 0.78 5.03
26 152.4 154.1 101.6 114.3 6.020 102.26 56 17.46 0.0075 1.956 2.315 0.84 7.21
27 152.4 154.1 101.6 114.3 6.020 102.26 72 17.46 0.0073 2.515 2.874 0.88 8.95

Notes:
1. Total surface area (A) for a straight section: As = Ao (L)
2. Total surface area (A) for a hairpin section: As = Ao (2L)
3. GP 6-2-1 requires a minimum Schedule 40 shell for carbon and low alloy steel, and Schedule 10 for high alloy and
non-ferrous material.

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TABLE 2A
DATA FOR BARE MULTITUBE SECTIONS (3 - 16 IN.), CUSTOMARY

SHELL TUBE AREAS

NO. NOMINAL ID OD NO. ID ANNULUS TOTAL U RATIO

THICK.
SIZE d2 do NT di AA AoNT BEND Ao/Ai
(in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (ft2) (ft2/ft) (ft2)

28 3.0 3.068 0.750 0.109 7 0.532 4.30 1.37 1.09 1.41

29 4.0 4.026 0.750 0.109 10 0.532 8.31 1.96 1.93 1.41
30 4.0 4.026 1.000 0.109 7 0.782 7.23 1.83 1.80 1.28
31 5.0 5.047 0.750 0.109 19 0.532 11.61 3.73 4.39 1.41
32 5.0 5.047 1.000 0.109 8 0.782 13.72 2.09 2.47 1.28
33 6.0 6.065 0.750 0.109 24 0.532 18.28 4.71 7.40 1.41
34 6.0 6.065 1.000 0.109 13 0.782 18.67 3.40 5.35 1.28
35 8.0 7.981 0.750 0.109 48 0.532 28.81 9.42 16.50 1.41
36 8.0 7.981 1.000 0.109 24 0.782 31.16 6.28 11.00 1.28
37 10.0 10.020 0.750 0.109 85 0.532 41.28 16.68 38.22 1.41
38 10.0 10.020 1.000 0.109 42 0.782 45.84 10.99 25.19 1.28
39 12.0 11.938 0.750 0.109 121 0.532 58.45 23.75 62.18 1.41
40 12.0 11.938 1.000 0.109 64 0.782 61.63 16.75 43.87 1.28
41 16.0 15.000 0.750 0.109 199 0.532 88.75 39.05 132.95 1.41
42 16.0 15.000 1.000 0.109 109 0.782 91.06 28.52 97.12 1.28
43 4.0 4.026 0.750 0.109 9 0.532 8.75 1.77 1.11 1.41
44 5.0 5.047 0.750 0.109 12 0.532 14.70 2.36 2.78 1.41
45 5.0 5.047 1.000 0.109 9 0.782 12.93 2.36 2.78 1.28
46 6.0 6.065 0.750 0.109 21 0.532 19.60 4.12 6.48 1.41
47 6.0 6.065 1.000 0.109 12 0.782 19.46 3.14 4.93 1.28
48 8.0 7.981 0.750 0.109 37 0.532 33.66 7.26 12.72 1.41
49 8.0 7.981 1.000 0.109 24 0.782 31.16 6.28 11.00 1.28
50 10.0 10.020 0.750 0.109 61 0.532 51.88 11.97 27.43 1.41
51 10.0 10.020 1.000 0.109 37 0.782 49.77 9.68 22.19 1.28
52 12.0 11.938 0.750 0.109 89 0.532 72.58 17.47 45.74 1.41
53 12.0 11.938 1.000 0.109 57 0.782 67.13 14.92 39.07 1.28
54 16.0 15.000 0.750 0.109 148 0.532 111.27 29.05 98.88 1.41
55 16.0 15.000 1.000 0.109 97 0.782 100.48 25.38 86.43 1.28

Notes:
1. Section No. 28-42 are for triangular layout; 43-55 are for rotated square layout.
2. Total surface area (A) for a straight section: As = AoNT (L)
3. Total surface area (A) for a hairpin section: As = AoNT (2L) + U bend area
4. GP 6-2-1 requires a minimum Schedule 40 shell for carbon and low alloy steel, and Schedule 10 for high alloy and
non-ferrous material.

