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3. WUHAN LABORATORIES, BAT RESEARCH AND BIOSAFETY

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 3. WUHAN LABORATORIES, BAT RESEARCH AND BIOSAFETY

Figure 1: Laboratories in Wuhan. Source: Adapted by Rodolphe deMaistre (personal correspondence)

William Bostickson and Yvette Ghannam (2021)

This is the third part of a series of reports based on our previously unpublished
investigations into the origins of SARS-COV-2. We wish to thank all of the independent
researchers who have contributed to this investigation, especially members of the DRASTIC
Collective, many of whom wish to remain anonymous for reasons of security and privacy.

1
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

1. LABORATORIES IN WUHAN INVOLVED IN BAT RESEARCH

2. WUHAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF MODEL ANIMAL (ABSL3)

3. BIOSAFETY ISSUES AT WUHAN UNIVERSITY LABORATORIES

4. BAT RESEARCH AT WUHAN UNIVERSITY

5. WUHAN INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS

6. WHCDC BSL 2 PATHOGEN LABORATORY

7. BAT RESEARCH AT WHCDC

8. WHCDC INVOLVEMENT IN THE VIRAL PATHOGEN STATE PROJECT

9. OTHER BIOSAFETY ISSUES AT THE WHCDC BSL 2 LABORATORY

10. WIV BSL2, BSL3 AND BSL4 LABORATORIES

11. DESCRIPTION AND LAYOUT OF THE WIV BSL4 LABORATORY

12. WUHAN INSTITUTE OF VIROLOGY BSL3 LABORATORIES

13. WUHAN INSTITUTE OF VIROLOGY ANIMAL CENTER

14. LIVE BATS AT THE WUHAN INSTITUTE OF VIROLOGY

15. BAT CORONAVIRUS RESEARCH AT WIV

16. BIOSAFETY - CORONAVIRUS RESEARCH AT WIV – WHAT BSL LEVEL

17. BAT RESEARCH AT WIV IN COLLABORATION WITH ECOHEALTH

18. POSSIBLE INFECTION OF A WIV BAT RESEARCHER

19. OTHER BISOAFETY ISSUES INVOLVING WIV LABORATORIES

20. CONCLUSION

21. REFERENCE LIST

APPENDIX 1: WUHAN INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS ANALYSIS

APPENDIX 2: WIV ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT REPORT

2
 INTRODUCTION

This third report will review in some detail those Laboratories in Wuhan which are

known to have carried out bat coronavirus research and/or undertaken bat sampling

expeditions and tissue collection. These bat sampling activities and bat coronavirus

experiments will be delineated in some detail and the use of proper PPE on such expeditions

will be analysed. Finally, a range of biosafety issues involving these laboratories will be

discussed. The report concludes that at least three laboratories at WIV, WHCDC and Wuhan

University, were actively involved in studies of bat coronaviruses and/or bat sampling

activities without the use of proper PPE in the years leading up to the Covid-19 Pandemic.

These three laboratories are thus considered potential sources for accidental leaks whether

within the laboratory or during field sampling expeditions (Goffinet, 2020, Colaiacovo,

2020a). The authors recommend a thorough and independent investigation of the records of

these three laboratories, including but not limited to:

• Employee health records

• Blood samples taken from employees in 2019

• Genetic sequences of bat betacoronaviruses contained in their databases

• Tissue samples taken from bats in the field

• Storage records of the bat tissue samples

• Laboratory safety incident reports

• PCR oligonucleotide purchase records

• Records of their involvement with Chinese State Projects for novel pathogen research

• Laboratory notebooks and records of experiments

• Results of official laboratory safety inspections

3
 1. LABORATORIES IN WUHAN INVOLVED IN BAT RESEARCH

As far as we are aware, experiments involving bat betacoronaviruses were carried out at

only a few laboratories in Wuhan. This report will examine them one by one, focusing on the

laboratories themselves, any bat research undertaken by their researchers, and documented

evidence of biosafety issues.

1. The Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV) BSL 2, BSL3 Laboratories, possibly BSL 4.

2. A WHCDC laboratory, although most WHCDC bat coronavirus work was carried out

in Beijing, according to Edward Holmes, a close collaborator with WHCDC.

3. Possibly at WIBP BSL3 (Wuhan Institute of Biological Products) during vaccine

research, involving shared use of WIV’s ABSL3 Laboratory.

4. Possibly at Wuhan University’s “Institute of Model Animal” ABSL3

Figure 1. WUHAN UNIVERSITY IMA ABSL3 and Other Laboratories in Wuhan.

Source: Adapted by Rodolphe deMaistre (personal correspondence)

4
 2. WUHAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF MODEL ANIMAL (ABSL3)

One laboratory in Wuhan that should be a focus of any investigation is the

ABSL3 Laboratory belonging to Wuhan University, located at their Institute of Model

Animal Research Centre (Wuhan University, 2016). In fact, the Model Animal Research

Institute, the Animal Experiment Centre and the ABSL3 Laboratory are all located inside

Wuhan University’s Zhongnan Hospital on the edge of East Lake (Qiyue et al., 2016).

“The IMA consists of more than 100 members at present, including professors, post-

doctoral researchers, technicians and students. It is equipped with platforms of genetic

engineering, model animal generation, molecule biology, pathology, cells and high-

throughput sequencing, and an animal genetic engineering platform with more than

1500 kinds of genetically engineered animals, such as mice, rats, rabbits, monkeys, etc.”

“Additionally, the IMA could expand research to more than 100 monkeys simultaneously,

which makes it one of the most distinctive platforms of research on primate animals. In

the past ten years, the research team has provided animal related services to over 600

scientists in over 500 laboratories” (Wuhan University, 2016)

Figure 2: Wuhan University, Institute of Model Animal (IMA). Qiyue et al. (2016).

5
 Over the past decade, this Institute has supplied over a million experimental lab

animals, such as rats, mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs, pigs and monkeys for experiments

carried out at Wuhan University as well as supplying 20,000 model animal services 1,000

laboratories in China (QQ, 2020). Some of their work is illustrated in Figure 2 above (Qiyue

et al., 2016) and Figure Set 3 below (IMA, 2021; QQ, 2020).

In 2003, the ABSL3 Laboratory conducted the first experiment "Human monkey

anti-SARS virus inactivated vaccine” and was awarded the “Highly Pathogenic

Microorganism Laboratory Qualification Certificate” by the Ministry of Health in 2007,

conducting joint research with the US Aeras Global Tuberculosis Vaccine Foundation. It

was certified by International AAALAC in 2009 (IMA, 2021).

From 2005-2019, the 500sqm Wuhan University ABSL-3 lab carried out AIDS,

TB, SARS & other experiments on more than 1,300 monkeys, including with SARS

inactivated vaccines for in vivo experiments on 18 experimental monkeys, as discussed

in “Evaluation of Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of SARS-CoV Infection in Rhesus

Macaques Immunized with an Inactivated SARS-CoV Vaccine” (Luo et al., 2018). It is

likely that IMA supplied lab animals, especially monkeys, to WIV laboratories during

the directorship of Professor Hongliang Li of the Animal Research Centre of Wuhan

University School of Medicine (QQ, 2020).

In order to ensure safety even in the event of force majeure, the A3 laboratory of

Wuhan University is 16 meters high, but the foundation is 12 meters deep underground,

which can withstand a magnitude six earthquake (China News Network, 2019).

In fact, the Chinese National Health Commission designated WU ABSL-3 as

China’s lab for implementation of the International Convention on Prohibition of

Development, Production, Storage of Bacterial (Biological) & Viral Weapons &

Destruction of Such Weapons (Chansoria, 2020).

6
Figure Set 3. Facilities and Platforms at Wuhan University IMA ABSL3
Laboratory. Source (IMA, 2021; QQ, 2020).

7
 3. BIOSAFETY ISSUES AT WUHAN UNIVERSITY LABORATORIES

On the 14th of October 2019, The Wuhan University Laboratory & Equipment

Management Office issued a notice on “further strengthening laboratory safety management

during the Military Games" which ordered all University laboratories to undertake

“comprehensive investigation and elimination of hidden dangers” in order to ensure the

“smooth convening of the 7th World Military Games” (Wuhan University, 2019).

This raises the question of Laboratory biosafety at Wuhan University laboratories,

further highlighted in 2019 with an intensive inspection report of safety issues at these

labs, which revealed among other things:

“There is a lot of debris in the laboratory, The laboratory stores a lot of cartons,

which is crowded & chaotic, Experiment & living area not separated, Students are not

wearing lab coats, Safety facilities No eyewash, Chemical waste & household waste

mixed, temporary storage cabinets have simple disposal of biochemical waste & too

much temporary storage” (Lab Report Wuhan University, 2019).

This supports the possibility of a Lab leak of SARS-COV-2, either via an

experimental animal or an infected researcher at one of the Wuhan University

laboratories, for example IMA ABSL3, while experimenting or handling laboratory

animals or cell lines contaminated with novel betacoronaviruses in the fall of 2019.

In fact, student interpreters from Wuhan University played a prominent role in

welcoming “badminton athletes worldwide and over 8000 spectators each day” at the

recently built Wuhan University Zall Stadium badminton courts (west campus) during

the 7th World Military Games (Wuhan University, 2019).

8
 More specifically, biosafety issues at the IMA ABSL3 were discussed in the

Journal of Biosafety and Biosecurity by Guo et al. (2019) in their paper “Biosafety and data

quality considerations for animal experiments with highly infectious agents at ABSL-3

facilities”.

