Chapter 4 - (Philoid-IN)
Chapter 4 - (Philoid-IN)
1 20 79CH04
DETERMINANTS
•+• All Mathematical truths are relative and conditional. — C.P. STEINMETZ •+•
4.1 Introduction
In the previous chapter, we have studied about matrices
and algebra of matrices. We have also learnt that a
system of algebraic equations can be expressed in the
form of matrices. This means, a system of linear
equations like
a, x + b, y = c,
•z x + b › = c v
= rc, d
||
can be represented as . Now, this
L°
system of equations has a unique solution or not, is
determined by the number a, b2 — a 2 b,. (Recall that if
or, a, b2
P.S. Laplace
— a 2 b, 0, then the system of linear
(1749-1827)
equations has a unique solution). The number a, b2 — a 2 b,
2019-20
104 MATHEMATICS
This may be thought of as a function which associates each square matrix with a
unique number (real or complex). If M is the set of square matrices, K is the set of
numbers (real or complex) and f : M K is defined byf(A) = k, where A e M and
k o K, thenf(A) is called the determinant of A. It is also denoted by I A I or det A or
A.
a b a b
If A= , then determinant ofA is written as I A I = = det (A)
c d c d
Remarks
(i) For matrix A, I A I is read as determinant of A and not modulus of A.
(ii) Only square matrices have determinants.
4.2.1 Determinant of a matrix of order one
Let A= [a] be the matrix of order 1, then determinant of A is defined to be equal to a
4.2.2 Determinant of a matrix of order two
2
Let A= ' be a matrix of order 2 x 2,
°z1 °z2
then the determinant of A is defined as:
„I a
det (A) = lAl = A = ,z
11‘22 ‘21 12
tf 22
2 4
Example 1 Evaluate p
› 2
2 4
Solution We have _J = 2(2) — 4(—1) = 4 + 4 = 8.
2
x x+1
Example 2 Evaluate
x —1 x
Solution We have
x x+1
2 $)
x —1 x - x (x) — (x + 1) ( — 1) = x2 ( x x
2 x
2+ 1
x
3 corresponding to each of three rows (R„ R2 and R,) and three columns (C„ C2 and
C,) giving the same value as shown below.
Consider the determinant of square matrix A = [a ,] 3
11 12 13
i.e.,
i.e.,
Step 2 Multiply 2nd element a, 2 of R, by (—1)'’ 2 [(—1)' u"°' "" e’' °U] and the second
order determinant obtained by deleting elements of first row (R,) and 2nd column
(C2) of I A I as a, 2 lies in R, and C2,
i.e.,
Step 3 Multiply third element a,3 of R, by (—1)' + 3 [(—1)' u"“ "" e •] and the
second order determinant obtained by deleting elements of first row (R,) and third
column (C,) of I A I as a,3 lies in R, and C„
Step 4 Now the expansion of determinant ofA, that is, I A I written as sum of all
three terms obtained in steps 1, 2 and 3 above is given by
“ Hz °ss
21 22
+ (—l)"'
Al ’32
or lAl = a
l 1 ( 22 ‘33 ‘32 ‘23) 12 (‘21 ‘33 ‘31 ‘23)
+ O3 — Of
(‘21 ‘32 ‘22)
106 MATHEMATICS
‘11 ‘22 ‘33 11 ‘32 ‘23 ‘12 ‘21 ‘33 + ‘12 ‘31 ‘23 + ‘13 ‘21 ‘32
' ‘21 (‘12 ‘33 ‘32 13)+ ‘22 (‘11 ‘33 ‘31 13)
+ ‘23 ‘31 12
‘11 ‘22 ‘33 11 ‘23 ‘32 12 ‘21 ‘33 + ‘12 ‘23 ‘31 + ‘13 ‘21 ‘32
. (2)
13 31 22
Expansion along first Column (CI)
IA I= 21 ‘22 ‘23
‘11 (‘22 ‘33 ‘23 ‘32) ‘21 (‘12 ‘33 ‘13 ‘32) + ‘31 (‘12 ‘23 ‘13 ‘22)
DETERMINANTS 107
IA I = a
11 ‘ 22 ‘33 11 ‘23 ‘32 ‘21 12 ‘33 + ‘21 13 ‘32 + ‘31 12 ‘23
‘31 13 ‘22
‘11 ‘22 ‘33 ‘11 ‘23 ‘32 12 ‘21 ‘33 + ‘12 ‘23 ‘31 + ‘13 ‘21 ‘32
Solution Note that in the third column, two entries are zero. So expanding along third
column (C,), we get
—1 3 1 2 1 2
A= 4 —0 +0
4 1 4 1 —1 3
= 4 (—1 — 12) — 0 + 0 = — 52
0 sin ti — cos ti
Example 4 Evaluate A = — sin ti 0 sin §
cos ti — sin § 0
108 MATHEMATICS
3 x 3 2
Solution We have
x 1 41
i.e. 3 — x2 = 3 8
i.e. x2 = 8
Hence
EXERCISE 4
Evaluate the determinants in Exercises 1 and 2.