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TABLE 2B
DATA FOR BARE MULTITUBE SECTIONS (76 - 406 MM), METRIC

SHELL TUBE AREAS

NO. NOMINAL ID OD NO. ID ANNULUS TOTAL U RATIO

THICK.
SIZE d2 do NT di AA AoNT BEND Ao/Ai
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (m2) (m2/m) (m2)

28 76.2 77.9 19.1 2.8 7 13.51 0.0028 0.42 0.10 1.41

29 101.6 102.3 19.1 2.8 10 13.51 0.0054 0.60 0.18 1.41
30 101.6 102.3 25.4 2.8 7 19.86 0.0047 0.56 0.17 1.28
31 127.0 128.2 19.1 2.8 19 13.51 0.0075 1.14 0.41 1.41
32 127.0 128.2 25.4 2.8 8 19.86 0.0088 0.64 0.23 1.28
33 152.4 154.1 19.1 2.8 24 13.51 0.0118 1.44 0.69 1.41
34 152.4 154.1 25.4 2.8 13 19.86 0.0120 1.04 0.50 1.28
35 203.2 202.7 19.1 2.8 48 13.51 0.0186 2.87 1.53 1.41
36 203.2 202.7 25.4 2.8 24 19.86 0.0201 1.91 1.02 1.28
37 254.0 254.5 19.1 2.8 85 13.51 0.0266 5.08 3.55 1.41
38 254.0 254.5 25.4 2.8 42 19.86 0.0296 3.35 2.34 1.28
39 304.8 303.2 19.1 2.8 121 13.51 0.0377 7.24 5.78 1.41
40 304.8 303.2 25.4 2.8 64 19.86 0.0398 5.10 4.08 1.28
41 406.4 381.0 19.1 2.8 199 13.51 0.0573 11.90 12.35 1.41
42 406.4 381.0 25.4 2.8 109 19.86 0.0587 8.69 9.02 1.28
43 101.6 102.3 19.1 2.8 9 13.51 0.0056 0.54 0.10 1.41
44 127.0 128.2 19.1 2.8 12 13.51 0.0095 0.72 0.26 1.41
45 127.0 128.2 25.4 2.8 9 19.86 0.0083 0.72 0.26 1.28
46 152.4 154.1 19.1 2.8 21 13.51 0.0126 1.26 0.60 1.41
47 152.4 154.1 25.4 2.8 12 19.86 0.0126 0.96 0.46 1.28
48 203.2 202.7 19.1 2.8 37 13.51 0.0217 2.21 1.18 1.41
49 203.2 202.7 25.4 2.8 24 19.86 0.0201 1.91 1.02 1.28
50 254.0 254.5 19.1 2.8 61 13.51 0.0335 3.65 2.55 1.41
51 254.0 254.5 25.4 2.8 37 19.86 0.0321 2.95 2.06 1.28
52 304.8 303.2 19.1 2.8 89 13.51 0.0468 5.32 4.25 1.41
53 304.8 303.2 25.4 2.8 57 19.86 0.0433 4.55 3.63 1.28
54 406.4 381.0 19.1 2.8 148 13.51 0.0718 8.85 9.19 1.41
55 406.4 381.0 25.4 2.8 97 19.86 0.0648 7.74 8.03 1.28

Notes:
1. Section No. 28-42 are for triangular layout; 43-55 are for rotated square layout.
2. Total surface area (A) for a straight section: As = AoNT (L)
3. Total surface area (A) for a hairpin section: As = AoNT (2L) + U bend area
4. GP 6-2-1 requires a minimum Schedule 40 shell for carbon and low alloy steel, and Schedule 10 for high alloy and
non-ferrous material.