Guo et al. (2019) point out that animal experiments involving risk grade 3 agents such

as SARS CoV, HIV, M.tb, H7N9, and Brucella must be carried out in an ABSL3 Laboratory

due to the increased likelihood of infection of laboratory workers by animals.

The authors state that “there is a shortage of personnel for facility and equipment

maintenance in ABSL-3 facilities” and that “we need to take comprehensive measures to

address the AUP review, laboratory animal management, laboratory safety management,

facility and equipment management, and personnel training (Guo et al., 2019).

The authors identified the following 12 biosafety issues as cause for concern and

reiterated that “there are biohazard risks to workers and the environment when these

requirements are not met”:

1. Personal protective equipment (PPE)

PPE worn by workers in an ABSL3 Laboratory may limit their vision, reducing “tactile

sensation and accuracy” and “when the workers use needles and other sharp instruments for

procedures, they have an increased chance of injury” (Guo et al, 2019).

2. Infected animal escape

“The infectious animals may escape and cause a potential hazard to humans and the

environment when cage lids or doors are not properly locked” (Guo et al, 2019).

9
 3. Animal scratches, bites, and kicks

“Some invasive procedures can easily cause an excessive reaction from animals if they are

not well-sedated using an analgesic or anaesthetic. The workers can be scratched and bitten

by the infected animals” (Guo et al, 2019).

4. Safety issues regarding pathogenic microorganisms

“Infectious aerosols during handling of animals, changing cages, dumping bedding, etc., it is

easy to produce infectious aerosols from infected animal skins, furs, and bedding, creating a

potential hazard to workers and the environment” (Guo et al, 2019).

5. Sharp instruments injury

“Sharp instruments are often used in animal procedures, including for animal challenge, in

vivo detection, blood collection, sampling, biopsy, anaesthesia, euthanasia, and necropsy. The

workers might be injured by the contaminated sharps and exposed to pathogens” (Guo et al,

2019).

6. Infectious materials from in vivo experiments and necropsy

“During in vivo experiments and necropsy, workers may be exposed to animal infectious

materials such as blood, urine, faeces, nasopharyngeal swabs, samples containing bacteria or

viruses, body fluids, and organs of infected animals” (Guo et al, 2019).

7. Waste and carcasses of infected animals

“Waste such as animal bedding, medium containing pathogens, and carcasses of infected

animals have a high risk of exposing personnel and the environment to pathogenic micro-

organisms” (Guo et al, 2019).

10
 8. Infectious material spills and splashes

“Infectious materials will cause biosafety hazards to the personnel and environment when the

laboratory workers spill or splash them on the bench or ground” (Guo et al, 2019).

9. Infectious samples transport

“Some of the samples collected from the infected animals may be assessed within ABSL-3,

and others need to be transferred out of ABSL-3 for detection. Failure to safely transfer

samples out of ABSL-3 poses a potential hazard” (Guo et al, 2019).

10. Transporting animals between rooms within ABSL-3

“Infected animals sometimes need to be transferred from the animal room to the specific

procedure room or necropsy room within ABSL-3 for related in vivo examination or

necropsy. During the animal transport, the personnel and environment may be exposed to

pathogens” (Guo et al, 2019).

11. Safety issues from inadequate facilities and equipment

The primary barrier consists of laboratory safety equipment such as biosafety

cabinets (BSCs), animal isolators, and personal protective equipment (PPE). The workers are

protected or isolated by the primary barrier from the pathogen, infectious materials, and

infected animals (Guo et al, 2019).

12. Safe disposal of waste

All the solid and liquid waste produced from animal experiments must be decontaminated

(e.g., autoclaved) before removal from the ABSL-3 containment areas (Guo et al, 2019).

11
 4. BAT RESEARCH AT WUHAN UNIVERSITY

Regarding the question of possible work by Wuhan University researchers on bat

viruses and the field sampling of bat viruses, we know that the Wuhan University

obtained a SARS-CoV-2 live virus strain (IVCAS 6.7512) from the Wuhan Institute of

Virology in 2020 and carried out infection assays in animals in their ABSL3 Laboratory

(Yan et al., 2020), suggesting that they were experienced in this kind of work.

Graduates of the Wuhan University’s Department of Ecology carried out yearly

sampling of bats in the summer months (WEMP, 2020), for example, during a field

survey expedition from June 18 to July 16, 2019, in Yunnan and Shenzhen (WEMP,

2019):

“The joint scientific expedition team composed of the research group of

Researcher Zhang Libiao of the Guangdong Institute of Bio resources Application

and the research group of Professor Zhao Huabin of the Department of Ecology

of Wuhan University Scientific investigation of bat resources has been carried

out, and work such as habitat survey, net catching in predation area, field

behaviour experiment and sample collection has been carried out” WEMP

(2019).

It is clear from the photographs on the following page, that the research students

failed to wear proper PPE when catching and sampling bats from areas (Yunnan) where

Bat SARS- like Coronaviruses were prevalent, including the key bat species known to

harbour such viruses, Chinese rufous horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus sinicus) and

Rhinolophus Affinis. See Figure set 4.

12
13
Figure Set 4. This set of photos are for the 2019 and 2020 Bat sampling expeditions –
Source: Wuhan University (WEMP, 2019, 2020a).

14
 The field sampling survey expedition was repeated in 2020, with similar sample

collection activities as in 2019 as can be seen above in Figure Set 4:

“From May 23 to July 8, 2020, the joint scientific expedition team formed by the

Guangdong Provincial Institute of Biological Resources Application and the

Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Wuhan University tested bats in

Shaoguan City, Huizhou City, Guangdong Province, and Xishuangbanna Dai

Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province. Diversity has been scientifically

inspected; habitat surveys, netting and recording of predation areas, and sample

collection have been carried out” (WEMP, 2020a).

And

“After it got dark, the bats went out for food. The team members waited for the

bat to hit the net, removed the bat in time, put it in a cloth bag, and took it back

to the room overnight for sampling of the wing membrane, and then released the

bat” (WEMP, 2020a).

Such bat sampling trips involved collaboration between Huabin Zhao of WHU,

Zhen Liu of the Kunming Institute of Zoology, Xiuguang Mao of ECNU in Shanghai,

Peng Zhou from WIV and Libiao Zhang of GIBRA in Guangdong.

Bat Research at Wuhan University was mainly carried out at the Department of

Ecology in Professor Zhao Huabin’s Lab (WHU, 2021 and Figure 5 below) and by Jiao

Hengwu (WEMP, 2020b). Their research focused on the evolution of complex traits in

bats, bat taste genes WHU (2019), molecular evolutionary history, evolution of bat

immune systems, comparative genomics, protein engineering (Jiao et al., 2019), and also

bat field surgery (WEMP, 2019b) undertaken by Xie Huanwang (CCTV, 2019).

15
 Some idea of the kind of research undertaken at the Department of Ecology can

be gleaned from their published papers (WHU, 2021b, 2021c). Another bat researcher

who focuses on emerging infectious diseases and vector borne diseases, especially bat borne

diseases, is Hui-Ju Han (Hui-Ju Han, 2015a, 2015b). Her research output includes work on

diseases in insectivorous bats (Han et al., 2018) and novel coronaviruses in insectivorous bats

from northern China (Han et al., 2017).

Figure 5. Screenshot of Professor Zhao Huabin’s Lab (WHU, 2021).

16
 5. WUHAN INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS

Another laboratory of interest to investigators is the BSL3 Laboratory at the WIBP,

which is situated opposite WIV (see Figure 6) and includes BSL 3 Laboratories where

vaccine research is carried out (Davar, 2020; NTI, 2011). Decades ago, the WIBP was

alleged by Taiwan Intelligence to be an integral part of China’s biowarfare program in

“China’s Role in the Chemical and Biological Disarmament Regimes” (Croddy, 2002). A

detailed report on the Wuhan Institute of Biological Products is available as stand-alone

report (de Maistre et al., 2021) and as an Appendix to this paper (Appendix 1: WIBP)

The close (physical and research related) links between WIV and WIBP are

exemplified by the work of Wang Hualin from the Molecular Virology and Bioengineering

Technology Subject Group at WIV (WHIOV, 2019):

“Wuhan Institute of Virology Virus Disease Engineering Technology Research Center

and Hubei Province Virus Disease Engineering Technology Research Center Relying on

the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of

Sciences, integrates Wuhan University, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products and

Hubei Liyi Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., etc. were jointly established in

December 2003. The center mainly develops new vaccines for critical viral pathogens,

screens new antiviral drugs, develops new and efficient diagnostic reagents and

methods, and develops and optimizes the production process of viral biological agents.

At the same time, it provides support to scientific research institutions, hospitals and

enterprises at home and abroad. Provide biotechnology products and services”

(WHIOV, 2021). See Figure 6.

17
Figure Set 6. WIPP Location: Map and Key Rodolphe de Maistre (Appendix 1: WIBP).

A report on "China's Biological Warfare Programme" by India's Institute for Defence

Studies and Analysis (IDSA, 2016) refers to a Taiwan Intelligence report’s assessment of

WIBP as involved in the cultivation of Biological Warfare Agents and affiliated with China’s

military "possessing industrial production capacities" for biological warfare, when it was

located in Wuhan's Wuchang District (Shoham, 2015). In 2016 WIBP moved to its current

location next to the WIV BSL4 Complex, as can be seen in Figure set 6 above.

The Chinese State owned “Assets Supervision and Administration Commission”

(SASAC) controls a variety of facilities involved in China’s defence research and

development industry, and in turn the China National Biotech Corporation (CNBC) plays a

18
significant role under SASAC with "Institutes of Biological Products" in several cities,

including the WIBP in Wuhan (IDSA, 2016).