2 4
cos 8 —sin 8
(i) x2 — x + 1 x — 1
2. sin 8 cos 8
x+1 x+1
1 2
3. If A = , then 4show
2 that I 2A I = 4 I A I
1 0 1
4. If A= 0 1 2 , then show that 1 3 A I = 27 1 A I
0 0 4
5. Evaluate the determinants
3 —1 —2
3 —4 5
(i) 0 0 —1
(ii) 1 1 —2
3 —5 0
2 31
DETERMINANTS 109
0 12 2 —1 —2
(iii) —1 0 —3 (iv) 0 2 —1
—2 3 0 3 —5 0
1 1 —2
6. If A = 2 1 —3 , find I A I
5 4 —9
7. Find values of x, if
2 4 2x 4 2 3 x 3
(i) (ii)
5 1 6 x 4 5 2x 5
x 2 6
8. I 2 then x is equal to
f
18 x 18 6
(A) 6 (B) + 6 (C) — (D) 0
4.3 Properties of 6
Determinants
In the previous section, we have learnt how to expand the determinants. In this
section, we will study some properties of determinants which simplifies its evaluation
by obtaining maximum number of zeros in a row or a column. These properties are
true for determinants of any order. However, we shall restrict ourselves upto
determinants of order 3 only.
Property 1 The value of the determinant remains unchanged if its rows and
columns are interchanged.
a, az a,
Verification Let A m bJ bz b
Note If R, = ith row and C, = ith column, then for interchange of row and
columns, we will symbolically write C, ‹-+ R
Let us verify the above property by example.
2 —3 5
Example 6 Verify Property 1 for A 6 0 4
1 5 —7
Solution Expanding the determinant along first row, we have
0 4 6 4
2 (—3) 6 0
+5
5 7 1 —7 15
= 2 (0 — 20) + 3 (— 42 — 4) + 5 (30 — 0)
= — 40 — 138 + 150 = — 28
By interchanging rows and columns, we get
2 6 1
@$ —3 0 5 (Expanding along first column)
5 4 —7
0 5 6 1
2 — (—3) 61
+5
4 —7 4 —7 05
= 2 (0 — 20) + 3 (— 42 — 4) + 5 (30 — 0)
= — 40 — 138 + 150 = — 28
Clearly A = A,
Hence, Property 1 is verified.
Property 2 If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are interchanged, then sign
of determinant changes.
a, az a,
Verification Let A by bz b$
c, cz c,
DETERMINANTS 111
2 —3 5
Example 7 Verify Property 2 for A m 6 0 4
1 5 —7
2 —3 5
Solution A m 6 0 4 = — 28 (See Example
6)
1 5 —7
Clearly
Hence, Property 2 is verified.
Property 3If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are identical(all
corresponding elements are same), then value of determinant is zero.
Proof If we interchange the identical rows (or columns) of the determinant A, then A
does not change. However, by Property 2, it follows that A has changed its sign
Therefore A = -- A
or A=0
Let us verify the above property by an example.
3 2 3
Example 8 Evaluate A m 2 2 3
3 2 3
Verification Let A = °z bz Cz
a b c
and A, be the determinant obtained by multiplying the elements of the first row by k.
Then
kq kb kc
A, °z bz cz
a b c
kq kb kc q b c
Hence
Remarks
(i) By this property, we can take out any common factor from any one row or
any one column of a given determinant.
