T : R2  R2

1. Reflection:

2 2
a. Reflection with respect to x -axis:T : R  R

T ( x , y )=( x ,− y )
y
(x , y)
x
( x ,− y )

T
([ xy ])=(10−10 )( xy)
Example: The reflection of the triangle with vertices (−1,4 ) , ( 3,1 ) ,(2,6) in the x -axis.

T (−1 , 4 ) =(−1 ,−4 ) , T ( 3,1 )=( 3 ,−1 ) , T ( 2,6 )=(2 ,−6)

Plot is given below:

(2,6)

(−1,4)
(3,1)

(−1 ,−4)

(2 ,−6)

b. Reflection with respect to y -axis: T :

T ( x , y )=(−x , y )
y
(−x , y) (x , y)

T
([ xy ])=(−xy)=(−1001)( xy )
Example: The reflection of the triangle with vertices ( 1,3 ) , (5,4 ) ,(3,8) in the y -axis.

T ( x , y )=(−x , y )

T ( 1 ,3 )=(−1 , 3 ) ,T ( 5 , 4 )=¿, T ( 3 , 8 )=(−3,8)

Plot is given below:

y
(−3,8) (3,8)

(5,4)
(−5,4)
(−1,3) (1,3)
x

c. Reflection with respect to the straight line y=x

T ( x , y )= ( y , x )

Plot is given below:

(1,6) y=x
y
y ( 4,5)
y=x

(1,3) . (5,4)
. (3,1) (−1,2)
(6,1)
x x

(2 ,−1)

d. Reflection with respect to the straight line y=−x

T ( x , y )=(− y ,−x )
Plot is given below:
y (2,6)
(−1,4)

(−4,1) (3,1)

(−6 ,−2)
(−1 ,−3)

2. Expansion and contraction in ℝ2

a. Horizontal contraction or expansion:

T ( x , y )=( kx , y )

T
([ xy ])=[ k0 01][ xy ]=(kxy ) k > 1 then expansion
K < 1 then contraction

(kx , y) (x , y)
(x , y)
(kx , y)

Contraction graph for k < 1 Expansion graph for k > 1

b. Vertical contraction and expansion:

T ( x , y )=( x ,ky )

T
([ xy ])=[ 10 0k ][ xy ]=(kyx )
(x , y) y ( x , ky)
y

( x , ky)

x (x , y)
Contraction graph for k < 1
Expansion graph for k > 1 x
 3. Shears in ℝ2

a. A horizontal shear represented by

T ( x , y )=( x +ky , y ) k<0

( x +ky , y)
T
([ xy ])=[ 10 k1]( xy )=( x+yky ) y (x , y)
( x +ky , y)

k>0
x

b. A vertical shear represented by

T ( x , y )=( x , y + kx ) ( x , y + kx) ,k>0

y

x = 1 0 x (x , y)
T
([ ]) [ ]( )
y k 1 y
( x , y + kx) ,k<0

c. Shearing together horizontal and vertical

T ( x , y )=( a1 x +b 1 y ,a 2 x +b2 y )

x = a 1 b1 x
T
([ ]) (
y a 2 b2 y )( )

4. Rotation:T :

x ' =x cos θ−¿ y sin θ ¿

y '=x sin θ+¿ y cos θ ¿

T ( x , y )=¿

T
([ xy ])=(cos θ −sin θ x
sin θ cos θ )( y )
= AX
If θ=0 ° , A= (10 01) No Rotation

√3 −1
If θ=30° , A= 1
2

2
( ) 2
√3
2
√ 3 −1
(
= ½ 1 √3 )
1 −1
√2
If θ=45 ° , A= 1
√2
( ) √2
1
√2
=
1 1 −1
√2 1 1 ( )
1 −√ 3
2
If θ=60 ° , A= √ 3
2
( ) 2
1
2

If θ=90 ° , A= 1 ( 0 −10 )
Example 1: A triangle with vertices (0,0), (1,0) and (1,1) rotates with 90° . Then,

T (x , y) = (01 −1
0 )( xy )
T ( 0,0 ) = (01 −1
0 )(00 )=[ 00 ]=( 0,0)
0
T ( 1,0 ) = (
1
−1
0 )(10 )=[ 01]=( 0,1)
0
T ( 1,1 ) = (
1
−1
0 )(11)=[−11 ]=(−1 ,1 )
y
(0,1) (1,1) x

(−1,1)x

x
(0,0) x (1,0)x

Example 2: A triangle with vertices (1,2), (5,3) and (3,6) rotates with (i) 45° , (ii) 60 ° , (iii) 90
° , (iv) 120° , (v) 180° , (vi) 30° .