The China National Biotech Group (CNBG) controls vaccine production and research

and "designs, controls, and regulates" large-scale production facilities for its biological

warfare program (BWP), for "both defensive and offensive purposes” (IDSA, 2016).

Finally, the State Administration for Science, Technology, and Industry for National

Defense (SASTIND) controls the “Biological Engineering and Design Institute”, which has

been mentioned in association with WIBP in the report by India's Institute for Defence

Studies and Analysis: “China’s Biological Warfare Programme: An Integrative Study with

Special Reference to Biological Weapons Capabilities” (IDSA, 2016; Shoham, 2015). A

similar assessment was made by Verma (2020) in a more recent report.

According to the National Intelligence Council (1999), China declared the Wuhan

Institute of Biological Products to be 1 of its 8 biological warfare research facilities under the

Biological Weapons Convention which China signed up to in 1985. China stated in its

declaration to the BWC that WIBP formed part of its "national defensive biological warfare

R&D program”, listing WIBP as a “Dual Use/BW Defense Research Facility” (Verma,

2020). Croddy (2002) also named the "Wuhan Biological Products Factory" in Wuhan's

Wuchang District as an alleged PRC biological warfare research organization that focused on

"research and cultivation of various BW agents".

Although these allegations have not been confirmed in recent years, it should be noted

in passing that the vaccines developed at WIBP have been substandard on occasions, for

example 400,520 substandard doses of diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough vaccines

(DTaP) for infants in 2018, and has been accused of forgery of data in reference to 113,000

rabies vaccines. (The Lancet, 2018; CNN, 2018).

19
 Turning to Bio Safety, according to a Hazardous Waste Disposal Service-Tender

Notice at the end of 2018 (WIBP, 2018a), the following items of hazardous waste were slated

for disposal during the whole of 2019 (see Figure 7):

• 5 tons of Medical waste (Disposable gloves, masks, needles, discarded test kits, etc.)

• 28 tons of Experimental animal carcasses (small animals)

• 2 tons of expired chemicals and reagents

• 25 tons of substandard vaccines

Figure 7: Hazardous Waste Disposal Service-Tender Notice (Release time: 2018/12/12)

Service time: January 01, 2019 to December 31, 2019 (WIBP, 2018a)

20
 The destination of the animal carcasses and the method of disposal used have not yet

been clarified (WIBP, 2018a). Other rather more disturbing findings when investigating the

Tenders of WIBP in 2019 were that its sewage/drainage system was damaged and old,

potentially contaminating local canals and creeks:

“The sewage treatment station of Wuhan Institute of Biological Products has a scale

of 4,500m3/d. Since completion of the sewage station, some of the equipment and facilities

are old, and the instrumentation and control functions in the station have been damaged,

which has greatly affected the normal operation” (China Testing Network, 2019).

This was confirmed by more tenders, firstly in June 2019 which outlined the

necessary overhaul of WIBP sewage station (WIBP, 2019b):

“Supervise the sewage station overhaul project: optimize the sewage treatment station

process; repair and replace old or damaged equipment, facilities, etc.”

Then secondly, a tender in November 2019 was put out for the sewage pipe network

relocation and reconstruction, including:

“Diversion of sewage pipes in the joint vaccine construction area” (WIBP, 2019c).

Secondly, its animal house door was defective as evidenced by a tender (WIBP, 2019)

for the maintenance project of the replacement gate of its animal room in October 2019:

“The main door of the clean animal building and SPF animal building is now with large gaps

in the door, and it is easy for mice and mosquitoes to enter the room” (WIBP, 2019)

Finally, concern has been raised by independent researchers (Appendix 1: WIBP)

concerning the disposal of possible contaminated laboratory waste equipment to local

companies, evidenced by announcements of public auctions for the Disposal of Waste

Equipment, with WIBP stating that “it is not responsible for the performance and integrity of

the equipment” (WIBP, 2019e).

21
 • April 2019: Two waste packaging lines and one dilution tank are to be publicly
disposed of (WIBP, 2019d)
• November 2019: one 4T distilled water storage tank and two vacuum freeze dryers
are to be disposed of publicly (WIBP, 2019e)
• January 2020: The Company’s existing two waste freeze dryers need to be auctioned
for disposal WIBP (2020)

An overview of construction, supply, renovation and reconstruction tenders and projects

at WIBP can hopefully be seen by the curious reader using a magnifying glass in Figure 8:

Figure 8: WIBP Tenders and Contracts: Source: Rodolphe De Maistre (Appendix 1: WIBP)

22
 Although currently there is no confirmed evidence of WIBP working with bat

coronaviruses, it is important to take into account WIBP’s close proximity to the Zhengdien

WIV complex, their shared research activities and collaboration on vaccine development

which involved shared use of the WIV’s ABSL3 Laboratory (De Maistre et al., 2021;

McGregor, 2020). For a more detailed analysis of the Wuhan Institute of Biological Products

and its activities, interested readers are invited to refer to De Maistre et al., (2021)

23
 6. WHCDC BSL 2 PATHOGEN LABORATORY

Another Laboratory of interest to independent investigators is the new WHCDC

BSL2 Pathogen Laboratory at 288 Machang Road in Wuhan, located at a short walking

distance from the Huanan South China Seafood market (WHCDC (2019b).

Map 1: Proximity of the Wuhan CDC (red dot) to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market

(green dot). Source: Baidu, in Woodward (2021).

24
 A recent China-WHO Joint Report revealed that the official date of the move to this

new laboratory was on December 2nd, 2019. However, as laboratory moves takes some time,

transportation of materials from the old WHCDC location at 24 Jianghan North Road would

have taken place over several months (October to November 2019).

For example, and of interest to our investigation, the Vector Specimen Room of

WHCDC was located (in December 2018) at Room 1316, 13th Floor, Wuhan Center for

Disease Control and Prevention, No. 24 Jianghan North Road, Jiang'an District, Wuhan.

This specimen room was administered by Wu Liqun of the Institute of Disinfection

and Vector Biological Control of WHCDC, also the unit where Tian Jun-Hua worked while

collecting 10,000 Bat tissue samples to be stored there. The curious reader may wish to

contact Mr. Wu Liqun via the contact details listed on the WHCDC (2019) webpage if they

have any questions regarding the biosafety of the bat tissue samples and the exact dates

specimens and samples were moved to the new BSL2 Pathogen Laboratory at 288, Machang

Road (WHCDC, 2018).

25
 The BSL2 Lab Rooms are shown in Figure set 10 below.

WHCDC BSL 2 PATHOGEN LABORATORY 288, MACHANG ROAD, WUHAN

WHCDC BSL2 - Room WHCDC BSL 2 - Room

WHCDC BSL 2 - Room WHCDC BSL2 – Tian JunHua

Figure Set 10: WHCDC BSL 2 Pathogen laboratory at 288 Machang Road (WHTV, 2020).

26
 7. BAT RESEARCH AT WHCDC

Work on bat coronaviruses at the Wuhan Centre for Disease Control and Prevention

(WHCDC) would have been carried out by a researcher named Tian Jun-Hua (Wang, 2020)

although most of this kind of research was carried out in Peking, according to Professor

Edward C, Homes of the University of Sydney, a close collaborator with WHCDC and co-

author of some of their papers (Shi et al., 2016).

Many of these bat viruses and tissue samples were kept at the BSL2 WHCDC

Laboratory in Wuhan (Xinhua, 2017), as can be seen in a China Science Communication

promotional video from the WHCDC (2020) available on YouTube. Tian Junhua worked as

the chief technician of the Disinfection and Vector Biological Control Institute of Wuhan

Center for Disease Control and Prevention (WHCDC). During his time at WHCDC, starting

in 2012, he dedicated himself to collecting viral vectors from all over China, but especially

Hubei Province, catching for example, 120,000 Ticks in 4 years, 20,000 mice and other

mammals and 10,000 Bats (Wang, 2020). The team would trap and kill bats, then collect

“tissue samples of heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney and brain” (Guo et al., 2013).

He personally provided over one million animal samples to the team’s study, earning

himself the nickname “insect man” (China Daily, 2016; Liu and Zhou, 2016; The Paper,

2019). He worked in close collaboration with Professor Zhang Yong Zhen from Fudan

University in Shanghai who was a co-author on many papers written by WHCDC scientists,

including "Redefining the Invertebrate RNA Virus Circle" (ICDC, 2016). Over a 5-year

period the WHCDC team discovered 1,445 new viruses (Xinhuanet, 2017).

Tian Junhua became quite a popular figure on Chinese social media after a

documentary was broadcast in 2019 called “Wilderness Youth, they went deep into caves to

collect high-risk viruses to pave the way for vaccines” (The Paper, 2019a).

27
 In the documentary and subsequent media reports, it was revealed that: “with super

perseverance, Tian Junhua captured nearly 10,000 bats, & then plunged into the laboratory to

study these bat samples"(China Daily, 2016). Tian Junhua explained that “Hubei has a wealth

of viral vector sample resources. Among the known organisms, most human pathogenic

viruses, rabies virus, Ebola virus, etc. can be found in bats" (Wang, 2020). However, he

admitted that "The process of discovering the virus is also the most vulnerable process" and

revealed that he went into caves to catch bats on occasions with no PPE (Wang, 2020).

Indeed, on occasions, he forgot to use PPE or take protective measures, revealing publicly

that bat blood and urine had been sprayed onto his skin:

• “Bat urine dripped from the top of his head like raindrops on his body. If he was infected,

he could not find any medicine. Tian Junhua worked hard to calm himself" (Xinhuanet,

2020).