(ii) If corresponding elements of any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are
proportional (in the same ratio), then its value is zero. For example
W °2 H
_Q by f›z b$ -- 0 (rows R, and R2 a r e pr Oport1OIl a l)
k } k °z k Q
102 18 36
Example 9Evaluate 1 3 4
17 3 6
For example, bJ bz b by bz by + by bz by
Verification L H.S. = b bz by
114 MATHEMATICS
by bz b + by bz b = R.H.S.
a
Similarly, we may verify Property b other rows
5 for c or
Example 10 Show that < + 2x b + 2y c + 2z = 0
columns. x y z
a b c abc a b c
Solution We have < +2x b+2 y c+2z a b c + 2x 2y 2z
x y z xyz x y z
(by Property 5)
=0+0=0 (Using Property 3 and Property 4)
Property 6 If, to each element of any row or column of a determinant, the
equimultiples of corresponding elements of other row (or column) are added, then
value of determinant remains the same, i.e., the value of determinant remain same if
we apply the operation R —› R + kR or C C + k C
Verification
‘1 ‘2 ‘3 °i + °i °2 + k ^z °3 + k ^3
Let _q f› f›z f›3 and A, = f› f›z f›3
‘1 ‘2 ‘3 ‘1
°z ‘3
where A, is obtained by the operation R, —› R, + kR, .
Here, we have multiplied the elements of the third row (R,) by a constant k and
added them to the corresponding elements of the first row (R,).
Symbolically, we write this operation as R, —› R, + k R,.
DETERMINANTS 115
Now, again
1 2 ‘3 ‘1 2 kc3
@ be be b3 + be be b3 (Using Property 5)
‘1 ‘2 ‘3 ‘1 2 ‘3
a a+b a+b+c
Example 11 Prove that 2a 3a + 2b 4a + 3b + 2c = a°.
3a 6a + 3b 10a + 6b + 3c
a a+b a+b+c
g_ 0 a 2a + b
0 3a 7a + 3b
a 2a + b
A= a +0+0
0 a
116 MATHEM ATI CS
b+c a a
Solution Let A= b C -1-O b
c c a+b
DETERMINANTS 117
Applying R, —› R, — R2 — R, to A, we get
0 —2c —2b
$—b c +a b
c c a+b
Expanding along R„ we
obtain b b b b c+a
— (—2 c) + (—2b)
c+a
A=0
a+b c a+b c c
= 2 c (a b + h2 — bc) — 2 b (b c — c2 — ac)
= 2 a b c + 2 ch — 2 bc — 2 b 2c + 2 bc2 + 2 abc
2 2
= 4 abc
x x" 1+ x’
Example 15 If x, y, z are different and A= y y" 1+ y =0, then
z z 1+ y
show that 1 + xyz -— 0
Solution We have
x x’ 1+ x’
x x’ 1 x x’ x’
(Using Property 5)
3
1 x x’ 1 x
x’
(Using C C2 and then C, C2 )
(—1)' 1 y y’ + xyz 1 y y'
1 x x’
1 y y' (1+ xyy)
118 MATHEM ATI CS
1 x x’
(Using Rs—'
(1+Rxyy)
s—R0andy R,
— x—›y’R,—R
— x’ )
0 z — x z — x’
Taking out common factor ty — x) from R2 and (z — x) from R„ we get
1 x x’
$ — (1+xyy) (y—x) (z—x) 0 1 y+x
0 1 z+x
1 1 1
+1
L.H.S. = abc
1 1 1
b b +1 b
1 1 1
c c +1
Applying R, —› R, + R2 + R„ we have
a b c a b c a b c
1 1 1
g _— abc — +1
c c c
DETERMINANTS 119
abc
1 1 1
1 1
1+ + + +1
a b c b b b
1 1
c c c+1
Now applying C2 —› C2 — C„ C, —› C, — C„ we get
1 0 0
1 1 1
g > abc 1+ + —+ — — 1 0
b c b
1
0 1
abc 1+ —+ —+ —
ti(i —o)]
a b c
1 1 1
abc 1+— + — + — = abc + bc + ca + ab -- R.H.S.