For (i): θ=45 °

T (x , y) = (cos
sinθ
θ −sin θ x
cos θ y)( )
 1 1
T (x , y) =
√2 1 ( −1
1 )( xy )
1 1
T ( 1,2 ) =
√2 1( −1
1 )(12)= √12 (−13 )=( −1
√2
,
3
√2)
=(−0.71,2 .12)
1 1
T ( 5,3 ) =
√2 1( −1
1 )(53)= √12 ( 28)=( 1.4 , 5.7 )
1 1
T (3,6) =
√2 1 ( −1
1 )(36)= √12 (−39)=( 2.12 , 6.4 )
y
C'
B'
C (3,6)

A' B(5,3)
A(1,2)
x

( x , y , z) z ( x' , y' , z ' )

5. Rotation in ℝ3

a. Rotation about z−¿ axis:

z ' =z θ y
x ' =x cos θ – ysin θ x
y ' = y sin θ+ ycos θ
cos θ −sin θ 0 x
T (x, y , z )= ( x ' , y' ,
[
z ' )= sinθ cos θ 0 y
0 0 1 z ][ ]
z
b. Rotation about x−¿axis:
x ' =x
y '= ycos θ −zsin θ
z ' = y sinθ + zcos θ
1 0 0 x y
[
T ( x , y , z )=( x ' , y ' , z ' )= 0 cos θ −sin θ y
0 sin θ cos θ z ][ ] x

c. Rotation about y−¿ axis:

y'= y z
z ' =zcosθ−xsinθ
x ' =zsinθ+ xcosθ
 cos θ 0 sin θ x
T(x, y , z )= ( x ' , y' , z ' )= 0
[ 1 0 y
−sinθ 0 cos θ z ][ ] x
y

z v5
v8
v6
v7

v4
v2 v1
y
v3
x

d. Rectangular prism with following vertices rotates about z−¿axis:

V1( 0 , 0, 0 ) , V2( 1 , 0, 0)
V3( 1 , 2, 0 ) , V4( 0 , 2, 0)
V5( 0 , 0, 3 ) , V6( 1 , 0, 3)
V7( 1 , 2, 3 ) , V8( 0 , 2, 3)

Rotation about z−¿axis with θ=90 °

x' cos 90 ° −sin 90 ° 0 x

[][
y
z
'

'
= sin 90° cos 90 ° 0 y
0 0 1 z ][ ]
x' 0 −1 0 0
V 1' :
[][ ][ ]
y ' = 1 0 0 0 =( 0 , 0 , 0 )
z' 0 0 1 0

0 −1 0 1 0
V 2 ':
[ ][ ] [ ]
T ( 1 , 0 , 0 ) = 1 0 0 0 = 1 =( 0 , 1 , 0 )
0 0 1 0 0

0 −1 0 1 −2
V 3 ':
[ ][ ] [ ]
T ( 1 , 2 , 0 )= 1 0 0 2 = 1 =(−2 , 1 , 0 )
0 0 1 0 0
 0 −1 0 0 −2
V 4 ':
[ ][ ] [ ]
T ( 0 , 2 , 0 )= 1 0 0 2 = 0 =(−2 , 0 , 0 )
0 0 1 0 0