• “The liquid dripped from the top of his head and even flowed into his eyes and skin. He

didn't care much. Later, he suddenly felt that something was wrong. The liquid on the top

of his head might be excreta of bats” (The Paper, 2019).

• “Bat wings have sharp claws. You need to use a clip when catching bats. Large bats

spray blood when pinched. Several times, bat blood was sprayed directly on Tian

Junhua's skin. If infected, the consequences would be disastrous “(Xinhuanet, 2020).

• “After returning home, Tian Junhua took the initiative to isolate him for half a month. As

long as he did not get sick during the 14-day incubation period, he was lucky enough to

escape” (The Paper, 2019; Wang, 2020).

28
 A video from Wuhan TV shows Tian Junhua collecting bats with his wife, and it is

clear that both he and his wife failed to wear any kind of appropriate PPE during these

sampling expeditions, leading to the risk of infection with novel bat coronaviruses via

scratches, bites or fecal aerosol infection WHTV (2020) See Figure set 11 below:

Figure Set 11: Tian Junhua Sampling Expeditions with his Wife (WHTV, 2020).

As a result of the public statements and documentaries, he was initially suspected as

being "patient zero" for SARS-COV-2 in Chinese social media and has since refused

interviews (Wang, 2020).

29
 8. WHCDC INVOLVEMENT IN THE VIRAL PATHOGEN STATE PROJECT

The recent China-WHO Joint report claims that “the Wuhan CDC lab which moved on

2nd December 2019 reported no disruptions or incidents caused by the move” and that “they

also reported no storage nor laboratory activities on CoVs or other bat viruses preceding the

outbreak” (WHO, 2021). However, there is a wealth of evidence pointing towards WHCDC

involvement in a State Project beginning in September 2019 which involved research into bat

viruses and immediately preceded the pandemic, discussed in some detail by Anon (2020e) in

“Guoke Faji 2019/236 and the SARS-COV-2 Outbreak”.

The document (Guoke Faji, 2019) which describes the 300 million RMB project show

that in July 2019, the Ministry of Science and Technology invited bids for the "Scientific

survey of the principal natural viral pathogen resources in China":

“Winners of the project were required to identify five major novel viral pathogens from

wild animals including bats and carry out a biosecurity risk assessment by testing them

on small animals” (Anon, 2020e).

Details of this project can be found in Section 15 “Scientific Investigation of Virus

Resources of Major Natural Epidemics in China” (Guoke Faji, 2019) and reveal that the

institutions winning the bid would need to:

• Systematically screen wild animals (bats, birds, rodents etc.) and arthropod vectors

(mosquitoes and ticks) carrying viral pathogens.

• Isolate and identify novel viruses using a biological safety platform.

• Conduct basic pathogenic characteristics research on major novel viral pathogens.

• Establish a national strategic viral pathogen resource library and shared database

and carry out resource and information sharing services (Guoke Faji, 2019).

30
The winners would be also be required to (Guoke Faji, 2019):

• Submit one report on the lineage, genetic characteristics and geographical distribution
of viral pathogen carriers such as bats, birds, mosquitoes, rodents and ticks in key
regions of China.
• Obtain genomes of more than 100 novel viruses / strains.
• Isolate, identify, collect and preserve 50 major viral pathogens.
• Analyse the pathogenic characteristics of 10 major novel viruses / strains, including at
least five major novel viral pathogens, based on a biosecurity risk assessment at the
cellular and small animal level.
• Establish a standardized viral pathogen resource library and shared database (Guoke
Faji, 2019).

One of the leaders of this project is Professor Zhang Yongzhen who became quite famous

as the scientist who facilitated the uploading the first SARS-COV-2 genome sequence, only

to be told to close his Shanghai laboratory on January 12th 2020 for “rectification” as a result

(SCMP, 2020b).

Professor Zhang Yongzhen is “a researcher at the Institute of Infectious Disease Control

and Prevention of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and an adjunct

professor at the Institute of Biomedicine of Fudan University and Shanghai Public Health

Center” (Caixin, 2020). He revealed in an interview that that he cooperated with both the

Wuhan Center for Disease Control (Wuhan CDC) and the Wuhan Central Hospital on similar

prior projects to the 2019 one described above:

“It is reported that Zhang Yongzhen, an expert in virology from the Institute of Infectious

`Disease Control and Prevention of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,

and an adjunct professor at the Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, has long cooperated

with Wuhan Central Hospital and Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Scientific research

work on "Scientific Investigation of Virus Resources". RMZXB (2020).

31
 One of Professor Zhang's team members later said in another interview that this

collaboration with both institutions had been going on for many years (Caixin, 2020):

“In recent years, Zhang Yongzhen’s team has been engaged in research work such as the

investigation of zoonotic diseases and the virus resources of China’s main natural epidemics

with funding from the National Natural Science Foundation, National Major Projects, and

National Key Research and Development Programs, including Wuhan Central Hospital.

Many of the hospitals, Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and the University

of Sydney in Australia are all members of the project team’ (Caixin, 2020)

In fact, a specimen of a patient with an “unexplained fever” was sent from Wuhan to

Professor Zhang Yongzhen’s lab by the Wuhan Centres for Disease Control and Prevention

on January 3 2020 as part of the project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China,

"Scientific Investigation of Virus Resources of Major Natural Epidemics in China":

“The project is carried out by Zhang Yongzhen's team in long-term cooperation with Wuhan

Central Hospital and Wuhan Centre for Disease Control and Prevention and has been going

on for many years. It’s just routine work. It’s a surprise to get results by accident” (Caixin,

2020).

Professor Zhang Yongzhen also enjoys a close collaboration with Professor Edward

Holmes of the University of Sydney, as evidenced by a 2016 Nature paper co-authored by

both Edward Holmes and Tian Junhua, “Redefining the invertebrate RNA virosphere” (Shi et

al., 2016). From the Chinese introduction of Professor Zhang Yongzhen's paper it is revealed

that:

“Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation, National Major Projects,

National Key R&D Programs, etc., the zoonotic disease research team (including zoonotic

diseases of the Institute for Infectious Diseases) led by researcher Zhang Yongzhen from the

Institute of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention of China Centres for Disease Control

32
and Prevention (CDC) The Ward, Wuhan CDC, Wenzhou CDC, University of Sydney,

Australia, etc.) have made major breakthroughs in the study of virus discovery and origin

and evolution”

Almost prophetically considering the first SARS-COV-2 genome was sequenced and

published under this very project, the Chinese introduction to the paper concludes:

“The detection system established by this research and the new viruses discovered are also

helpful for early identification, early warning, and precise prevention and control of

emerging infectious diseases in my country” (ICDC, 2016).

It is evident from the above facts that the Wuhan CDC formed part of the 2019 project

involving WHCDC, WIV and the Wuhan Central Hospital to sample 100+ novel viruses

(including bat viruses) and collect 50 major viral pathogens. However, the extent of the work

undertaken by WHCDC in analysing the pathogenicity by performing experiments in cells &

small animals of 10 major novel viruses and 5 major novel viral pathogens (Guoke Faji,

2019) , has yet to be clarified by the researchers involved. One of the stated aims of the

project was to create:

• “a standardized viral pathogen resource library & shared database"

Unfortunately, this database and library have yet to be shared with the international

community. Regarding the 2019 State Project database, it has not yet been clarified if it is

administered by the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) or the

China National Centre for Bioinformation/National Genomics Data Centre (CNCB/NGDC)

or the Wuhan Institute of Virology, which is well known worldwide for refusing to make

databases available in direct contravention of Chinese State Law and in flagrant violation of

its international commitments to transparency and data sharing.

33
 Significantly, from published tender documents, we also now know that The Wuhan

CDC purchased a large quantity of pathogenic reagents in late September 2019, just when the

project deadline ended (Guoke Faji, 2019), with the tender being awarded to Wuhan Chunyi

Biological Technology Co., Ltd which offered WHCDC a generous discount rate of 94%.

The list of pathogenic reagents purchased can be seen with some difficulty below (Figures 12

and 13).

Figure 12. Pathogen Emergency Reagents and Consumables Procurement WHCDC (2019a)

34
Figure 13. Pathogen Emergency Reagents and Consumables Procurement WHCDC (2019a)

35
 9. OTHER BIOSAFETY ISSUES AT THE WHCDC BSL 2 LABORATORY

In the most recent CHINA-WHO joint investigation report into the origins of SARS-

COV-2, the possibility of “introduction through a laboratory incident” is mentioned with

specific mention of the WHCDC BSL2 Laboratory at 288 Machang Road (WHO, 2021;

Gartland, 2021):

“Although rare, laboratory accidents do happen, and different laboratories around the world

are working with bat CoVs. When working in particular with virus cultures, but also with

animal inoculations or clinical samples, humans could become infected in laboratories with

limited biosafety or poor laboratory management practice, or if there is negligence. The

Wuhan CDC laboratory moved on December 2, 2019, to a new location near the Huanan

market. Such moves can be disruptive for the operations of any laboratory” (WHO, 2021)

The Joint China-WHO report goes on to state that “no disruptions or incidents were

reported in relation to the Wuhan CDC laboratory’s move” but concludes that there should

be “follow-up of new evidence supplied around possible laboratory leaks”(WHO, 2021).

However, with reference to the WHCDC BSL2 Laboratory at 288 Machang Road, it

has recently come to light (WHCDC, 2020a) that it was certainly not as safe as the WHO

were informed:

• “There are few secondary biosafety laboratories at the Wuhan Center for Disease

Control and Prevention, and the experimental conditions are poor” (WHCDC,

2020b).