a b c
E ERCISE 4 2
Using the property of determinants and without expanding in Exercises 1 to 7, prove
that:
x a x+a c r z
1. y b y+b —— 0
z c z+c
2 7 65
3. 3 8 75 = 0
5 9 86
1 bc a(b + c)
4. 1 ca b(c + a) = 0
1 ab c(a + b)
120 MATHEMATICS
2
0 a —b —0 ab ac
2 2 2 2
6. a 0 —C ——0 7. ba —b bc ——4 a b c
b c 0 ca cb —c 2
By using properties of determinants, in Exercises 8 to 14, show that:
1 a oz
8. (i) 1 b b2 -(a — b)(b — c)(c — a)
1 c c2
1 1 1
(}t) a b c ——(a — b)(b — c)(c — a)(a + b+
a b' c)
c'
x+ 4 2x 2x
10. (i) 2x x+ 4 2x ——(5x + 4)(4 —
x)*
2x 2x x+ 4
y+k y y
(ii) 1 -b k f —— k 2 (3 y+ k)
y y y+k
a—b—c 2a 2a
11. (i) 2b b—C—O 2b =(a + b+ c)’
2c 2c c—a—b
x + y + 2z x y
(ii) z y + z + 2x y =2(x + y + z)'
z x z + x + 2y
DETERMINANTS 121
1+ a 2 — b2 2af› —2f›
13. 2ab l— a 2 + b2 2a =(1+ a 2 + b2
)' 2b —2a 1— a 2 — f› 2
a2+1 ab ac
14. ab b2 +1 bc ——1+ a 2 + b2 + c2
ca cb c2 +1
(x„ y,), (xc › ) and (x , y,), is given by the expression 2 [x ,t z—v›t + xc (›.—›.) +
x (y,—y2)]. Now this expression can be written in the form of a determinant as
x, y, 1
x, y, 1
x, y 1
Remarks
(i) Since area is a positive quantity, we always take the absolute value of the
determinant in (1).
122 MATHEMATICS
(ii) If area is given, use both positive and negative values of the determinant for
calculation.
(iii) The area of the triangle formed by three collinear points is zero.
Example 17 Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are (3, 8), (— 4, 2) and (5,
1).
Solution The area of triangle is given by
3 8 1
—4 2 1
EXERCISE 4 3
1. Find area of the triangle with vertices at the point given in each of the
following : (i) (1, 0), (6, 0), (4, 3) (ii) (2, 7), (1, 1), (10, 8)
(iii) (—2, —3), (3, 2), (—1, —8)
DETERMINANTS 123
Solution Since 6 lies in the second row and third column, its minor M32 is given by
1 2
M23' = 8 — 14 = — 6 (obtained by deleting Rs a fl d C. lfl °)
7 8
Definition 2 Cofactor of an element a, , denoted by A, is defined by
A, = (—1)' *' M, , where M, is minor of a, .
1 —2
Example 20 Find minors and cofactors of all the elements of the determinant
4 3
Solution Minor of the element a, is M,
Here a„ = 1. So M„ = Minor of a„= 3
M,2 = Minor of the element a, 2 = 4
M2, = Minor of the element a2, = —2
124 MATHEMATICS
A 2z ' ( ' ) + 2 2
M 2z ' ( ) 4 (1) ' 1
Example 21 Find minors and cofactors of the elements a„, a2, in the determinant
22 23
Minor of a„ = MQ ,„ ‘ 22 ‘33 ‘23 ‘32
2
p
Cofactor of a„ = A„ = (—1)'+' M, - ‘ 22 ‘33 ‘23 ‘32
2 3
Minor of • . — M 2 — — ‘12 ‘33 ‘13 ‘32
32 33
2
Cofactor of a , =2 A , = (—1)
2
+' M , = (—1)
2
(a 2 s is sz) ' iz ss+ is sz
Remark Expanding the determinant A, in Example 21, along R„ we have
ements of a row (or column) are multiplied with cofactors of any other row (or column), then their sum is zero. For
DETERMINANTS 125
2 —3 5
6 0 4 and verify that a A›i+ ‘iz All + 3 A 3' 0
1 5 7
0 4
Solution We have M„- —7 = 0 —20 = —20; A„ = (—1)’*' (—20) = —20
6 4
' 1 —7 ' — 42 — 4 = — 46; A„ = (—1)’*2 (— 46) = 46
6 0
' 30 — 0 = 30; A3 ' (—1)’“ (30) = 30
3 1 5
—3 5
2' 5 7 > 21 — 25 = — 4; A2 ' (—1)2*' (— 4) = 4
2 5
2 1 —7 —14 — 5 = —19; A , = (—1)2*2 (—19) = —19
' 2
2 —3
23 1 5 ' 10 + 3 = 13; A32 ' (—1) 2“ (13) = —13
—3 5
—12 — 0 = —12; A, = (—1)"* (—12) = —12
' 0 4'
126 MATHEMATICS
M,2
2 5 — 8 — 30 = — A, =2( 1)°+2 (—22) = 22
22;
6 4
and M, A3 ' ( 1)"+3 (18) = 18
3 2 —3
—
6 0' 0 + 18 = 18;
Now a„ - 2
*iz 3 3 ' 5; All' —12a Asz 22a A3 ' 18
So a„ All + ‘iz Asz+ A3
= 2 (—12) + (—3) (22) + 5 (18) = —24 — 66 + 90 = 0
EXERCISE 4 4
Write Minors and Cofactors of the elements of following determinants:
2 —4 a c
' 0 3 b d
10 0 10 4
2. (i) 0 1 0 (ii) 3 5 —1
001 012
5 3 8
3. Using Cofactors of elements of second row, evaluate A 2 0 1
12 3
1 x yz
4. Using Cofactors of elements of third column, evaluate A = M
In the previous chapter, we have studied inverse of a matrix. In this section, we shall
discuss the condition for existence of inverse of a matrix.