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CALCULATION PROCEDURE DOUBLE PIPE AND
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TABLE 3A
DATA FOR BARE MULTITUBE SECTIONS (18 - 30 IN.), CUSTOMARY

SHELL TUBE AREAS

NO. NOMINAL ID OD NO. ID ANNULUS TOTAL U RATIO

THICK.
SIZE d2 do NT di AA AoNT BEND Ao/Ai

(in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.2) (ft2/ft) (ft2)

56 18.0 17.250 0.750 0.109 241 0.532 127.17 47.30 161.00 1.41

57 18.0 17.250 1.000 0.109 130 0.782 131.54 34.02 116.00 1.28

58 20.0 19.250 0.750 0.109 304 0.532 156.66 59.66 234.40 1.41

59 20.0 19.250 1.000 0.109 163 0.782 162.94 42.65 168.00 1.28

60 22.0 21.250 0.750 0.109 380 0.532 186.68 74.58 322.30 1.41

61 22.0 21.250 1.000 0.109 208 0.782 191.20 54.43 235.00 1.28

62 24.0 23.250 0.750 0.109 463 0.532 219.90 90.86 428.40 1.41

63 24.0 23.250 1.000 0.109 253 0.782 225.74 66.20 312.00 1.28

64 26.0 25.250 0.750 0.109 559 0.532 253.65 109.70 488.50 1.41

65 26.0 25.250 1.000 0.109 301 0.782 264.20 78.76 351.00 1.28

66 28.0 27.250 0.750 0.109 649 0.532 296.34 127.37 600.50 1.41

67 28.0 27.250 1.000 0.109 361 0.782 299.53 94.46 446.00 1.28

68 30.0 29.125 0.750 0.109 752 0.532 333.83 147.58 879.00 1.41

69 30.0 29.125 1.000 0.109 421 0.782 335.40 110.16 650.00 1.28

Notes:
1. Data are for triangular layout.
2. Total surface area (A) for a straight section: As = AoNT (L)
3. Total surface area (A) for a hairpin section: As = AoNT (2L) + U bend area
4. GP 6-2-1 requires a minimum Schedule 40 shell for carbon and low alloy steel, and Schedule 10 for high alloy and
non-ferrous material.

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CALCULATION PROCEDURE DOUBLE PIPE AND
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TABLE 3B
DATA FOR BARE MULTITUBE SECTIONS (457 - 762 MM), METRIC

SHELL TUBE AREAS

NO. NOMINAL ID OD NO. ID ANNULUS TOTAL U RATIO

SIZE d2 do THICK. NT di AA AoNT BEND Ao/Ai

(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (m2) (m2/m) (m2)

56 457.2 438.2 19.05 2.8 241 13.51 0.082 14.42 14.96 1.41

57 457.2 438.2 25.40 2.8 130 19.86 0.085 10.37 10.78 1.28

58 508.0 489.0 19.05 2.8 304 13.51 0.101 18.18 21.78 1.41

59 508.0 489.0 25.40 2.8 163 19.86 0.105 13.00 15.61 1.28

60 558.8 539.8 19.05 2.8 380 13.51 0.120 22.73 29.94 1.41

61 558.8 539.8 25.40 2.8 208 19.86 0.123 16.59 21.83 1.28

62 609.6 590.6 19.05 2.8 463 13.51 0.142 27.70 39.80 1.41

63 609.6 590.6 25.40 2.8 253 19.86 0.146 20.18 28.99 1.28

64 660.4 641.4 19.05 2.8 559 13.51 0.164 33.44 45.38 1.41

65 660.4 641.4 25.40 2.8 301 19.86 0.170 24.01 32.61 1.28

66 711.2 692.2 19.05 2.8 649 13.51 0.191 38.82 55.79 1.41

67 711.2 692.2 25.40 2.8 361 19.86 0.193 28.79 41.43 1.28

68 762.0 739.8 19.05 2.8 752 13.51 0.215 44.98 81.66 1.41

69 762.0 739.8 25.40 2.8 421 19.86 0.216 33.58 60.39 1.28

Notes:
1. Data are for triangular layout.
2. Total surface area (A) for a straight section: As = AoNT (L)
3. Total surface area (A) for a hairpin section: As = AoNT (2L) + U bend area
4. GP 6-2-1 requires a minimum Schedule 40 shell for carbon and low alloy steel, and Schedule 10 for high alloy and
non-ferrous material.