• “As an acute respiratory infectious disease with various transmission routes, a

negative pressure secondary biosafety laboratory with obvious partitions and

independent ventilation is required to carry out related pathogenic testing”

(WHCDC, 2020b).

36
 • “The only negative-pressure secondary biosafety laboratory of the Municipal

Center for Disease Control and Prevention failed to pass the inspection and was

hurriedly promoted” (after the pandemic outbreak in December 2019) (WHCDC,

2020b).

• “There are no secondary biosafety laboratories with relevant conditions in the

CDCs in all districts, and they are completely unable to respond to the needs of this

epidemic” (WHCDC, 2020b).

The evidence presented above shows that WHCDC started work on the 2019 State Project

in late September 2019 at the same time as the WHCDC relocation to Machang Road,

completed on December 2nd, 2019. The new WHCDC BSL2 Pathogen Laboratory is very

close to the Huanan Seafood market and documents have also revealed that the state of

WHCDC BSL Laboratories was substandard at the time of the outbreak in December 2019.

It is also clear that Bat researchers working at WHCDC failed to take adequate safety

precautions on bat sampling expeditions and may have been infected with novel bat

coronaviruses during those expeditions, possibly leading to one of these viruses becoming

increasingly adapted to humans, as suggested by Professor Linfa Wang recently:

“there’s a small chance that someone doing research on bats inadvertently got infected by an

unknown virus while collecting bat samples in a cave, and that this infection seeded the

pandemic” (Mallapaty, 2021).

37
 10. WIV BSL2, BSL3 AND BSL4 LABORATORIES

The Wuhan Institute of Virology BSL3 & BSL4 labs, the Wuhan Institute of

Biological Products vaccine buildings, Wuhan Blood Products, People's Bank of China bank

notes processing & storage are all located at Zhengdian Gold Industrial Park, Wuhan, as can

be seen in Figure 14 below.

Figure 14. Zhengdian Gold Industrial Park WIV & WIBP Buildings (Appendix 1:
WIBP and DeMaistre et al., 2021).

38
The Wuhan National Biosafety Lab campus at the Zhengdian site was built in 3 phases.

1. BSL-2 &3 (2006) 2. BSL-4 (2017) 3. Research Centre: construction 2018/19/20

(facilities at 14metres from the BSL-3 Lab). See Figure 15.

Figure 15. WIV New Research Centre: Construction 2018/19/20 (Appendix 1: WIBP) and DeMaistre
et al. (2021).

As can be observed in the above photograph, the temporary construction facilities

housing construction workers are located at a distance of 14 meters from the BSL2 and BSL3

Lab building, within its pathogen dispersal zone and downwind (according to prevailing

north-easterly winds in the area). Any investigation of this particular laboratory complex

would need to take into account such factors regarding construction activities; waste disposal

procedures and wastewater treatment facilities (see Appendix 2, Environmental Assessment

Report – WIV). See Figure 16 below.

39
Figure 16. WIV Construction 2017-2020. (Key plan from Rodolphe de Maistre, Appendix 1:
WIBP, DeMaistre et al., 2021).

Construction of the new research buildings at the Wuhan Institute of Virology was

ongoing from 2017 to 2020, with the main construction company listed as the Hebei

Construction Group (Zhang, Zhan, 2020a). Construction work on the WIV site appears to

have ceased in February 2020, as can be seen in a video from Apr 27, 2020 uploaded to

YouTube by a Wuhan “citizen journalist” (Zhang Zhan, 2020b) who was promptly sentenced

to four years in prison for “picking quarrels and provoking trouble” (RFI, 2020a and 2021b).

40
 The WIV animal experiment centre facade was still under construction as of early

2020, and from the videos mentioned above (Zhang Zhan, 2021a & 2021b), it can be

observed that the construction laydown area is next to the BSL 3 and animal research area of

WIV. The visible blue roofs in the figure below are the temporary facilities for construction

workers. In the video uploaded by Zhang Zhan before her arrest (Zhang Zhan, 2021b) there

are clear indications of the careless disposal of construction material (gravel, sand, etc.) and

possibly laboratory waste, all around the site. The red buildings in front are the WIV research

centre and the white building visible in the background is the vaccine building of the Wuhan

Institute of Biological Products Co, built from 2012 – 2016, simultaneously with the WIV

BSL-4 construction. See Figure 17 below.

Figure 17. WIV Research Centre & WIBP (Key plan from Appendix 1, DeMaistre et al., 2021).

41
 11. DESCRIPTION AND LAYOUT OF THE WIV BSL4 LABORATORY

The WIV BSL4 laboratory is located in Zhengdian Park, Wuhan Institute of Virology

in Jiangxia District, Wuhan. According to reports, it is described as follows (Hotbak, 2021):

“The entire laboratory is a suspended structure, divided into 4 floors. From bottom to top,

the bottom floor is the sewage treatment and life support system; the 2nd floor is the core

laboratory; the mezzanine between the second and third floors is the pipe system; the 3rd

floor is the filter system; the top floor is the air conditioning system. The 1st, 3rd, 4th, and

mezzanine floors ensure the normal operation of the core laboratory on the 2nd floor, to

ensure that there is a one-way airflow in the laboratory, which is in a negative pressure

state” (Hotbak, 2021).

“All air will be discharged after two-stage high-efficiency filter treatment. Solid`pollutants'

must be treated by autoclave, and liquid pollutants must be treated by sewage treatment

equipment to ensure that pathogens are completely eliminated and that pathogens from the

laboratory are not discharged” (Syiptv, 2018).

“The core laboratory area on the second floor of more than 300 square meters is roughly

divided into 3 cell laboratories, 2 animal laboratories, 1 animal dissection room and

disinfection rooms. The P4 laboratory has a strict personnel entry and exit system. It may

take 10 minutes to enter the P3 laboratory, while it takes at least half an hour to enter the P4

laboratory due to layer-by-layer disinfection” (Hotbak, 2021).

42
“The power supply system has demonstrated stable support capabilities, and has experienced

more than 10 power outages, power switching, and exercise power outages. The breathing

air supply system can realize automatic switching of the air supply source when power fails,

and trigger high-level alarms, and the continuous air supply time of the spare gas cylinder

exceeds the standard requirement” (Syiptv, 2018).

“The researchers take a shower and disinfect in groups of two. After putting on disposable

underwear, they put on a positive pressure protective suit. The head of this positive pressure

protective suit is a transparent inflatable cover, the lower end is connected to a blue

breathing tube, and the other end of the breathing tube is suspended and connected to a pipe

on the roof.” (Syiptv, 2018).

Finally, “when staff leave the laboratory, they must go through a chemical shower to

disinfect the surface of the positive pressure protective clothing and filter sterilization. The

P4 laboratory can accommodate 12 experimental personnel at the same time” (Hotbak,

2021).

43
According to the Chinese Academy of Sciences (2019), this laboratory includes:

2 cellular biosafety labs, 1 small-sized animal lab. 1 medium-sized animal lab

1 culture (virus) collection & use lab, 4 double door leaf sterilizers

1 sewage treatment unit, 14 ventilation and air conditioning systems

High efficiency filtration systems, 4 chemical showers, 1 life support system

Figure 18. WIV BSL Laboratory (Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2019).

44
The lay-out of the Wuhan Institute of Virology BSL4 laboratory can be seen in Figure 19:

Figure 19: Lay-out of the WIV BSL4 laboratory (Key plan from Rodolphe de
Maistre, 2021, personal communication).

45
 12. WUHAN INSTITUTE OF VIROLOGY BSL3 LABORATORIES

There are BSL3 Laboratories at the new zone and at the original and still running WIV office

and laboratory complex at Xiaohongshan Road in Wuchang District.

The 280 m2 Wuhan (BSL3) is made up of (Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2019):

3 cell labs, 1 small-sized animal lab, 1 medium-sized animal lab and 1dissecting room.

Pathogen experiments include:

Ebola, SARS, Nipah, Marburg, Lassa fever virus. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus,

Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Bacillus anthracis.

The BSL3 Laboratory carries out experiments (Figure 20) using small-sized animals'

infection with mycobacterium tuberculosis, TBEV, CHIKV and MERS coronavirus.

Figure: 20. WIV BSL3 Laboratory (Sixth Tone, 2018).

46
 There is documented evidence of problems at BSL3 Laboratories in China,

specifically mentioned by the Animal Laboratory Biosafety Committee of the Chinese

Society of Laboratory Animals, which held a seminar on key aspects of BSL-3 laboratory

operation and maintenance in China in 2018, stating the following:

“With the rapid development of my country's biosafety laboratory construction, a batch of

completed biosafety three-level laboratories (BSL-3 laboratories) have been put into use, and

each establishment has accumulated rich experience. The subsequent use of BSL-3

laboratories has some problems that have become increasingly prominent: how to ensure the

safe operation of the laboratory through daily active maintenance, reduce or avoid

laboratory facilities/equipment failures, so as to reduce the occurrence of biological safety

accidents.” (LASCN (Ed.), 2018, February 2).

These kinds of safety issues are confirmed by anecdotal evidence of disturbing

mishaps and lack of safety during work in BSL Labs, documented by Zhang (2020a) in

“Evidence of Lax and disregard of laboratory safety protocols and regulations in China”.

Indeed, there have been public statements by Chinese officials which have revealed a pattern

of dangerous practices at biological laboratories (Yuan et al., 2020; Zhang, 2004). Finally,

previous inspections at the Wuhan Institute of Virology laboratories were not fully

satisfactory in regard to safety (Anon, 2020c; Latham & Wilson, 2020; Niewijk, 2020;

Panetta, 2020; WHO, 2004; Xie, J, 2020).