To find inverse of a matrix A, i.e., A ' we shall first define adjoint of a matrix.
DETERMINANTS 127
Let
‘11 2 ‘13
A - °zi °zz °zs
2 3
Example 23 Find adj A for A =
1 4
Solution We have A„ = 4, Ai2 Azi 3 Azz 2 Hence
A}} Azi 4 3
adj A = A
iz A zz 2
Remark For a square matrix of order 2, given by
’11 ’12
A=
’21 ’22
a 2,a „ a„
A(ady A) = (adj A) A = AJ I ,
where I is the identity matrix of order n
128 MATHEMATICS
Verification
AJ 0 0 1 0 0
A (adj A) = 0 AJ 0 |AJ 0 1 0 |AJ I
0 0 AJ 0 0 1
12 12
Let A= . Then > 4 — 6 = — 2 0.
34
Hence A is a nonsingular matrix 3 4
We state the following theorems without proof.
Theorem 2 If A and B are nonsingular matrices of the same order, then AB and BA
are also nonsingular matrices of the same order.
Theorem 3 The determinant of the product of matrices is equal to product of their
respective determinants, that is, |ABJ = AJ BJ , where A and B are square matrices
of the same order
AJ 0 0
Remark We know that (adj A) A = AJ I = 0 AJ 0 , AJ z 0
0 0 AJ
DETERMINANTS 129
10 0
i.e. \(adj A)l lAl = AJ 0 1 0 (Why?)
0 0 1
i.e. (adj A)l lAl = I A1° (1)
i.e. (adj A)l = I A 1 2
In general, if A is a square matrix of order n, then I adj(A) = I A1" '.
Theorem 4 A square matrix A is invertible if and only if A is nonsingular matrix.
Proof Let A be invertible matrix of order n and I be the identity matrix of order n.
Then, there exists a square matrix B of order n such that AB = BA = I
Now AB = I. So |ABJ = IQ or AJ BJ = 1 (since IQ=1, ABS=JAJ BJ)
Then AJ z 0
1 adJA = 1
or A adJA A = I
IA IA I
I
i
or AB = BA = I, where B = adJA
AI
i
Thus A is invertible and A ' —
adJA
A
1 3 3
Example 24 If A = 1 4 3 , then verify that A adj A = I A I I. Also find A '.
1 3 4
7 —3 —3
Therefore adj A= 1 0
—i o 1
1 3 3 7 —3 —3
Now A(adjA)= 1 4 3 —1 1 0
13 4 —1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 (1) 0 1 0 = AJ . I
0 0 1 0 0 1
7 —3 —3 7 —3 —3
adjA—1 1 0 = -1 1 0
A'=
1
—1 0 1 -1 0 1
1
2 3 and B = 1 —2
Example 25 If A =
1 —4 —1 3 , then verify that (AB) ' = B 'A '.
2 3 1 —2 —1 5
Solution We have AB =
1 —4 —1 3 5 —14
Since, | = —11 z 0, (AB) ' exists and is given by
1 —14 —5 1 14 5
adj(AB)=— ii —5 —i s i
Further, AJ = —11 z 0 and BJ = 1 z 0. Therefore, A ' and B ' both exist and are
given by
1 —4 —3
A'— 3 2
11 —1 2
,B”=
1 1
DETERMINANTS 131
1 3 2 —4 —3 1 —14 —5 1 14 5
Therefore B ’A = —11 1 1 —1 2 11 —5 —1 11 5 1
Hence (AB) ' = B ' A '
2 3
Example 26 Show that the matrix A = i 2 satisfies the equation A2 — 4A + I =
O, where I is 2 x 2 identity matrix and O is 2 x 2 zero matrix. Using this equation,
find A '.
Hence A2 —4A +
I= 00
7 12 8 12 1 0 = =O
— +
4 7 4 8 0 1 00
Now A2 — 4A + I = O
Therefore A A — 4A = — I
or A A (A ') — 4 AA ' = — I A ' (Post multiplying by A ' because lAl z
0) or A (A A ') — 4I = — A '
or AI — 4I = — A '
4 0 2 3 2 —3
or A' 4I — A
0 4 1 2 —1 2
2 —3
A*' =
Hence
—1 2
EXERCISE 4 5
Find adjoint of each of the matrices in Exercises 1 and 2.
