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Actions or Loads On Bridges

For a 35m simple span bridge with 10m carriageway width, the LM1 loading requirements are: - The loaded length is 17m - Two lanes are considered as the notional lanes - Two tandem axle groups each of 225kN are placed in each lane at 7.2m spacing between the groups - The total load is 2 x (2 x 225kN) = 900kN

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Penelope Malilwe
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63 views65 pages

Actions or Loads On Bridges

For a 35m simple span bridge with 10m carriageway width, the LM1 loading requirements are: - The loaded length is 17m - Two lanes are considered as the notional lanes - Two tandem axle groups each of 225kN are placed in each lane at 7.2m spacing between the groups - The total load is 2 x (2 x 225kN) = 900kN

Uploaded by

Penelope Malilwe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mulungushi University

School of Science, Engineering and Technology


Department of Engineering

CIE 582 – BRIDGE ENGINEERING


(Pre-requisite – CIE 401-Structural Analysis, CIE 511-Reinforced
Concrete Design, CIE 552-Structural Steel Design)
FIFTH Year 2nd Semester– Civil Engineering

Lecturer: Michael M. Kopulande


BEng (Civil), MSc Eng. (Struct), MSc. (Infra. & Mgt), MEIZ, R.Eng.
ACTIONS OR LOADS ON
BRIDGES
• SUGGESTED READING

• BS EN 1990: Basis of Structural Design


• National Annex to BS EN 1990 -
• Guide to the use of EN 1990
• BS EN 1991-2:2003 Eurocode 1 - Part 2: Actions on
structures.
• Traffic loads on bridges
• NA to BS EN 1991-2:2003 (National Annex)
• Any book on ‘Influence line diagram’
INTRODUCTION TO
EUROCODES
• Symbols and terms of reference
• Uncertainty in modelling-
• Representative and Design values
• Design Situations
• Limit State requirements (SLS & ULS) – list
examples!
• Classification of actions
• a) variation in time:
• — permanent actions (G), e.g. self-weight of structures, fixed
• equipment and road surfacings
• — variable actions (Q), e.g. imposed loads, wind loads or snow
• — accidental actions (A), e.g. explosions or impact from vehicles
• b) spatial variation:
• — fixed actions, e.g. self-weight;
• — free actions, e.g. movable imposed loads, wind loads, snow
• c) nature and/or the structural response:
• — static actions, which do not cause significant acceleration of the
structure or structural member;
• — dynamic actions, which cause significant acceleration of the
structure or structural member (inertia loads)
DESIGN WORKING LIFE

• The design working life is the assumed period for


which a structure is to be used for its intended
purpose with anticipated maintenance but without
major repair being necessary.
SYMBOLS (EC 1-1)
• G = permanent actions
• Q = variable actions
• A = accidental actions
• AE = Seismic actions
• E = effect of actions
• X = material property
• 𝛂 = geometric property
• R = resistance of member / structure
COMBINATION OF ACTIONS
SLS
TERMS AND SYMBOLS
(EC 1-1)
• frequent value of a variable action [𝛹1Qk]
• the value determined such that:
• - the total time, within a chosen period of time, during which it is exceeded for a
• specified part, or
• - the frequency with which it is exceeded, is limited to a given value
• quasi-permanent value of a variable action [𝛹2Qk;]
• the value determined such that the total time, within a chosen period of time, during
which it is exceeded is a considerable part of the chosen period of time
• Qk Characteristic value of a single variable action
• Qk1 Characteristic value of the variable action
OTHER TERMINOLOGIES

• STRENGTH VS RESISTANCE
• Strength is a material/section property usually given in
units of stress
• Resistance the maximum load-carrying resistance of a
structure or structural part (member / structure)
DOMINANT AND NON-
DOMINANT VARIABLE
ACTIONS
• Eurocode uses the concept of dominant (leading) and non-
dominant (accompanying) variable for combining different
variable actions for design
• All variable actions other than the dominant variable are
non-dominant variable actions –
• dominant = governing or controlling (exerting influence)
• If unsure, have to try different possibilities to obtain most
unfavourable effects (critical design situations)
• Example: traffic loads + wind + snow combination?
Modelling random uncertainty
(strength)
• Compressive Strength = 40 N/mm2 (Deterministic)
Say 100 samples were tested
Representative values, actions
DESIGN VALUES
LIMIT STATES
RESILIENCE