47
 13. WUHAN INSTITUTE OF VIROLOGY ANIMAL CENTER

The Experimental Animal Centre of the Wuhan Institute of Virology is a 600 m2

Laboratory Animal Building built in 1999, later expanded to 1,216 square meters, with 3 sets

of barrier facilities covering (WHIOV, 2021b):

General rabbit and SPF rat and mouse animal laboratories, with a capacity for

experiments on up to 1800 mice simultaneously.

• 3268 cages, 12 ferret cages, 12 bat cages* (see section on live bats at WIV)

• Ordinary rabbit laboratory with 96 cages.

• 126 cages for Japanese white rabbits.

• 340 cages for SD and Wistar rats, inbred strains, mutant strains and genetically

engineered mice.

A 120 m2 experimental insect breeding and breeding room, mainly breeding experimental

lepidopteran insects, cotton bollworm, beet armyworm and silkworm. (LAR, 2020).

The senior experimenter is An Xuefang, and the technical support team includes 3

senior staff and 4 deputy senior staff who supervise (WHIOV, 2021):

The preparation of virus protein antibodies, establishment of animal models, gene

therapy of zoonotic diseases, virus proliferation experiments, bioassay and safety,

artificial breeding and breeding populations of a variety of experimental insects.

Some images of the laboratory can be seen below (Figure 21).

48
Laboratory Animal Building SPF animal laboratory

Ordinary Rabbit Lab Experimental insect breeding room

Figure Set 21: WIV laboratory Animal Centre (WHIOV, 2021).

49
 14. LIVE BATS AT WIV LABORATORIES

Despite claims to the contrary (Daszak, 2020), live bats were kept at the Wuhan

Institute of Virology for experimentation, confirmed anecdotally by reports in Chinese media:

1. “Luo Dongsheng is part of a team of researchers from the Wuhan Institute of

Virology (WIV)…. By 8:30 p.m., Luo’s team has collected a full rack of swabs and bagged a

dozen live bats for further testing back at the lab” (Wang, 2028).

2. Zhang Huajun said: “The research team captured a few bats from the wild to

be used as experimental animals. They need to be fed every day. This Spring Festival, the

students went home for a holiday, and Teacher Shi silently took on the task of raising bats.”

For this matter, many No one knows until now” (Wei & Liu, 2009).

In 2017, Zhengli Shi herself gave a presentation (Wuhan Virology, 2017) at the 2nd

China-U.S. Workshop on the Challenges of Emerging Infections (Robottech, 2017), where

she explained that "we experimented on live bats with Nipah" (Relman, 2017), likely

referring to unpublished work at WIV which in passing may explain the Bangladeshi Nipah

Strain contamination found in some early Wuhan covid-19 patient samples (Chakraborty,

2020).

Moreover, an independent researcher discovered a patent filed by the Wuhan Institute

of Virology in 2018 for laboratory bat cages designed to house and rear bats in captivity, as

illustrated in Figure 22 below (Google Patents, 2018, Anon, 2020d).

50
 Figure 22. Patent for Bat Cages - Wuhan Institute of Virology - 2018 (Anon, 2020d).

This determined researcher also recently discovered another patent “Artificial

breeding method for wild bat” (Anon, 2021b) filed by the Wuhan Institute of Virology in

October 2020 which discusses how to feed captive bats and references the earlier bat cage

patent, revealing definitive evidence that WIV had kept bats for over one year, dating back to

October 2019 or earlier (Google Patents, 2020b). This is despite claims to the contrary by

Peter Daszak (Daszak, 2020).

51
15. BAT CORONAVIRUS RESEARCH AT WUHAN INSTITUTE OF VIROLOGY

WIV studies coronaviruses isolated from bats sampled in different areas of China,

including Yunnan, and in other countries, such as Tanzania and Kenya. Part of WIV’s

research involves the study of how bat viruses can infect human cells, for example, human

airway epithelial cells. The research which could have led to a laboratory leak of SARS-

CoV-2 would most probably have been related to work carried out by the Emerging Viruses

Group at WIV under two specific projects:

1. “Isolation and identification of bat viruses and their cell tropism: Isolate new bat viruses

and study the potential pathogenicity of newly isolated bat viruses to humans and animals

from the cellular and animal levels. Including research on cell sensitivity from different

sources, model animal infection, tissue tropism and infection pathway research, etc.,”

(Wuhan Institute of Virology, CAS n.d), as seen in a paper co-authored by Peter Daszak

and Zhengli Shi: “Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Bat Coronavirus Closely

Related to the Direct Progenitor of SARS Coronavirus” Yang et al. (2015).

2. “Bat anti-viral immunity research: mainly carry out the bat anti-viral natural immune

pathway and compare the different and equal research of the immune response caused by

virus infection in human and bat” (Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of

Sciences, n.d), as seen in another paper in 2016, co-authored by EcoHealth and WIV

researchers, including Peter Daszak and Alexei Chmura: “Bat Severe Acute Respiratory

Syndrome-Like Coronavirus WIV1 Encodes an Extra Accessory Protein, ORFX,

Involved in Modulation of the Host Immune Response” Zeng et al. (2016).

52
 Also of interest to this proposed investigation are experiments carried out under a Chinese

State funded grant project led by Ben Hu, a researcher at WIV, named: "Pathogenicity of 2

new bat SARS-related CoVs to transgenic mice expressing human ACE2", as can be seen in

Figure 23 below (National Natural Science Foundation of China. (n.d.).

Figure 23. Pathogenicity of 2 new bat SARS-related coronaviruses to transgenic

mice expressing human ACE2 (National Natural Science Foundation
of China, n.d.).

A significant factor related to a possible laboratory leak of SARS-COV-2 or its

precursor virus is that these and other experiments with bat viruses were carried out at BSL2

level. Shabman et al. (2016) showed that it is possible to successfully isolate previously

undetected latent viruses from bat cell lines, using next generation sequencing. They proved

that the virus was infectious & able to replicate and could transmit to Vero Cells. Banerjee et

al. (2018) highlight the issues raised by these kinds of latent viruses in bat cell lines,

especially when an immune system is not present:

“Primary cells can also harbour latent viruses that can become reactivated during in vitro

cultivation when the cells are outside the host and isolated from other components of the

immune system that would otherwise control virus replication” Banerjee et al. (2018).

They underline the importance of detailed testing of bat cell lines before experiments

are carried out and insist that such experiments “should therefore only be handled under

controlled biosafety conditions”, which of course, logically, also applies to experiments with

live bats (Banerjee et al., 2018).

53
 Some bat species have developed an interferon based antiviral immune response

which is permanently “switched on” but which does not lead to inflammation as would be the

case in humans for example. Certain anti-inflammatory mechanisms have evolved in these

bat species, in some cases leading to the deletion of genes which trigger inflammation (Brook

et al., 2020). This in turn causes bat viruses to spread more rapidly between cells, leading to

an increased rate of transmission, which can be lethal to other species after “spillover” events.

In fact, experiments using non-immune bat cell lines were hallmarked by “subversion

of the bat immune system” which contrasts with the effective clearance of bat viruses shown

by in vivo captive bat studies into Marburg and Ebola Viruses carried out at Atlanta CDC

BSL4, for example (Jones et al., 2015; Schuh et al., 2017a & 2017b). Research into bat

immune systems using bat cell lines at WIV however did not mirror results from in vivo

studies, and it was precisely this feature of non-immune bat cell lines that led researchers to

create the first bat bone marrow-derived dendritic immune cells (Zhou et al., 2016), bat-

mouse bone marrow chimera (Yong et al., 2018) and IFNAR2 knockout bat cell lines using

CRISPR/Cas9 technology (Zhang et al., 2017). These novel cell lines and bat immune system

mice were proposed to ensure that in vivo bat cell line and in vivo mouse experiments

effectively mirrored in vivo bat immune system response to clearing of viruses (Zhou et al.,

2016; Yong et al., 2018).

However, this also suggests that unknown or undetected highly pathogenic bat viruses

would have been able to replicate clandestinely in WIV bat cell lines as they would not have

been constrained by a bat immune system, and in turn, this may have led to contamination of

operators and equipment at the WIV BSL2 Laboratories.

54
 16. BIOSAFETY - CORONAVIRUS RESEARCH AT WIV – WHAT BSL LEVEL?

In 2015, WIV became the first laboratory in China to achieve the highest level of

international bioresearch safety. Research at WIV included studies on bat coronaviruses,

which, according to Zhengli Shi was carried out at BSL2 and BSL 3 level. This was further

confirmed in US diplomatic cables published in the Washington Post, one of which (January

19, 2018), noted that WIV’s lab had “a serious shortage of appropriately trained technicians

and investigators needed to operate safely”. According to later statements by Dr. Shi Zhengli,

coronavirus research at WIV was carried out at the lower security levels BSL 2 and BSL 3

prior to the recent coronavirus pandemic (Fridstrøm, 2020). According to Baidu (2021),

The Wuhan Institute of Virology manages:

“the China Type Culture Collection (one of the international preservation institutions

recognized by the World Intellectual Property Organization ), the China Virus Resources

and Information Centre (the largest virus collection in Asia); it has a complete biosafety

laboratory (including: two Biosafety Laboratory BSL-2, Biosafety Laboratory BSL-3,

Biosafety Animal Laboratory ABSL-3, Biosafety Laboratory BSL-4 [3]), Proteomics

Research Technology Platform, Virus resources and information technology platform,

infectious disease pathogen monitoring technology platform, high-throughput drug

screening technology platform, etc.” (Baidu, 2021).

