Delhi Public School Class 9 - Chemistry Chapter 1: Matter in Our Surroundings

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DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL

CLASS 9 - CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER 1: MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS

CONCEPT MAP

 Matter is made up of Particles of matter


particles.
 Have intermolecular
 Particles of matter are very
spaces.
small.
 Attract each other.
 Are in continuous
motion.

NATURE CHARACTERISTICS

MATTER

CLASSIFICATION INTERCONVERSION

Physical Classification Processes involved Factors effecting

 Plasma  Melting - Temperature


 Solid  Vaporization - Pressure
 Liquid  Condensation
 Gas  Sublimation
 BEC  Freezing

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LECTURE 1 - MATTER, PHYSICAL NATURE & CHARACTERISTICS OF MATTER

TOPIC OVERVIEW
1. Introduction to Matter
2. Physical Nature of Matter
3. Characteristics of Matter
4. Question and Answers
5. Assignment
6. Links

TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION TO MATTER


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ELchwUIlWa8

List a few things that you see around.


We see desks, chairs, board, pencils, water, bottles, paper, clouds, plants, animals,
stones etc. Everything in this universe is made up of material which the scientists have
named as matter.

What is matter? How do you define matter?


“Anything that has mass or volume, occupies space and is felt by senses is termed as
matter”. Say for e.g. a table occupies space and has mass, so does air, water or any other
thing we see.

Constituents of Matter
According to the early Indian philosophers, every living and non-living thing is made
of five basic elements called the Panchtatava – Air, Water, Earth, Sky, and Fire.
Therefore, matter is a composition of these five constituents.

TOPIC 2: PHYSICAL NATURE OF MATTER


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0MMd0TmTTHg
Is matter continuous or particulate?

Matter is particulate in nature. This means that matter consists of particles as you can
see in the microscopic image of a cube above.

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For Example, If we put a drop of red color in water the color of the water turns red. This
happens because the particles of red color mix with the particles of water.
What is the size of these particles? Are you able to see these particles?
Let‟s do an activity to find out.
Activity 1: ‘Matter is made of particles and they are very small’
Take 100ml of water in a beaker and add a little of potassium permanganate to it. You
can see a pink color solution. Observe the intensity of the color. Now take 10ml of this
solution and add it to 100ml of water taken in another beaker. Note the color of the
solution. Repeat this step twice and each time note the color of the solution. What do
you observe? Is the solution colored in all the beakers? Is the intensity of the color same
in all the beakers?

Observation:
 As shown in the figure above we see that on dilution of a colorful solution, we
can still see the color. This means there are millions of particles present in the
color which just divide themselves on dilution.
 The color of the solution remains but its intensity decreases (color becomes
lighter) because the number of particles of potassium permanganate per unit
volume decreases on dilution.

Inference:
From this experiment we infer that
 Matter is made up of particles.
 Particles of matter are very small.
 They can be broken into further particles as well.

TOPIC 3: CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICLES OF MATTER


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mpufi-1voVo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CBCc014OAjE
Let us perform some experiments to discover the characteristics of particles of matter.
Activity 2: „Particles of matter have spaces between them’
Dissolution of salt/ sugar in water
Take water in a beaker. Mark the level of the water taken in the beaker. Now add 2 to 3
tsp of salt or sugar to it and stir it.

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What will you observe?
Has the salt/sugar dissolved in water? What has happened to the level of the water in
the beaker? Has it increased, decreased or remains the same?
Observation:
 The salt/ sugar dissolve in water.
 The volume of the water does not change. It remains the same.

If the salt/sugar has dissolved in water then why did the volume of water in beaker not
increase? Why does the volume remain the same? What causes the salt/sugar to
dissolve in water?
The particles of water have spaces between them. The particles of the salt/sugar get in
between the spaces of particles of water to form a mixture. Hence the volume of water
does not increase. The particles are so small that they cannot be seen with the naked
eye.

Inference:
From this experiment we infer that „Particles of matter have spaces between them’.

Activity 3: ‘Particles of matter are in continuous motion’


Mixing ink to water
Take a beaker containing water. Add a drop of blue ink to it. Leave the beaker
undisturbed for some time.
What do you observe? Is the drop of ink seen in the beaker? What has happened to the
color of the water?
Observation:
 The drop of ink mixes in water and the water now appears blue in color.

So how did the ink mix in water?

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Particles of ink are in continuous motion. They move randomly and intermix with the
particles of water.
Diffusion:
 This intermixing of different particles of matter on its own is termed as
diffusion.
 Diffusion of particles increases on heating.

 Particles of matter which are continuously moving possess kinetic energy.


