Simple Welded Connection

Simple Welded
Connection
When two structural members are jointed by means of
welds, the connection is called a welded connection.
There are a number of reasons for using a welded design,
➢Welded designs offer the opportunity to achieve a more

efficient use of materials. Welding is the only process that
produces a one piece construction.
➢The speed of fabrication and erection helps compress

production schedules.
➢Welding saves weight and consequently cuts costs.

Connecting steel plates are reduced or eliminated since
they often are not required.
➢No deductions are there for holes; thus the gross
section is effective in carrying loads.
➢Welded joints are better for fatigue loads, impact loads

and vibrations.
Further, a properly welded joint is stronger than the jointed material.
Fused joints create a rigid structure in contrast to the non-rigid
structures made using other types of joints. The compactness and
greater rigidity of welded joints permits design assumptions to be
realised more accurately.
Welding offers the best method for achieving a rigid connection,

resulting in reduced beam depth and weight. Thus, it noticeably
lowers the overall height of a building. The weight of the structure
and consequently the static loading is considerably reduced. This
saves column steel and reduces foundation requirements. Saving in
transportation, handling time and erection is proportional to the
weight savings.
The basic types of welded joints can be classified
depending upon the type of weld,
e.g. fillet weld, groove weld (or butt weld), plug weld, slot
weld, spot weld, etc.,
position, e.g., flat weld, horizontal weld, vertical weld and

overhead weld, etc., and
type of joint, e.g., butt welded, lap welded, tee

welded and corner welded.
Groove and fillet welds are most frequently used.
Groove welds, are provided when the members to be jointed are lined up.
Various types of groove welds are shown in Fig.

Groove welds require edge preparation and are thus costly.
Single V, U, J, etc., are cheaper to form, but require double the
weld metal than double grooved joints.
Fillet welds are provided when two members to be jointed

are in different planes.
This situation is frequently met within structures.

Therefore, fillet welds are more common than groove
welds. Various types of fillet welds are shown in Fig
Fillet welds are normally easier to make, require less material preparation,
and are easier to fit than groove welds. On the other hand, for a given amount
of weld material, they are not as strong and they cause greater concentration of
stress. In lightly stressed structures where stiffness rather than strength controls
design and fatigue or brittle fracture is not a problem, fillet welds are entirely
adequate and generally more economical. Reliable fillet welds may be, and
frequently are, designed for severe stress and service conditions, but, as a rule,
groove welds are better in highly stressed structures where smooth flow of
stress is necessary. If the butt joint has the same characteristics as the parent
metal, is finished smooth with it on both sides (by proper grinding or the like),
and has complete penetration with no unweld zones, it approaches the
condition of no joint at all and, for most common types of parent metal, may
have impact and fatigue resistance equal or superior to that of the base metal.
Slot and plug welds are used to supplement the fillet welds, when required
length of fillet weld cannot be provided. Since, the penetration of these
welds cannot be ascertained and since these are difficult to inspect, slot and
plug are avoided.
WELDING PROCESS
Welding consists of joining two steel sections by establishing a

metallurgical bond between them through the application of
pressure and/or through fusion.
The most commonly used process is arc welding—a fusion

process.
The bond between the metals is produced by reducing the
surfaces to be joined to a molten state and then allowing the
molten metal to solidify. When the molten metal solidifies,
union is completed.
In the arc welding process , the intense heat required to reduce
the metal to liquid state is produced by an electric arc. The arc
produces a temperature of about 3600ºC between the sections
to be welded and the electrode. The tremendous heat at the tip
of the electrode melts filler metal and base metal, thus liquifying
them in a common pool called a crater.
As the areas solidify, the metals are joined into one solid
homogeneous piece. By moving the electrode along the joint to
be welded, the surfaces to be jointed are welded together along
their length.
ASSUMPTIONS IN THE ANALYSIS OF WELDED JOINTS
The following assumptions are made in the analysis of

welded joints.
➢The welds connecting the various parts are

homogeneous, isotropic and elastic elements.
➢The parts connected by the weld are rigid and their

deformations are therefore, neglected.
➢Only stresses due to external loads are considered.