1 —1 2
1 2
2. 2 3 5
' 3 4
—2 0 1
Verify A (adj A) = (adj A) A = I A I I in Exercises 3 and 4
1—1 2
2 3
3 0 —2
3- —6 4.
10 3
132 MATHEMATICS
Find the inverse of each of the matrices (if it exists) given in Exercises 5 to 11.
12 3
2 —2 —i 5
5.
6.
—3 2 7. 0 2 4
4 3 0 0 5
10 0 213 1—12
g. 3 3 0 q, 4 —10 tq. 0 2 —3
5 2 —1 —7 21 3 —2 4
1 0 0
11. 0 cos ti sin Ct
0 sin Ct — cos ti
3 7 6 8
12. Let A - and B - . Verify that (AB) ' = B ' A '.
2 5 7 9
3 1
13. If A = , show that A2 — 5A + 71 = 0. Hence find A '
—1 2
3 2
14. For the matrix A= , find the numbers a and b such that A2 + aA + bI = 0.
i i 1
15. For the matrix A = 1 2 —3
2 —1 3
Show that A"— 6A2 + 5A + 11 I = 0. Hence, find A '.
2 —1 1
16. If A = —1 2 —1
1 —1 2
Verify that A" — 6A2 + 9A — 4I = O and hence find A '
17. Let A be a nonsingular square matrix of order 3 x 3. Then I adj A I is equal to
(A) I A I (B) I A 1 2 (C) I A 1° (D) 31A I
18. If A is an invertible matrix of order 2, then det (A ') is equal
to i
(A) det (A) (B) ‘) ’ (D) 0
det (A)
DETERMINANTS 133
Therefore —— —8 —6 9
17
—10 1 7
1 —1 —5 —1 8
SO X= A B= —8 —6 9 1
17
—10 1 7 4
x 1 17
i.e. y — =2 34
17 —51 3
z
Hence x -- 1, y = 2 and z = 3.
Example 29 The sum of three numbers is 6. If we multiply third number by 3
and add second number to it, we get 11. By adding first and third numbers, we
get double of the second number. Represent it algebraically and find the numbers
using matrix method.
Solution Let first, second and third numbers be denoted by x, y and z,
respectively.
Then, according to given conditions, we have
x + y + z —— 6
y + 3z = 11
x + z -- 2y or x — 2y + z
-- 0 This system can be written as A X = B, where
111 x 6
A= 0 1 3 , X= andB= 11
121 z 0
Here AJ = 1 (1+ 6) — (0 — 3)+ (o — 1) = 9 z 0. Now we find adj A
A, = 1 (1 + 6)' 7 A iz' 0 3)' 3 A3 ' 1
A zi' 1 + 2)' 3 A zz' 0 A 23 (— 2 — 1) = 3
A, = (3 1)' 2 Asz' (3 0)' 3, A3 ' (1 — 0) = 1
136 MATHEMATICS
7 —3 2
Hence adjA= 3 0 —3
—13 1
7 —3 2
Thus i 1
A ' 3 0 —3
' AJ adj (A)
' 9 —13 1
Since X=A'B
7 —3 2 6
1
X= 3 0 —311
9
—13 1 0
x 42—33+0 9 1
1 18+0+0 1 18 2
or
z 9 —6+33+0 9 27 3
Thus x---1, y = 2, z = 3
EXERCISE 4 6
Examine the consistency of the system of equations in Exercises 1 to 6.
1. x + 2y = 2 2. 2x — y = 5 3. x + 3y = 5
2x + 3y = 3 x+y=4 2x + 6y = 8
4. x + y + z = 1 5. 3x—y — 2z = 6. 5x — y + 4z = 5
2
2x + 3y + 2z = 2 2y — z = —1 2x + 3y + 5z = 2
ax + ay + 2az = 4 3x — 5y = 3 5x — 2y + 6z = —
1
Solve system of linear , using matrix method, Exercises 7 to
equations 7. 5x + 2y = 4 in 2x — y = —2 9. 14. 4x — 3y = 3
8.