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CALCULATION PROCEDURE DOUBLE PIPE AND
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TABLE 4
GEOMETRIC CONSTANTS FOR DOUBLE PIPE AND MULTITUBE SECTIONS

Annular flow area, AA, ft2 (m2)

[ ( )] (Customary ) or 2.5 × 1 0−7 (Metric )

1
C1 π d22 − NT π d 20 + 4 Nf Hf Tf C1 =
576

Finned surface area per unit tube length, AF, ft2/ft (m2/m)

[
C2 NF (2Hf + Tf ) ] C2 =
1
(Customary ) or 10 −3 (Metric )
12

Inside surface area per unit tube length, Ai, ft2/ft (m2/m)
C2 [π d i ]

tside surface area per unit tube length, Ao, ft2/ft (m2/m)

C2 [π do + 2 Nf Hf ]

Area of one section, As, ft2 (m2)

Straight: Ao NT L

Hairpin: Ao NT (2L) + U-bend

If U-bend surface is not known, use 5% of AoNT (2L) as an estimate.

Hydraulic diameter for heat transfer calculations, Dhh, in. (mm)

é AA ù C3 = 48 (Customary ) or 4000 (Metric )
C3 ê ú
ë NT A o û

Hydraulic diameter for pressure drop calculations, Dhp, in. (mm)

é AA ù
C3 ê ú
êë NT A o + C2 π d2 úû

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CALCULATION PROCEDURE DOUBLE PIPE AND
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SINGLE PHASE CALCULATION PROCEDURE

Exch No.: Plant: Date:
Service: Done By:

A. PROCESS DATA
CUSTOMARY METRIC
UNITS UNITS
1. Tubeside
ti, Inlet temperature °F °C
to, Outlet temperature °F °C
Wt, Flow rate lb/hr kg/s
tav, Average bulk temp., (ti + to)/2 °F °C
rf, fouling factor hr-ft2-°F/Btu m2-°C/W
kw, wall thermal conductivity Btu/hr-ft-°F W/m-°C

2. Annulus side
Ti, Inlet temperature °F °C
To, Outlet temperature °F °C
Wa, Flow rate lb/hr kg/s
Tav, Average bulk temp., (Ti + To)/2 °F °C
Rf, fouling factor hr-ft2-°F/Btu m2-°C/W

B. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
1. Tubeside
µi, Viscosity @ inlet cP Pa•s

µo, Viscosity @ outlet cP Pa•s

µav, t Viscosity @ tav cP Pa•s

Cpt, Specific heat @ tav Btu/lb-°F kJ/kg-°C
kt, Thermal conductivity @ tav Btu/hr-ft-°F W/m-°C
ρt, Density @ tav lb/ft3 kg/m3

2. Annulus side
µi, Viscosity @ inlet cP Pa•s

µo, Viscosity @ outlet cP Pa•s

µav, a Viscosity @ Tav cP Pa•s

Cpa, Specific heat @ Tav Btu/lb-°F kJ/kg-°C
ka, Thermal conductivity @ Tav Btu/hr-ft-°F W/m-°C
ρa, Density @ Tav lb/ft3 kg/m3

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SINGLE PHASE CALCULATION PROCEDURE (Cont)

3. Heat duty and heat balance

Qt = W t Cpt (to - ti) Btu/hr kW
Qa = W a Cpa (To - Ti) Btu/hr kW

Q t + Qa
Qav =
2 Btu/hr kW

If Qt and Qa differ by more than 10%, check the data or recalculate one of the outlet temperatures so that the two
duties are equal.

C. EXCHANGER GEOMETRY
Select from Table 1, 2, or 3, or calculate using Table 4.

1. Number of sections in series, Ns

Nominal straight length, L ft. m
Number of tubes per section, NT
2. Fins
Number, Nf
Height, Hf in. mm
Thickness, Tf in. mm
Thermal Conductivity, kf Btu/hr-ft-°F W/m-°C
3. Tubeside
Outside Diameter, do in. mm
Inside Diameter, di in. mm
Surface area, Ai ft2/ft m2/m
4. Annulus Side
Inside Diameter, d2 in. mm
Flow area, AA ft2 m2
Fin area, AF ft2/ft m2/m
Tube Outside area, Ao ft2/ft m2/m
Total surface area of one section, As ft2 m2
Total surface area of all sections,
A = AsNs ft2 m2
Hydraulic diameter for heat transfer, Dhh
(use Table 4) in. mm
Hydraulic diameter for pressure drop, Dhp
(Use Table 4) in. mm

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CALCULATION PROCEDURE DOUBLE PIPE AND
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SINGLE PHASE CALCULATION PROCEDURE (Cont)

D. TUBESIDE HEAT TRANSFER

Follow the procedure for tubeside calculation in Section IX-D, beginning with the step to calculate the velocity Vt.