• Three words describe


• structural resiliency:
• -robustness
• -redundancy
• -recovery
• The ability of the structure to absorb disastrous impacts
with timely returns to normal function/condition
ROBUSTNESS (EN 1991-1-7)

• "Robustness is the ability of a structure to


withstand events like fire, explosions, impact or
the consequences of human error, without being
damaged to an extent disproportionate to the
original cause."
ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES
Combination of actions ULS
Serviceability Limit States (SLS)
Representative value, actions
INFLUENCE LINE DIAGRAM

• Influence line (statics) = is a graph illustrating the variation of


an action (reaction, moment, shear, deflection etc) when a unit load
moves on the static system
• Influence lines provide a systematic procedure to determine
variation of the load effects at a given point/section in the
structure when applied load moves
• Influence lines are useful visual aid to determine the distribution
of the primary traffic loads to give maximum responses
• Can be used to calculate the values of the stress resultants
• Generally used by Bridge Engineers in a qualitative manner to
locate critical regions for loading
Construction of ILD

• Influence lines can be constructed for:


• Support Reactions
• Bending moments
• Shear Forces
• Deflections etc
HIGHWAY TRAFFIC LOADS

• Carriageway and notional lanes


• Vertical traffic actions
• Horizontal traffic actions
• Group of traffic actions
Carriageway width

• Carriageway width w is the width between raised


kerbs or vehicle restraint systems
• For removable central reserve, carriageway width
w is the total width, including central reservation
• For permanent central reserve, each part of the
carriageway should be separately divided into
notional lanes.
What is the carriageway width?
What is the carriageway width?
NOTIONAL LANES
(NOT TRAFFIC LANES)

• Carriageway width is the width between raised kerbs or


vehicle restraint systems.
• Notional lanes are arbitrary traffic lanes for design
purposes
No. Of Notional lanes

• Example 1: 11 m wide slab bridge; 0.5m wide edge


stiffening on each side.
• Notional Lanes =?
No. Of Notional lanes
No. Of Notional lanes

• Example 2: 11 m wide slab bridge; 0.5m wide with


edge stiffening on each side.
• Removable central reserve; No. Notional Lanes =?
No. Of Notional lanes
No. Of Notional lanes

• Example 3: 13 m wide slab bridge; 0.5m wide edge


stiffening on each side. 1m Permanent central
reserve; No. of Notional Lanes =?
Location and numbering of the lanes
for design - Useful notes
• Lane nos. are interchangeable, i.e. location is not related to their
numbering
• A lane no. should appear only once.
• For each individual verification (e.g. ULS), the most adverse effects
should be chosen
• Separate lane numbering for each carriageway, for two separate
parts on two independent decks.
• If two decks supported on same piers, one numbering for the
two parts for substructure design
No. of Notional lanes

• Example 4: 5m wide deck (existing) with a 6m wide


deck extension. Both on different substructures.
No. Of Notional lanes

• Example 4: 5m wide deck (existing) with a 6m wide


deck extension. Both on same substructures.
Vertical Traffic Actions
• Four Load Models (LM) are defined in EN1991-2.
• Two more predominant are LM1 and LM2,
• which represent the normal traffic loads for bridges
• LM3 refers to special vehicle
• LM4 is a crowd loading model

• Representation of actions: The load models defined in this section do


not describe actual loads. They have been selected and calibrated so
that their effects (with dynamic amplification included where indicated)
represent the effects of the actual traffic
Load Model 1 (EC 1-3, §4.3.2)
Application of LM1
Application of tandem systems
for local verifications
Load Model 1
Example 2

• Determine LM1 values for the following


• loaded lengths.
• 17m
• 50m
• 149m
• The above are regardless the length of the span
Load Model 2 (single axle) (EC 1-
3, §4.3.3)
Dispersal of concentrated loads
((EC 1-3, §4.3.3))
Example 3

• Determine LM1 loading requirements for a simple


span of 35m. Assume carriageway width of 10m.

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