 Kinetic energy is the energy possessed due to motion.
 It increases on heating

Inference:
From this experiment we infer that ‘Particles of matter are in continuous motion’.
Note:
The random movement of particles was first observed by Robert Brown when he
dropped few pollen grains in water. He observed that the pollen grains moved
randomly in a zig zag fashion. This random zig-zag motion of particles is also known as
Brownian motion.

Activity 4: ‘Particles of matter attract each other’


Try to move your hand through a running stream of water
What do you observe? Were you able to move your hand through it? Does the stream of
water remain together after that?
Observation:
 It is easy to move the hand through the stream of water.
 But even after we move our hand through the stream of water it remains
together.
Now think why does the stream of water remain together?
The particles of matter have force acting between them. This force keeps the particles
together and hence the stream of water remains together.

Inference:
From this experiment we infer that ‘Particles of matter attract each other’

Particles of matter attract each other but is the force of attraction same in all forms of
matter? Let‟s do some more experiments to find out.

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Activity 4.1: ‘Force of attraction between particles vary in different forms of matter’.

Take an iron nail, a piece of chalk and a rubber band. Try breaking them by hammering,
cutting or stretching.
What do you observe? Which among these was easier to cut or break?

Observation:
 An iron nail could be cut only on hammering, a chalk piece by applying some
force and a rubber band just by stretching it.
An iron nail, chalk and a rubber band are all solids but it requires different amount of
force to cut or break each of it.
What does this indicate?
This indicates that the amount of force between the particles vary in different forms of
matter. In some the force is very high and some it is low.

Inference:
From this experiment we infer that ‘the amount of force between the particles varies in
different forms of matter’

Activity 4.2: ‘Force of attraction between particles is highest in solids and least in
gases.
Try to move your hand through air, through a stream of water and through a solid
object.
What do you observe? Are you able to cut through air, water and the solid object?

Observation:
 It is easy to cut through air and water but not through the solid object. To break
through the solid object we need a karate expert.
 Among air and water we can move our hand more freely through air than
through water.
Why does this happen? What do you infer from this?

Inference:
From this experiment we can infer the following
 Solids have the highest force of attraction. That is why we cannot move our
hands through a solid object. The particles are so tightly bound.
 Similarly, particles of gases have the least force of attraction in them because the
particles of gases are loosely bound. Hence we can move our hands easily in air.
 We can arrange the force of attraction between different types of matter (solids,
liquids, and gases) in increasing order as: Gas < Liquid < Solids

Let’s summarize the different properties of particles of matter that we have learnt.
Particles of matter have three characteristics:

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 Particles of matter have spaces between them
 Particles of matter are moving all the time. They are in continuous motion.
 Particles of matter attract each other and the Forces of attraction between the
particles vary for different forms of matter. The forces of attraction are the
highest in solids and least in gases.

Question and Answers:


Q 1) The smell of hot sizzling food reaches you several metres away but to get the smell
from cold food you have to go close?
Ans: Rate of diffusion increases with an increase in temperature. The aroma of the food
from hot food diffuses much faster from that of cold food and hence we get the smell of
hot sizzling food even when we are few metres away.

Q 2) A diver is able to cut through water in a swimming pool. Which property of matter
does this observation show?
Ans. Particles of water (liquid) have comparatively more intermolecular space and
less intermolecular force of attraction than that of the diver (solid).

Assignment:
I) MCQs
1. Which among the following is not a matter?
a) sand b) smell c) thought d) both b and c
2. The rate of diffusion of particles of matter ________ with an increase temperature
a) increases b) remains the same
c) decreases d) initially decreases then increases
3. Which of the following is not true about matter
a) matter is particulate in nature b) matter is continuous in nature
c) particles of matter are very small d) none of these
4. The intermolecular forces of attraction between the particles of matter is highest in
a) tea b) lemonade c) sugar d) perfume
5) The intermolecular spaces between the particles of matter is highest in
a) chair b) almonds c) cold drink d) water vapour

II) Answer the following in a word or a sentence:


1. Define matter.
2. Which of these is matter – happiness, air, sandwich, hate, love, juice, and eraser?
3. We get the smell of the incense stick even when it is lit and kept in one corner of the
house. Which property of matter does it indicate?
4. Define the term diffusion.
5. How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion?
6. It is easier to break a piece of chalk but not an iron nail. Give reason?
7. When we dissolve sugar in water the volume of the water remains the same. Which
property of matter does this indicate?

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III) Answer in brief:
1. List the different characteristics of matter.
2. Design an experiment to show that the particles of matter are very small.

LINKS
TOPIC LINK
Introduction to Matter https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ELchwUIlWa8

Physical Nature of Matter https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0MMd0TmTTHg


Characteristics of Matter https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mpufi-1voVo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CBCc014OAjE

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