Velocity, Vt ft/s m/s

Reynolds No., Ret

For water Coefficient, hi Btu/hr-ft2-°F W/m2-°C

Other than water

Prandtl No., Prt 2.42 µ Cp / k 1000 µ Cp / k

Coefficient, hi
(Use di not do) Btu/hr-ft2-°F W/m2-°C

1 æ Ao ö
Resistance, Rio = ç ÷
hi çA ÷
è i ø hr-ft2-°F/Btu m2-°C/W

E. ANNULUS HEAT TRANSFER

Velocity, Va Wa Wa
3600 ρ A A ρ AA

ft/s m/s

Now follow the same procedure as for the tubeside except use Dhh instead of di in all equations.

Reynolds No., Rea

For water Coefficient, ho Btu/hr-ft2-°F W/m2-°C

Other than water

Prandtl No., Pra

Coefficient, ho Btu/hr-ft2-°F W/m2-°C

1
Resistance, Ro =
ho
hr-ft2-°F/Btu m2-°C/W

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SINGLE PHASE CALCULATION PROCEDURE (Cont)

F. FIN EFFICIENCY

1
ha =
Ro + R f

X= ha ha
Hf Hf
6 k f Tf 500 k f Tf

η, fin efficiency, read from Figure 2

η′, surface efficiency

AF æ A ö
= η + çç1 − F ÷÷
Ao è Ao ø

G. OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT

rw, Tubewall resistance do æd ö do æd ö

In çç o ÷÷ In çç o ÷÷
24 k w è di ø 2000 k w è di ø

hr-ft2-°F/Btu m2-°C/W

R1, total resistance

Ao æ R + Ro ö
= Rio + rf + rw + çç f ÷÷
Ai è η′ ø hr-ft2-°F/Btu m2-°C/W
Uo, overall heat transfer coefficient, based
on surface area A
1
=
Rt Btu/hr-ft2-°F W/m2-°C

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SINGLE PHASE CALCULATION PROCEDURE (Cont)

H. ITERATE FOR WALL TEMPERATURE

tw, average tubeside wall temperature

æ A ö
= tav + Uo çç Rio + rf o ÷÷ (Tav − tav )
è Ai ø
°F °C
Tw, average annulus side wall
temperature
æ R + rf ö
= Tav − Uo çç o ÷÷ (Tav − tav )
è η ø °F °C

Return to item D to correct the wall viscosity, µw, and repeat if necessary.

I. REQUIRED SURFACE

LMTD if countercurrent flow

=
(Ti − t o ) − (To − ti )
é T − to ù
ln ê i ú
ë To − ti û °F °C

LMTD if cocurrent flow

=
(Ti − ti ) − (To − to )
é T − ti ù
ln ê i ú
ë To − t o û °F °C

Ar, required surface area

Qav
=
Uo (LMTD )
ft2 m2

Compare Ar to A. If Ar > A, then sufficient surface is available to perform the heat duty Qav. If Ar < A, then the surface
is not sufficient, and either the area (A) or the coefficient (Uo) should be increased. A can be increased by selecting a
larger shell size or by using finned tubes. Uo can be increased by using the heat transfer enhancement techniques
described in Section IX-A.

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SINGLE PHASE CALCULATION PROCEDURE (Cont)

J. TUBESIDE PRESSURE DROP

Follow the procedure for tubeside calculation in Section IX-D, except Pe.

∆Pe, entrance, expansion, and turnaround pressure æ 3 ρ Vt2 ö æ 3 ρ Vt2 ö

drop per section ç ÷ ç ÷
ç 9270 ÷ ç 2000 ÷
è ø è ø

psi kPa
∆Pf, tube friction pressure drop per section
(Use total hairpin length including U-bend and
Number of tube passes, NTP = 1). psi kPa
∆Ptt, total tubeside pressure drop
= (∆Pe + ∆Pf) Ns
psi kPa

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SINGLE PHASE CALCULATION PROCEDURE (Cont)

K. ANNULUS PRESSURE DROP

Follow the procedure for tubeside calculation in Section IX-D, beginning with step 13, except Pe. Use Dhp instead of
di in all equations.

