STS - PPT 7

Biodiversity and
Health Society
DARRYL G. BAYONA
Biodiversity
• “Biological diversity”
• “The measure of the
number of species on
the planet or in a specified
area (Clarke, 2013).
• “The variation of living things making the world
beautiful and exciting place to live (Cunningham &
Cunningham, 2013).
• A sum total of all different species of animals,
DARRYL G. BAYONA
plants, fungi, and microbial organisms living on

earth and the variety of habitats in which they live.
Biodiversity at Different Levels
• Genetic Diversity
▫ Genetic differences within a single population and
among geographically separate populations
• Species Diversity
▫ All different species or kinds of organisms on our
planet
• Ecosystem Diversity
▫ The variety of interactions within and among
Earth’s different ecosystems
DARRYL G. BAYONA
Species by the Numbers
• According to Census of Marine Life:
▫ 8.7 million total number of estimated species on Earth
 6.5 million species on land
 2.2 million species in oceans
• Approximately 1.2 million – 1.6 million species have
been identified:
▫ 950,000 species of insects
▫ 270,000 species of plants
▫ 19,000 species of fish
▫ 9,000 species of birds
▫ 4,000 species of mammals
• There are still millions yet to be classified and
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named (National Geographic Society).

• Insect and other vertebrates make up more than half
of the known species.
DARRYL G. BAYONA
https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/ecologically-megadiverse-countries-of-the-world.html
Philippines – Megadiverse Country
Philippines – Megadiverse Country
• Contains two-thirds of the earth’s biodiversity
and between 70% and 80% of the world’s plant
and animal species.
• Ranks fifth (5th) in the number of plant species
and maintains 5% of the world’s flora.
• More than 9,250 vernacular plants (33% of
which are endemic).
• There are 612 species of birds of which, 194 are
endemic.
DARRYL G. BAYONA
• 111 amphibian species and 270 reptile species

live here.
Importance of Biodiversity
• Biodiversity boosts ecosystem productivity
where each species, no matter how small, all
have an important role to play.
▫ A larger number of plant species means a greater
variety of crops
▫ Greater species diversity ensures natural
sustainability for all life forms
▫ Healthy ecosystems can better withstand and
recover from a variety of disasters
DARRYL G. BAYONA
Importance of Biodiversity
• A healthy biodiversity provides a number of
natural services for everyone:
Ecosystem services, such as: Biological resources, such as:
*Protection of water resources *Food
*Soil formation and protection *Medicinal resources and pharmaceutical
*Nutrient storage and recycling drugs
*Pollution breakdown and *Wood products
absorption *Ornamental plants
*Contribution to climate stability *Breeding stocks, population reservoirs
*Maintenance of ecosystem *Future resources
*Recovery from unpredictable *Diversity in genes, species and ecosystems
events
Social benefits, such as:
DARRYL G. BAYONA
*Research, education and monitoring

*Recreation and tourism
*Cultural values
DARRYL G. BAYONA
DARRYL G. BAYONA
GMO
• Or genetically modified organism, is a plant,
animal, microorganism or other organism whose
genetic makeup has been modified in a
laboratory using genetic engineering or transgenic
technology.
• This creates combinations of plant, animal, bacterial
and virus genes that do not occur in nature or
through traditional crossbreeding.
DARRYL G. BAYONA
GMO’s Impact to Biodiversity
• An insect resistant GM crop could have direct toxic
effect on non-target species.
• A GM crop could have an indirect effect to other
species by reducing the source of food for other
wildlife such as birds.
• Pest resurgence could be resulted from insects
which become resistant to chemicals when used on
pest tolerant GM crops repeatedly and may increase
the number of insect pest.
• Creating an imbalance in nature by changing the
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predatory/prey ratio.
Gene Therapy
• Involves altering the genes inside your body’s
cells in an effort to treat or stop disease.
• Replaces a faulty gene or adds a new gene in
an attempt to cure disease or improve your body’s
ability to fight disease.
• It holds promise for treating a wide range of
diseases, such as cancer, cystic fibrosis, heart
disease, diabetes, hemophilia, and AIDS.
DARRYL G. BAYONA
Gene Therapy: How It Works?
DARRYL G. BAYONA
Types of Gene Therapy
• Somatic Gene Therapy
▫ Transfer of a section of DNA to any cell of the body
that doesn’t produce sperm or eggs.
▫ Effects of gene therapy will not be passed onto the
patient’s children.
• Germline Gene Therapy
▫ Transfer of a section of DNA to cells that produce eggs
or sperm.
▫ Effects of gene therapy will be passed onto the
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patient’s children and subsequent generations.

Gene Therapy Techniques
DARRYL G. BAYONA
Problems with Gene Therapy
• Short Lived
▫ Hard to rapidly integrate therapeutic DNA into genome and
rapidly dividing of cells prevent gene therapy from long time
▫ Would have multiple rounds
• Immune Response
▫ New things introduced leads to immune response
▫ Increased response when a repeat offender enters
• Viral Vector
▫ Patient could have toxic, immune, inflammatory response
▫ Also may cause disease once inside
• Multigene Disorders
▫ Heart disease, high blood pressure, Alzheimer’s, arthritis and
DARRYL G. BAYONA
diabetes are hard to treat because you need to introduce more

than one gene
▫ May induce a tumor if integrated in a tumor suppressor gene
because of insertional mutagenesis
Nanotechnology
• A field of research and innovation concerned with
building ‘things’ – generally, materials and devices – on
the scale of atoms and molecules.
• It involves characterization, design, and production of
structures, devices, and systems with unique properties by
fine tuning the physical, chemical, mechanical, and optical
properties of materials at the nanoscale (Department of
Science and Technology, 2015).
▫ A nanometer is one-billionth of a meter: ten times the
diameter of a hydrogen atom.
DARRYL G. BAYONA
▫ It was first defined by Norio Taniguchi, a professor of Tokyo

Science University.
Nanotechnology of the Past
DARRYL G. BAYONA
What Can Nanotechnology Do?
DARRYL G. BAYONA
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128135860000043
What Can Nanotechnology Do?
• Nanotechnology is hailed as having the potential
to:
▫ Increase the efficiency of energy consumption
▫ Help clean the environment
▫ Solve major health problems
▫ Massively increase manufacturing production at
significantly reduced costs
• Other examples of current nanotechnology:
DARRYL G. BAYONA
https://www.science.org.au/curious/nanoscience
https://www.un.org/en/observances/biological-diversity-day

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Biodiversity and

plants, fungi, and microbial organisms living on

named (National Geographic Society).

• 111 amphibian species and 270 reptile species

*Research, education and monitoring

patient’s children and subsequent generations.

diabetes are hard to treat because you need to introduce more

▫ It was first defined by Norio Taniguchi, a professor of Tokyo

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