Professor Richard H. Ebright of Rutgers University pointed out that most bat

coronavirus work was done at BSL2 level:

“Bat coronaviruses at Wuhan [Centre for Disease Control] and Wuhan Institute of Virology

routinely were collected and studied at BSL-2, which provides only minimal protections

against infection of lab workers” (Field, 2020 in Gmwatch, 2020).

55
 This was further clarified in a question and answer session with Professor Zhengli

Shi, organised by Science magazine in 2020, where she denied carrying out unpublished gain

of function experiments on coronaviruses (Science Magazine, 2020):

Q: “Did you do or collaborate on any gain-of-function experiments with coronaviruses

that were not published, and, if so what are the details?”

`A: No.

Professor Shi also clarified where experiments took place after transgenic mice were

observed in published photographs of the WIV BSL4 Laboratory:

Q: “Given that coronavirus research in most places is done in BSL-2 or BSL-3 labs--

and indeed, you WIV didn't even have an operational BSL-4 until recently--why would

you do any coronavirus experiments under BSL-4 conditions?”

A: “The coronavirus research in our laboratory is conducted in BSL-2 or BSL-3

laboratories. After the BSL-4 laboratory in our institute has been put into operation,

we have trained scientific researchers in the BSL-4 laboratory using the low-

pathogenic coronaviruses as model viruses, which aims to prepare for conducting the

experimental activities of highly pathogenic microorganisms. After the COVID-19

outbreak, our country has stipulated that the cultivation and the animal infection

experiments of SARS-CoV-2 should be carried out in BSL-3 laboratory or above.

Since the BSL-3 laboratories in our institute do not have the hardware conditions to

conduct experiments on non-human primates, and in order to carry out the mentioned

research, our institute had applied to the governmental authorities and obtained the

qualification to conduct experiments on SARS-CoV-2 for Wuhan P4 laboratory, in

which the rhesus monkey animal model, etc. have been carried out” (Science

Magazine, 2020)”.

56
 Work at WIV on bat coronaviruses at BSL2 level is further confirmed in the Materials

and Methods section of Zeng et al. (2016) “Bat Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Like

Coronavirus WIV1 Encodes an Extra Accessory Protein, ORFX, Involved in Modulation of

the Host Immune Response” which specifically refers to BSL2 level work on Bat

Coronavirus WIV1 funded partly by the US National Institutes of Health (NIAID

R01AI110964):

“The SL-CoV WIV1 strain (GenBank accession number KF367457) and other viruses were

propagated as described previously. All experiments using live virus was conducted under

biosafety level 2 (BSL2) conditions”

This is of some significance as Professor Ebright points out in a recent interview:

“Virus collection, culture, isolation, or animal infection at BSL-2 with a virus having the

transmission characteristics of the outbreak virus would pose substantial risk of infection of a

lab worker, and from the lab worker, the public” (Roger, 2021).

Professor Ebright concludes that:

“The first human infection also could have occurred as a laboratory accident, with a virus

accidentally infecting a field collection staffer, a field survey staffer, or a laboratory staffer,

followed by transmission from the staffer to the public. There also is clear precedent for this.

The second, third, fourth and fifth entries of the SARS virus into human populations occurred

as a laboratory accident in Singapore in 2003, a laboratory accident in Taipei in 2003, and

two separate laboratory accidents in Beijing in 2004” (Roger, 2021).

For an in-depth analysis of 2003-2004 SARS laboratory leaks in the locations

mentioned above by Professor Ebright, the curious reader is cordially invited to refer to “A

review of SARS Lab Escapes in 2003-2004” (Demaneuf, 2020b) and the work of Normile

(2004) and Parry (2004).

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17. BAT RESEARCH AT WIV IN COLLABORATION WITH ECOHEALTH ALLIANCE

According to the now deleted Emerging Viruses Group webpage of the Wuhan

Institute of Virology, Zhengli Shi’s cooperation with foreign researchers included since 2004

“researcher Wang Linfa from Duke-Nus Graduate Medical School in Singapore

(who) has collaborated to study human infectious viruses carried by bats and

their antiviral immune mechanisms” (Emerging Viruses Group, 2020).

“Researcher Peter Daszak of the American Ecological Health Alliance to conduct

research on viral pathogens and their pathogenicity carried by bats and rodents”

(Emerging Viruses Group, 2020).

Both US and Chinese BSL 2 and BSL3 laboratories investigated SARS-CoV-1 after

the 2002-3 outbreaks in China. This research looked at:

1. ACE2 as a receptor for SARS (Li et al., 2003).

2. Coronavirus ability to infect humans (Menachery et al., 2015; Yang et al., 2015).

Professor Zhengli Shi co-authored some published papers (Menachery et al., 2016)

and was closely involved in their research, even supplying the US researchers with a bat

betacoronavirus, WIV-1, and obtaining transgenic hACE2 mice from Professor Ralph Baric

at UNC. The experiments involved culturing coronaviruses in a variety of cell lines such as

Vero E6, Huh7, Calu-3, Caco-2 and Human Airway Epithelial (HAE) cultures, the latter

allowing researchers to test the effect of the coronaviruses on simulated human bronchial

environments (Goffinet, 2020; Menachery et al., 2020).

58
 However, in 2014, after heated debates on the risks and benefits of gain of function

experiments involving viral pathogens, the NIH was instructed to stop further future funding

(National Institutes of Health, 2014).

On the other hand, WIV in China was not subject to this funding freeze and continued to

carry out such experiments in bat cell lines in the Emerging Virus Subject Group led by

Professor Zhengli Shi, (Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, n.d), for

example:

3. “Isolation and identification of bat viruses and their cell tropism: Isolate new bat

viruses and study the potential pathogenicity of newly isolated bat viruses to humans

and animals from the cellular and animal levels. Including research on cell sensitivity

from different sources, model animal infection, tissue tropism and infection pathway

research, etc.,” (Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, n.d), as

seen in a paper co-authored by Peter Daszak and Zhengli Shi: “Isolation and

Characterization of a Novel Bat Coronavirus Closely Related to the Direct

Progenitor of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus” Yang et al. (2015).

4. “Bat anti-viral immunity research: mainly carry out the bat anti-viral natural immune

pathway and compare the different and equal research of the immune response

caused by virus infection in human and bat” (Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese

Academy of Sciences, n.d).

This is also seen in another paper in 2016, co-authored by EcoHealth and WIV

researchers, including Peter Daszak and Alexei Chmura: “Bat Severe Acute Respiratory

Syndrome-Like Coronavirus WIV1 Encodes an Extra Accessory Protein, ORFX,

Involved in Modulation of the Host Immune Response” Zeng et al. (2016). See Figures

24 and 25.

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Figure 24. (Wuhan Institute of Virology, CAS, n.d) Emerging Viruses Group.

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Figure 25: EcoHealth and WIV Cooperation in bat virus sampling expeditions.
Source: Francisco A. de Ribera.

In fact, Daszak, Olival and Li (2020) recently admitted that since 2010, EcoHealth (in

close cooperation with WIV researchers) “collected samples from over 10,000 bats and 2000

other mammals across South China and discovered 52 novel SARSr-CoVs, 122 other β-

CoVs, more than 350 novel α-CoVs”. More importantly for this investigation is their rather

candid admission that they “found SARS-related CoVs that can bind to human cells, and that

cause SARS-like disease in humanized mouse models that was not prevented with a vaccine

candidate against SARS-CoV, and were not treatable with almost all of the monoclonal

therapies being developed for SARS” (Daszak, Olival & Li, 2020).

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 18. POSSIBLE INFECTION OF A WIV BAT RESEARCHER

As we have seen, at least two Wuhan Laboratories in the last decade or more

conducted research with bat coronaviruses (Latinne et al., 2020), and although suggestions of

infected laboratory researchers have been denied by WIV (Cohen, 2020) on the basis of

unpublished testing data claiming to show that none of the current WIV laboratory staff had

SARS-COV antibodies, the possibility must be given due weight.

In fact, a decade ago, Professor Zhengli Shi herself published details of a laboratory

leak in 2003 in Kunming involving lab researchers infected with Hantavirus by experimental

lab rats in "Hantavirus outbreak associated with laboratory rats in Yunnan, China," (Zhang et

al., 2010).

Some of the Kunming students were diagnosed with haemorrhagic fever and a

subsequent analysis of their blood sera showed Hantavirus antibodies. The index patient

revealed that he handled and fed rats in the college laboratory every day and was bitten by

one of the lab rats ten days before he showed symptoms of haemorrhagic fever. Subsequent

serological analysis of the lab rats showed that half of them tested positive for Hantavirus

antibodies. The paper, co-authored by Zhengli Shi, concluded that the laboratory in question

failed to observe proper safety measures, keeping diverse rodent species and other animals in

a single room (Zhang et al., 2010).

Zhang et al. (2010) decided to trap and test wild rats in areas surrounding the

laboratory but failed to find antibodies to Hantavirus, leading them to conclude that the

outbreak was the result of a laboratory leak rather than infection from wild rats. Interestingly,

Shi’s own paper from a decade ago (Zhang et al., 2010) actually supports a laboratory leak

hypothesis for SAR-COV-2 as WIV laboratories in Wuhan were precisely those that

experimented with bat betacoronaviruses, yet no wild animals tested positive for the virus at

62
the beginning of the outbreak (Lucey, 2020; Mallapatty, 2020 ; Yee, 2020), thus according to

her own logic, this would be “ an important indicator that the outbreak in the city was the

result of a leak from her lab” (Everington, 2020b).