Inlet nozzle size, dsni in. mm

Outlet nozzle size, dsno in. mm

Vn, nozzle velocity ft/s m/s

∆Pn, nozzle pressure drop per section psi kPa

∆Pe, entrance, expansion, and turnaround pressure æ 3 ρ Va2 ö æ 3 ρ Va2 ö

drop per section ç ÷ ç ÷
ç 9270 ÷ ç 2000 ÷
è ø è ø

psi kPa

Reynolds number for pressure drop, Reap 124 ρ Va Dhp ρ Va Dhp

µav,a 1000 µav,a

∆Pf, annulus friction pressure drop per section

(Use total hairpin length including U-bend and
NTP =1) psi kPa
∆Pta, total annulus pressure drop
= (∆Pn + ∆Pe + ∆Pf) Ns
psi kPa

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CALCULATION PROCEDURE DOUBLE PIPE AND
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SINGLE PHASE CALCULATION PROCEDURE (SAMPLE CALCULATION)

Exch No.: Plant: Date:
Service: Done By:

A. PROCESS DATA
CUSTOMARY METRIC
1. Tubeside
ti, Inlet temperature 86 °F 30 °C
to, Outlet temperature 120 °F 49 °C
Wt, Flow rate 30,650 lb/hr 3.86 kg/s
tav, Average bulk temp., (ti + to)/2 103 °F 39.5 °C
rf, fouling factor 0.002 hr-ft2-°F/Btu 0.00035 m2-°C/W
kw, wall thermal conductivity 26 Btu/hr-ft-°F 45 W/m-°C

2. Annulus side
Ti, Inlet temperature 181 °F 83 °C
To, Outlet temperature 104 °F 40 °C
Wa, Flow rate 20,000 lb/hr 2.52 kg/s
Tav, Average bulk temp., (Ti + To)/2 142.5 °F 61.5 °C
Rf, fouling factor 0.001 hr-ft2-°F/Btu 0.00018 m2-°C/W

B. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
1. Tubeside
µi, Viscosity @ inlet 0.834 cP 8.34 x 10-4 Pa•s
µo, Viscosity @ outlet 0.575 cP 5.75 x 10-4 Pa•s
µav, t Viscosity @ tav 0.678 cP 6.78 x 10-4 Pa•s
Cpt, Specific heat @ tav 1.00 Btu/lb-°F 4.19 kJ/kg-°C
kt, Thermal conductivity @ tav 0.364 Btu/hr-ft-°F 0.63 W/m-°C
ρt, Density @ tav 61.8 lb/ft3 989.9 kg/m3

2. Annulus side
µi, Viscosity @ inlet 0.070 cP 7.0 x 10-5 Pa•s
µo, Viscosity @ outlet 0.116 cP 1.16 x 10-4 Pa•s
µav, a Viscosity @ Tav 0.098 cP 9.8 x 10-5 Pa•s
Cpa, Specific heat @ Tav 0.691 Btu/lb-°F 2.89 kJ/kg-°C
ka, Thermal conductivity @ Tav 0.079 Btu/hr-ft-°F 0.137 W/m-°C
ρa, Density @ Tav 29.9 lb/ft3 478.9 kg/m3

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CALCULATION PROCEDURE DOUBLE PIPE AND
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SINGLE PHASE CALCULATION PROCEDURE (SAMPLE CALCULATION) (Cont)

3. Heat duty and heat balance

Qt = W t Cpt (to - ti) 1,042,100 Btu/hr 307.3 kW
Qa = W a Cpa (To - Ti) 1,064,140 Btu/hr 313.2 kW
Qt + Qa
Qav =
2 1,053,120 Btu/hr 310.3 kW

If Qt and Qa differ by more than 10%, check the data or recalculate one of the outlet temperatures so that the two
duties are equal.