0 −1 0 0 0
V 5 ':
[ ][ ] [ ]
T ( 0 , 0 , 3 )= 1 0 0 0 = 0 =( 0 , 0 , 3 )
0 0 1 3 3

0 −1 0 1 0
V 6 ':
[ ][ ] [ ]
T ( 1 , 0 , 3 )= 1 0 0 0 = 1 =( 0 , 1 , 3 )
0 0 1 3 3

0 −1 0 1 −2
V 7 ':
[ ][ ] [ ]
T ( 1 , 2 , 3 )= 1 0 0 2 = 1 =(−2 , 1 , 3 )
0 0 1 3 3

0 −1 0 0 −2
V 8 ':
[ ][ ] [ ]
T ( 0 , 2 , 3 ) = 1 0 0 2 = 0 =(−2 , 0 , 3 )
0 0 1 3 3

z v'8

' v'7
y' v 5

v'6
x'
v'4

v'3
v1 '
v'2

x y

e. Rotation about z−¿axis with θ=60 °

 1 −√ 3

[ ][ ]
0
2 2 x
T (x, y , z )= √ 3 1 y
0
2 2 z
0 0 1

V 1 ' ¿ ( 0 , 0 , 0 ), V 2 ' ¿ ( 0.5 , 0.87 , 0 ), V 3 ' ¿ (−1.23 , 1.87 , 0 ) ,

V 4 ' ¿ (−1.73 , 1 , 0 ), V 5 ' ¿ ( 0 , 0 , 3 ), V 6 ' ¿ ( 0.5 , 0.87 , 3 ) ,

V 7 ' ¿ (−1.23 , 1.87 , 3 ), V 8 '= (1.73 , 1 , 3 )

z
v8 '
v5 '
v7 ' x'
y' v6 '

v4 '
v3 '
v1 '
v2'
x y

Exercise: θ=45 ° = ?

6. Cryptography

Suppose we want to send the following message to our friend:

MEET TOMORROW

For security we first code the alphabet as follows:

A B C ……………………………………. Z
1 2 3 ……………………………………. 26

M E E T T O M O R R O W
 13 5 5 20 20 15 13 15 18 18 15 23

The Sequence:

13 5 5 20 20 15 13 15 18 18 15 23

is the original code message. To encrypt the original code message we can apply the linear
transformation to original code message.

T : R3  R3 , T ( x)  Ax

1 2 3
(
Where, A= 1 1 2
0 1 2 )
Now, we break the original message in 4(four) vectors:

13 20 13 18

[ ][ ] [ ] [ ]
5 20 15 15
5 15 18 23

13 1 2 3 13 38

([ ])
5 ( )( ) ( )
T 5 =T ( 13 , 5 , 5 )= 1 1 2 5 = 28
0 1 2 5 15

20 1 2 3 20 105

([ ])
15 ( )( ) ( )
T 20 =T ( 20 , 20 , 15 ) = 1 1 2 20 = 70
0 1 2 15 50

13 1 2 3 13 97

([ ])
18
(
( )( ) ( )
T 15 =T 13 , 15 , 18 = 1 1 2 15 = 64
)
0 1 2 18 51

18 1 2 3 18 117

([ ])
23 ( )( ) ( )
T 15 =T ( 18 , 15 , 23 )= 1 1 2 15 = 79
0 1 2 23 61

Then we can send the encrypted message code as:

38 28 15 105 70 50 97 64 51 117 79 61

Again: Our friends want to encode the encrypted message code. He can find the inverse matrix of
“A” first.
 0
1 −1
(
i.e. A−1= 2 −2 −1
−1 1 1 )
Then,
38 0 1 −1 38 13

[ ][
A−1= 28 = 2
15 −1
105 0
−2
1
1
][ ] [ ]
−1 28
1 15
=

−1 105
5
5
20
−1

[90 ][
A = 70 = 2
−1
−2
1 ][ ] [ ]
−1 70 = 20
1 90 15

97 0 1 −1 97 13

[
51 ][
A−1= 64 = 2 −2 −1 64 = 15
−1 1 1 51 18 ][ ] [ ]
117 0 1 −1 117 18

[61 ][
A−1= 79 = 2 −2 −1 79 = 15
−1 1 1 61 23 ][ ] [ ]
Original message:
13 5 5 20 20 15 13 15 18 18 15 23
M E E T T O M O R R O W

Exercise: We receive the message code from my friend as follows:

77 54 38 71 49 29 68 51 33 76 48 40 86 53 52
Original message: “PHOTOGRAPH PLANS”

Exercise: Find the message code for the message: “WE LOVE AIUB” and find original message
from message code.

Exercise: “GOOD STUDENTS”

Exercise: “STUDENTS LOVE THEIR TEACHERS”

Exercise: “WE LOVE OUR STUDENTS”