A significant issue concerns whether bats can pass SARS-COV-2 directly to humans,

especially considering the documented evidence of Wuhan Institute of Virology researchers

being scratched and bitten by bats (Figures 26 and 27 below) during their sampling

expeditions (CCTV, 2017, Bl Lyu, 2020). Indeed, this potential pathway was recently

confirmed as a possibility worthy of consideration by Professor Linfa Wang in an article

published in Nature “After the WHO report, what’s next in the search for COVID’s origins”:

“there’s a small chance that someone doing research on bats inadvertently got infected by an

unknown virus while collecting bat samples in a cave, and that this infection seeded the

pandemic” (Mallapaty, 2021).

CCTV (2017) CCTV (2017)

Figure Set 26: WIV Bat Researcher – Scratch and Lack of PPE (CCTV, 2017).

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 Despite strict security recommendations concerning PPE use when sampling bats, it is

abundantly clear from photographs and videos of bat researchers collecting bats and samples

for the WIV Laboratories that very limited PPE was used, if at all (CCTV, 2017, Bl Lyu,

2020).

CCTV (2017) CCTV (2017)

Figure set 27: WIV Bat Researchers without Proper PPE when sampling Bats CCTV (2017).

Both the video (Bl Lyu, 2020) and the article (CCTV, 2017) reveal that WIV researchers

were bitten on two occasions by bats which are the hosts of both known and unknown

coronaviruses, and the following disturbing facts (Taiwan News, 2021):

• WIV Researchers sometimes handling live bats with no gloves.

• WIV Researchers collecting bat guano without proper PPE apart from nitrile gloves,

while dressed in short sleeved shirts and short trousers.

• WIV Researcher Cui Jie being bitten by a bat through these nitrile gloves.

• WIV Researcher Ben Hu and a female researcher handling specimen back in the

laboratory without face masks or proper PPE

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 The relevant sections of the video (Bl Lyu, 2020) revealing these disturbing facts can be

found here:

04:45-04:56 (in the wild), 07:44-07:50 (in the wild), 08:31-08:34 (in the wild), 08:42-

08:47 (in the wild) , 08:51—09:06 (in the wild), 09:46—09:52 (in the wild), 10:26—

10:33 (indoor), 10:45—11:12 (in the wild and indoor), 11:19 —11:30 (in the wild)

This is further attested to in “Spillover” by David Quammen, which describes an

EcoHealth bat researcher in China, Alexis Chmura collecting bats in caves with no PPE and

throwing them out of 3rd floor laboratory window in Guilin, a Chinese city (Quammen, 2012,

Ch., 38).

These findings discussed above also directly contradict a statement on the use of PPE

by WIV researchers in the recently published “WHO-convened Global Study of Origins of

SARS-CoV-2-China Part Joint WHO-China Study” (WHO, 2021):

“Professor Shi Zhengli gave an extensive scientific report on her team’s work on bat

coronaviruses. She covered issues including the following: Clade 4 SARSr-CoVs only found

in Yunnan and all fieldwork is done with full PPE” (WHO, 2021, Annexe D, Page 130)

This is worth bearing in mind given the increased transmissibility of SARS-COV-2.

Indeed, Professor Ebright highlighted this issue of concern:

“Bat-SARS-related-coronavirus projects at the Wuhan Institute of Virology used personal

protective equipment (usually just gloves; sometimes not even gloves) and biosafety

standards (usually just biosafety level 2) that would pose very high risk of infection of field-

collection, field-survey, or laboratory staff upon contact with a virus having the transmission

properties of SARS-CoV-2”(Roger, 2021).

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 19. BIOSAFETY ISSUES INVOLVING WIV LABORATORIES

Regarding biosafety issues at WIV laboratories, a forthcoming report from the same

authors will examine them in more detail. In the meantime, a recent paper “Unexpected

novel Merbecovirus discoveries in agricultural sequencing datasets from Wuhan, China” by

Zhang et al. (2021) has shown evidence of contamination and biosafety breaches at WIV and

other Chinese laboratories:

“We document the unexpected discovery of multiple coronaviruses and a BSL-3 pathogen in

agricultural cotton and rice sequencing datasets. An HKU3-related Betacoronavirus was

found in a Mus musculus sequencing dataset from the Wuhan Institute of Virology in 2017. In

light of our findings, we raise concerns about biosafety protocol breaches, as indicated by

our discovery of multiple dangerous human pathogens in agricultural sequencing

laboratories in Wuhan.” (Zhang et al., 2021).

Earlier papers have also examined the issue of contamination at Wuhan laboratories

and sequencing centres, for example the Bangladeshi Nipah Strain sequences found in some

early Wuhan covid-19 patient samples (Chakraborty, 2020) obtained from Wuhan Jinyintan

Hospital, by WIV, which was likely the result of contamination at their laboratories (Zhang,

2020).

Abouelkhair (2020) detected multiple non-SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences in the

early Wuhan COVID-19 patient BALF samples, including Nipah Virus sequences. However,

as discussed in our first report “1.PROPOSED FORENSIC INVESTIGATION OF WUHAN

LABORATORIES” (Bostickson & Ghannam, 2021), the Nipah sequences detected in the

patient’s BALF, only appear in the metagenomes from a distinct cluster of runs (122-125) on

the Illumina HiSeq 3000, not from the Illumina MiSeq, which tends to imply lab

contamination involving fragments of cloned viruses.

66
 The above may also apply to the “Adenovirus vaccine genetic sequences” found by

Quay (2021) in early patient samples from five Wuhan covid-19 patients, which we

suggested were probably not in the patients, but rather the result of laboratory contamination,

as they were only found in the datasets from one of the two laboratories.

Another biosafety issue was also examined in some detail in our first report, the issue

of disinfectant use and corrosion of stainless steel fixtures at WIV Labs (Bostickson &

Ghannam, 2021). As reported previously, the WIV environmental assessment report

(Appendix 2 - Wuhan Institute of Virology Environmental Assessment Report) shows that

Micro Chem Plus was adopted as the chemical bath agent for BSL-4 entry and exit in 2018.

Figure 28: Wuhan Institute of Virology Environmental Assessment Report (Appendix 2).

Our previous report discussed a new patent filed by WIV, “CN112262846A”, on the

13th of November 2020, with the title “Object surface disinfectant for high-grade biosafety

laboratory and preparation method thereof”. This patent proposes a new disinfectant formula

designed to specifically address a series of observed problems at their BSL3 and BSL4

Laboratories, including “solving corrosion issues which led to leaks of pathogens” (Google

Patents, 2020a):

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 “Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention… also solves the problems that the

existing disinfectant has strong corrosivity on metal, particularly stainless steel

materials, reduces the integrity of high-level biosafety laboratory facilities and

equipment, and causes biosafety accidents caused by the leakage of the highly pathogenic

microorganisms.”

A brief review of the patent claims and details reveals that WIV Laboratories must have

suffered from corrosion due to the incorrect use of disinfectants prior to 2020, which

represents a significant biosafety issue (Google Patents, 2020a):

“the disinfectants with killing effects on the highly pathogenic microorganisms have different

degrees of corrosion effects on the metals such as the stainless steel and the like, and can

cause the corrosion of metal components such as the stainless steel and the like after long-

term use, so that the biosafety protection effect of the facility equipment is reduced, the

service life of the facility equipment is shortened, economic loss is caused, and even the

highly pathogenic microorganisms are caused to escape into the external environment of the

laboratory, and further the loss of lives and properties of people is caused, and serious social

problems are brought” (Google Patents, 2020a).

To recap, we have documented biosafety issues involving bat sampling activities carried

out by WIV researchers, despite claims to the contrary by the WHO (2021). There is some

evidence of Biosafety issues involving corrosion of stainless steel fixtures and possibly

HEPA filters at WIV labs due to the use of disinfectants (Google Patents 2020a). Finally,

recent studies have shown cross-contamination and lapses in biosafety containment at WIV

laboratories and Illumina sequencing centres (Abouelkhair, 2020; Bostickson & Ghannam,

2021; Chakraborty, 2020; Quay, 2020; Zhang, 2020; Zhang et al., 2020).

68
 20. CONCLUSION

This third report has examined in some detail BSL Laboratories in Wuhan that carried out

bat research related to coronaviruses, whether through sampling expeditions and tissue

collection, or laboratory experiments or both. Our research and that of other independent

researchers from DRASTIC (Gartland, 2020) has uncovered clear evidence of biosafety

issues at these laboratories which seem to have been ignored by the WHO (WHO, 2021).

In sum, at least three laboratories, WIV, WHCDC and Wuhan University were actively

involved in studies of bat coronaviruses and/or bat sampling activities without the use of

proper PPE in the years leading up to the Covid-19 Pandemic. These three laboratories are

thus considered potential sources for accidental leaks whether within the laboratory or during

field sampling expeditions (Goffinet, 2020, Colaiacovo, 2020a). The authors recommend a

thorough and independent investigation of the records of these three laboratories, especially

their employee health records and any blood samples taken from employees in 2019.

A future report will show how errors in biosafety could have resulted in the leak of a

pathogen similar to SARS-COV-2 in one of the four ways listed by Kortepeter (2020):

• Aerosol release
• Accidental exposure inside the lab or in the field when sampling
• A lab leak via an animal or on an inanimate object/wastewater/sewage (fomites)
• Deliberate release of pathogen

For further discussion of these and other related issues, the interested reader is cordially

invited to read our first report: “1. PROPOSED FORENSIC INVESTIGATION OF WUHAN

LABORATORIES” (Bostickson & Ghannam, 2021).

69
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