C. EXCHANGER GEOMETRY
Select from Table 1, 2, or 3, or calculate using Table 4.

1. Number of sections in series, Ns 3 3

Nominal straight length, L 20 ft. 6.1 m
Number of tubes, NT 7 7
2. Fins
Number, Nf 20 20
Height, Hf 0.210 in. 5.334 mm
Thickness, Tf 0.035 in. 0.889 mm
Thermal Conductivity, kf 125 Btu/hr-ft-°F 216.4 W/m-°C
3. Tubeside
Outside Diameter, do 0.875 in. 22.225 mm
Inside Diameter, di 0.709 in. 18.009 mm
Surface area, Ai 0.186 ft2/ft 0.0566 m2/m
4. Annulus Side
Inside Diameter, d2 4.026 in. 102.26 mm
Flow area, AA 0.052 ft2 0.00483 m2
Fin area, AF 0.758 ft2/ft 0.231 m2/m
Tube Outside area, Ao 0.929 ft2/ft 0.283 m2/m
Total surface area of one section, As 273.1 ft2 25.38 m2
Total surface area of all sections, A
= As Ns 819.4 ft2 76.14 m2
Hydraulic diameter for heat transfer, Dhh
(use Table 4) 0.384 in. 9.75 mm
Hydraulic diameter for pressure drop, Dhp
(Use Table 4) 0.330 in. 8.39 mm

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CALCULATION PROCEDURE DOUBLE PIPE AND
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SINGLE PHASE CALCULATION PROCEDURE (SAMPLE CALCULATION) (Cont)

D. TUBESIDE HEAT TRANSFER

Follow the procedure for tubeside calculation in Section IX-D, beginning with the step to calculate the velocity Vt.

Velocity, Vt 7.18 ft/s 2.19 m/s

Reynolds No., Ret 57553 57583

For water Coefficient, hi Btu/hr-ft2-°F W/m2-°C

Other than water

Prandtl No., Prt 4.51 4.51

Coefficient, hi
(Use di not do)
1636 Btu/hr-ft2-°F 9040 W/m2-°C

1 æ Ao ö
Resistance, Rio = ç ÷
hi çA ÷
è i ø 0.00305 hr-ft2-°F/Btu 0.000553 m2-°C/W

E. ANNULUS HEAT TRANSFER

Velocity, Va Wa Wa
3600 ρ A A ρ AA

3.57 ft/s 1.09 m/s

Now follow the same procedure as for the tubeside except use Dhh instead of di in all equations.

Reynolds No., Rea 51864 51934

For water Coefficient, ho Btu/hr-ft2-°F W/m2-°C

Other than water
Prandtl No., Pra 2.07 2.07
Coefficient, ho 428 Btu/hr-ft2-°F 2448 W/m2-°C
1
Resistance, Ro =
ho
0.00234 hr-ft2-°F/Btu 0.00041 m2-°C/W

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CALCULATION PROCEDURE DOUBLE PIPE AND
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SINGLE PHASE CALCULATION PROCEDURE (SAMPLE CALCULATION) (Cont)

F. FIN EFFICIENCY

1
ha =
Ro + R f 299.4 1695

X= ha ha
Hf Hf
6 k f Tf 500 k f Tf

0.709 0.709

η, fin efficiency, read from Figure 2 0.86 0.86

η′, surface efficiency

AF æ A ö
= η + çç1 − F ÷÷ 0.89 0.89
Ao è Ao ø

G. OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT

rw, Tubewall resistance do æd ö do æd ö

In çç o ÷÷ In çç o ÷÷
24 k w è di ø 2000 k w è di ø

0.0003 hr-ft2-°F/Btu 0.000052 m2-°C/W

Rt, total resistance

Ao æ R + Ro ö
= Rio + rf + rw + çç f ÷÷
Ai è η′ ø 0.0171 hr-ft2-°F/Btu 0.00302 m2-°C/W
Uo, overall heat transfer coefficient, based
on surface area A
1
= 58.5
Rt Btu/hr-ft2-°F 331.4 W/m2-°C

H. ITERATE FOR WALL TEMPERATURE

tw, average tubeside wall temperature

æ A ö
= t av + Uo çç Rio + rf o ÷÷ (Tav − t av )
è Ai ø 133 56
°F °C
Tw, average annulus side wall
temperature
æR +r ö
= Tav − Uo çç o f ÷÷ (Tav − tav )
è η ø 134 °F 56 °C

Return to item D to correct the wall viscosity, µw, and repeat if necessary.