Effects of residual stresses, stress concentrations and
shape of the welds are neglected.
DESIGN OF GROOVE WELDS
A groove weld is shown in Fig.. A square groove weld is

provided for sections less than 8 mm. Above this a single U,
Vee or double U, Vee, etc.,groove welds are provided.
Groove weld is usually designed for direct tension or

compression
Reinforcement
Reinforcement is the extra weld metal which makes the throat dimension
at least 10% greater than the thickness of the welded material. The reason
for providing reinforcement is to increase the efficiency of the joint.
Size
The size of the groove weld used is specified by the throat dimension
.This is also called effective throat thickness.
Effective Area
The effective area of the groove weld is the product of effective throat
thickness and the effective length of the groove weld. Effective length is
the length of the weld for which the required size of the weld is done.
Design Strength
DESIGN OF FILLET WELDS
The fillet weld is done for members which overlap each other. For such
joints the critical stress is shear stress. They are also subjected to direct
stresses but these are not of much importance.
Usually, convex or concave shaped fillet welds are provided depending

upon the situation.
To all external appearances,the concave fillet weld seems to be larger
than the convex weld. However, a check of the cross section may show
the concave weld to have less penetration and a smaller throat) than first
thought; therefore the convex fillet weld may actually be stronger even
though it may have less deposited metal.
Size(s)
The nominal size of a fillet weld is the dimension of its leg. Thus, the
size of fillet weld is specified as the minimum leg length of the weld. The
leg length is the distance from the root to the toe of the fillet weld
Maximum Size of Weld The maximum size is a function of the thickness of

thinner part jointed. The maximum size of a fillet weld is obtained by
subtracting 1.5 mm from the thickness of the thinner member to be jointed.
Minimum Size of Weld

Effective Throat Thickness
Effective Throat Thickness is the shortest distance from the root of the fillet
weld to the face of the diagrammatic weld (line joining the toes) as shown in
Fig).
The effective throat thickness should not be less than 3 mm.
Also,
it should not exceed 0.7t or 1.0t under special circumstances, where t is the
thickness of thinner plate of elements being welded.
Effective throat thickness = K × size of weld = KS

Effective Length is the length of the fillet weld for which the specified size
and throat thickness of weld exist . In practice the actual length of weld is made of
the effective length shown in the drawing plus two times the weld size. The
effective length is, therefore, equal to the overall length provided minus twice the
weld size.
If the length of the welded joint of a splice or end connections in a
compression or tension element exceeds 150 times the throat size of the weld,
the reduction in weld strength as per long joint is done. However, for flange to
web connection since the welds are loaded for the full length this limitation
does not apply. For long joints the design capacity of weld is reduced by a
factor,
Effective Area
The effective area of a fillet weld is equal to effective length of the weld
multiplied by effective throat thickness.
Design Strength
The design stress of a fillet weld
where lw =effective length of the weld in mm
tt =throat thickness in mm
S =size of weld in mm
fu =smaller of ultimate strength of the weld and the parent
material in N/mm2
Pdw =design strength of weld in Newtons
γmw =partial safety factor
=1.25 for shop welding
=1.5 for site welding

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Simple Welded

There are a number of reasons for using a welded design,

➢Welded designs offer the opportunity to achieve a more

➢The speed of fabrication and erection helps compress

➢Welding saves weight and consequently cuts costs.

➢Welded joints are better for fatigue loads, impact loads

Welding offers the best method for achieving a rigid connection,

position, e.g., flat weld, horizontal weld, vertical weld and

type of joint, e.g., butt welded, lap welded, tee

Various types of groove welds are shown in Fig.

Fillet welds are provided when two members to be jointed

This situation is frequently met within structures.

Welding consists of joining two steel sections by establishing a

The most commonly used process is arc welding—a fusion

The following assumptions are made in the analysis of

➢The welds connecting the various parts are

➢The parts connected by the weld are rigid and their

➢Only stresses due to external loads are considered.

A groove weld is shown in Fig.. A square groove weld is

Groove weld is usually designed for direct tension or

Usually, convex or concave shaped fillet welds are provided depending

Maximum Size of Weld The maximum size is a function of the thickness of

Minimum Size of Weld

Effective throat thickness = K × size of weld = KS

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