7x + 3y = 5 3x + 4y = 3 3x — 5y = 7
10. 5x + 2y = 3 11. 2x + y + z = 12. x — y + z = 4
1
3
3x + 2y = 5 x — 2y — 2x + y — 3z = 0
'— 2
3y — 5z = 9 x+y+z=2
2x + 3y +3 z = 5 14. x — y + 2z = 7
x — 2y + z = — 4 3x + 4y — 5z = — 5
3x — y - 2z = 3 2x — y + 3z = 12
DETERMINANTS 137
—325
15. If A = 3 2 —4 , find A '. Using A ' solve the system of equations
1 1 —2
2x — 3y + 5z = 11
3x + 2y — 4z = — 5
x + y — 2z = — 3
16. The cost of 4 kg onion, 3 kg wheat and 2 kg rice is T 60. The cost of 2 kg
onion, 4 kg wheat and 6 kg rice is T90. The cost of 6 kg onion 2 kg wheat and
3 kg rice is T 70. Find cost of each item per kg by matrix method.
Miscellaneous Examples
Example 30 If a, b, c are positive and unequal, show that value of the determinant
a b c
@=b C a is negative.
c a b
Solution Applying C, —› C, + C2 + C, to the given determinant, we get
a+b+c b c 1 b c
@= a+b+c C =(a+ b +c) 1 c a
a+b+c a b 1 a b
1 b c
= (a + b + c) 0 c — b a — C (Applying@—› @—R„and@m@—
R,)
0 a—b b—c
= (a + b + c) [(c — b) (b — c) — (a — c) (a — b)] (Expanding along
C,)
= (a + b + c)(— a 2 — b2 — c2 + ab + bc + ca)
—1
+ b + c) (2a2 + 2f›2 + 2c2 — 2ab — 2f›c — 2ca)
2 (-
—1
+ b + c) [(a — b)2 + (b — c)2 + (c — a)2]
2 (•
which is negative (since a + b + c > 0 and (a — b)2 + (b — c)2 + (c — a)2 > 0)
138 MATHEMATICS
2y + 4 5y + 7 8y + a
3y + 5 6y + 8 9 y + b
4y + 6 7y + 9 10y + c
0 0 0
3y + 5 6y + 8 9 + b -- 0 (Since 2b = a + c)
4y + 6 7y + 9 10y + c
Example 32 Show that
(y + z)* x — (y + z) x — (y + z)
A = (x + y + z)2 1* ( x + Z) X 0
z' 0 (x + y) — z
Applying R, —› R, — (R2 + R,), we have
2 yz —2 z —2 y
A = (x + y + z)2 y' x—y+z 0
z' 0 x+ y — z
2 yz 0 0
A = (x + y + z)2 y' x+ z
1 1 2 2 0 1
Example 33 Use product 0 2 3 9 2 3 to solve the system of
equations
3 2 4 6 1 2
x — y + 2z =
1 2y — 3z
=1
3x — 2y + 4z = 2
1 —1 2 —2 0 1
Solution Consider the product 0 2 —3 9 2 —3
3 —2 4 6 1 —2
140 MATHEM ATI CS
1—1 2 —20 1
Hence 0 2 —3 9 2 —3
3 —2 4 6 1—2
Now, given system of equations can be written, in matrix form, as follows
1 —1 2 x 1
0 2 —3 y 1
3 —2 4 z 2
x 1—1 2*'1 2 0 1 1
or y 0 2—3 1= 9 2 3 1
z 3—2 4 2 61 2 2
—2+0+2 0
_ 9+2—6 = 5
6+1—4 3
Hence x -— 0, y = 5 and z = 3
Example 34 Prove that
a+ bx c + dx p+ qx a c p
$ — ax+ b cv + d px+ q —— (l — x’ ) b d q
Applying R2 R2 -- x R„ we get
A (1 -- x2 ) b d q
u v w
b+ c c+ a a+ b
g c+ a a+ b b+ c -- 0,
a+ b b+ c c+ a
Show that either a + b + c = 0 or a = b -- c.
x+ a x x
5. Solve the equation x x+ a x ---- 0, a z 0
x x x+ a
a’ bc ac+ c’
6. Prove that «' + ab b’ OC 4a 2f›2c2
ab b’+ bc c’
3 --1 1 1 2 --2
7. If A ' - --15 6 --5 and B= --1 3 0 , find(AB)
5 --2 2 0 --2 1
142 MATHEM ATI CS
1 2 1
8. Let A = 2 3 1 . Verify that
1 1 5
(i) [adj A] i = adj (A i ) (ii) (A —I) I A
x y x+ y
9. Evaluate y x+ y x
x+ y x y
1 x y
10. Evaluate 1 x+ y y
1 x x+y
x x 1+ yx’
12. y y 1+ yy = (1 + px yz) (x — y) (y — 3) (z — x), where y is any scalar.