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HEAT EXCHANGE EQUIPMENT Section Page
IX-H 25 of 28
CALCULATION PROCEDURE DOUBLE PIPE AND
DESIGN PRACTICES MULTITUBE HAIRPIN HEAT EXCHANGERS December, 2001

SINGLE PHASE CALCULATION PROCEDURE (SAMPLE CALCULATION) (Cont)

I. REQUIRED SURFACE
LMTD if countercurrent flow

=
(Ti − to ) − (To − ti )
éT − t ù
ln ê i o ú
ë To − ti û 35.2 °F 19.6 °C

LMTD if cocurrent flow

=
(Ti − ti ) − (To − to )
é T −t ù
ln ê i i ú
ë To − t o û °F °C

Ar, required surface area Qav Qav × 1000

Uo (LMTD ) Uo (LMTD )

X 511.4 ft2 47.8 m2

Compare Ar to A. If Ar > A, then sufficient surface is available to perform the heat duty Qav. If Ar < A, then the surface
is not sufficient, and either the area (A) or the coefficient (Uo) should be increased. A can be increased by selecting a
larger shell size or by using finned tubes. Uo can be increased by using the heat transfer enhancement techniques
described in Section IX-A.

J. TUBESIDE PRESSURE DROP

Follow the procedure for tubeside calculation in Section IX-D, except Pe.

∆Pe, entrance, expansion, and turnaround pressure æ 3 ρ Vt2 ö æ 3 ρ Vt2 ö

drop per section ç ÷ ç ÷
ç 9270 ÷ ç 2000 ÷
è ø è ø

1.03 psi 7.12 kPa

∆Pf, tube friction pressure drop per section
(Use total hairpin length including U-bend and
Number of tube passes, NTP = 1). 5.97 psi 41.2 kPa
∆Ptt, total tubeside pressure drop
= (∆Pe + ∆Pf) Ns
21.0 psi 145 kPa

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IX-H 26 of 28
CALCULATION PROCEDURE DOUBLE PIPE AND
December, 2001 MULTITUBE HAIRPIN HEAT EXCHANGERS DESIGN PRACTICES

SINGLE PHASE CALCULATION PROCEDURE (SAMPLE CALCULATION) (Cont)

K. ANNULUS PRESSURE DROP

Follow the procedure for tubeside calculation in Section IX-D, beginning with step 13, except Pe. Use. Dhp instead
of di in all equations.
Inlet nozzle size, dsni 3.0 in. 76.2 mm

Outlet nozzle size, dsno 3.0 in. 76.2 mm

Vn, nozzle velocity 3.8 ft/s 1.15 m/s

∆Pn, nozzle pressure drop per section 0.083 psi 0.57 kPa

∆Pe, entrance, expansion, and turnaround pressure æ 3 ρ Va2 ö æ 3 ρ Va2 ö

drop per section ç ÷ ç ÷
ç 9270 ÷ ç 2000 ÷
è ø è ø

0.123 psi 0.85 kPa

Reynolds number for pressure drop, Reap 124 ρ Va Dhp ρ Va Dhp

µav,a 1000 µav,a

44570 44690

∆Pf, annulus friction pressure drop per section

(Use total hairpin length including U-bend and 1.61 psi 11.12 kPa
NTP =1)
∆Ptt, total tubeside pressure drop
= (∆Pn + ∆Pe + ∆Pf) Ns
5.4 psi 37.62 kPa

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IX-H 27 of 28
CALCULATION PROCEDURE DOUBLE PIPE AND
DESIGN PRACTICES MULTITUBE HAIRPIN HEAT EXCHANGERS December, 2001

FIGURE 1
TYPICAL HAIRPIN SECTION

Tube Bundle

Front End Closure

Bonnet

Shell

Movable Support

DP9HF01

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CALCULATION PROCEDURE DOUBLE PIPE AND
December, 2001 MULTITUBE HAIRPIN HEAT EXCHANGERS DESIGN PRACTICES

FIGURE 2
FIN EFFICIENCY FOR LONGITUDINALLY FINNED TUBES

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
Fin Efficiency, Ef

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
X DP9HF02

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