3a — a+ b — a+ c
J 3. —b+ a 3b — b+ c _— 3(a + b + c) (at + bc + ca)
— c+ a — c+ b 3c
4 6
6 9 20
+—— =2
x + 2 x + 3 x+ 2a
x+ 3 x+ 4 x+ 2b
lS
x + 4 x + 5 x + 2c
x 0 0
16. If x, y, z are nonzero real numbers, then the inverse of matrix A = 0 y 0 is
0 0 z
x°' 0 0 x°' 0 0
(A) 0 y' 0 (B) xyz 0 y' 0
0 0 z*' 0 0 z*'
x 0 0 1 0 0
1 1
(C) 0 y 0 (D) 0 1 0
xy x
z 0 0 z
y'
1 sin B 1
19. Let A = —sin B 1 sin B , where 0 B ñ 2z. Then
—1 —sin B 1
Summary
Determinant of a matrix A = [a„]„, is given by I a„l = a„
2
Determinant of a matrix A = is given by
‘21 ‘22
a, b, e,
Determinant of a matrix A = a2 b2 c2 is given by (expanding along R,)
bz c z C2
2
°z bz
+ C1
— b, ‘ 3 b3
Area of a triangle with vertices (x„ y,), (x 2, y2) and (x3, y3) is given by
2
3 J3 '
Minor of an element a, of the determinant of matrix A is the
determinant obtained by deleting i* row and J column and denoted by
M.
Cofactor of a, of given by A = (— I)'*I M
Value of determinant of a matrix A is obtained by sum of product of
elements of a row (or a column) with corresponding cofactors. For
example,
AJ = a„ A„ + a,2 A, 2 + a„ A„.
If elements of one row (or column) are multiplied with cofactors of
elements of any other row (or column), then their sum is zero. For
example, a„ @, + a,2 @ 2 + a', @, = 0
11 ‘12 ‘13 A}} A zi A3
If A = O21 • 2 ‘23 then adj A = A› All A32 , where A is
‘31 ‘32 ‘33 A3 A 23 A33
cofactor of a;
A (adj A) = (adj A) A = I A I I, where A is square matrix of order n.
A square matrix A is said to be singular or non-singular according as
I A I = 0 or I A1 4 0.
If AB = BA = I, where B is square matrix, then B is called inverse of
A. Also A = B or B = A and hence (A ’) = A.
A square matrix A has inverse if and only ifA is non-singular.
A*' adj A)
' AJ(
If a, x + b, y + c, z = d,
+ f›z I + cz ' dz
a 3 x + f›3 y + c3 z = d3,
then these equations can be written as A X = B,
where a, b, c, x d,
A' °z bz *z 9 X- Rd B= dz
b3 3 d3
146 MATHEMATICS
Historical Note
The Chinese method of representing the coefficients of the unknowns
of several linear equations by using rods on a calculating board naturally
led to the discovery of simple method of elimination. The arrangement of rods
was precisely that of the numbers in a determinant. The Chinese, therefore,
early developed the idea of subtracting columns and rows as in
simplification of a determinant Mikami, China, pp 30, 93.
Seki Kowa, the greatest of the Japanese Mathematicians of seventeenth
century in his work ’Kai Fukudai no Ho’ in 1683 showed that he had the
idea of determinants and of their expansion. But he used this device only in
eliminating a quantity from two equations and not directly in the solution of a
set of simultaneous linear equations. T. Hayashi, “The Fakudoi and
Determinants in Japanese Mathematics,” in the proc. of the Tokyo Math.
Soc., V.
Vendermonde was the first to recognise determinants as independent
functions. He may be called the formal founder. Laplace (1772), gave
general method of expanding a determinant in terms of its complementary
minors. In 1773 Lagrange treated determinants of the second and third
orders and used them for purpose other than the solution of equations. In
1801, Gauss used determinants in his theory of numbers.
The next great contributor was Jacques - Philippe - Marie Binet, (1812)
who stated the theorem relating to the product of two matrices of m-
columns and n- rows, which for the special case of m = n reduces to the
multiplication theorem.
Also on the same day, Cauchy (1812) presented one on the same
subject. He used the word ‘determinant’ in its present sense. He gave the proof
of multiplication theorem more satisfactory than Binet’s.
The greatest contributor to the theory was Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi,
after this the word determinant received its final acceptance.