Delhi Public School Class 9 - Chemistry Chapter 1: Matter in Our Surroundings
Delhi Public School Class 9 - Chemistry Chapter 1: Matter in Our Surroundings
Delhi Public School Class 9 - Chemistry Chapter 1: Matter in Our Surroundings
CLASS 9 - CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER 1: MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS
CONCEPT MAP
NATURE CHARACTERISTICS
MATTER
CLASSIFICATION INTERCONVERSION
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LECTURE 1 - MATTER, PHYSICAL NATURE & CHARACTERISTICS OF MATTER
TOPIC OVERVIEW
1. Introduction to Matter
2. Physical Nature of Matter
3. Characteristics of Matter
4. Question and Answers
5. Assignment
6. Links
Constituents of Matter
According to the early Indian philosophers, every living and non-living thing is made
of five basic elements called the Panchtatava – Air, Water, Earth, Sky, and Fire.
Therefore, matter is a composition of these five constituents.
Matter is particulate in nature. This means that matter consists of particles as you can
see in the microscopic image of a cube above.
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For Example, If we put a drop of red color in water the color of the water turns red. This
happens because the particles of red color mix with the particles of water.
What is the size of these particles? Are you able to see these particles?
Let‟s do an activity to find out.
Activity 1: ‘Matter is made of particles and they are very small’
Take 100ml of water in a beaker and add a little of potassium permanganate to it. You
can see a pink color solution. Observe the intensity of the color. Now take 10ml of this
solution and add it to 100ml of water taken in another beaker. Note the color of the
solution. Repeat this step twice and each time note the color of the solution. What do
you observe? Is the solution colored in all the beakers? Is the intensity of the color same
in all the beakers?
Observation:
As shown in the figure above we see that on dilution of a colorful solution, we
can still see the color. This means there are millions of particles present in the
color which just divide themselves on dilution.
The color of the solution remains but its intensity decreases (color becomes
lighter) because the number of particles of potassium permanganate per unit
volume decreases on dilution.
Inference:
From this experiment we infer that
Matter is made up of particles.
Particles of matter are very small.
They can be broken into further particles as well.
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What will you observe?
Has the salt/sugar dissolved in water? What has happened to the level of the water in
the beaker? Has it increased, decreased or remains the same?
Observation:
The salt/ sugar dissolve in water.
The volume of the water does not change. It remains the same.
If the salt/sugar has dissolved in water then why did the volume of water in beaker not
increase? Why does the volume remain the same? What causes the salt/sugar to
dissolve in water?
The particles of water have spaces between them. The particles of the salt/sugar get in
between the spaces of particles of water to form a mixture. Hence the volume of water
does not increase. The particles are so small that they cannot be seen with the naked
eye.
Inference:
From this experiment we infer that „Particles of matter have spaces between them’.
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Particles of ink are in continuous motion. They move randomly and intermix with the
particles of water.
Diffusion:
This intermixing of different particles of matter on its own is termed as
diffusion.
Diffusion of particles increases on heating.
Inference:
From this experiment we infer that ‘Particles of matter are in continuous motion’.
Note:
The random movement of particles was first observed by Robert Brown when he
dropped few pollen grains in water. He observed that the pollen grains moved
randomly in a zig zag fashion. This random zig-zag motion of particles is also known as
Brownian motion.
Inference:
From this experiment we infer that ‘Particles of matter attract each other’
Particles of matter attract each other but is the force of attraction same in all forms of
matter? Let‟s do some more experiments to find out.
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Activity 4.1: ‘Force of attraction between particles vary in different forms of matter’.
Take an iron nail, a piece of chalk and a rubber band. Try breaking them by hammering,
cutting or stretching.
What do you observe? Which among these was easier to cut or break?
Observation:
An iron nail could be cut only on hammering, a chalk piece by applying some
force and a rubber band just by stretching it.
An iron nail, chalk and a rubber band are all solids but it requires different amount of
force to cut or break each of it.
What does this indicate?
This indicates that the amount of force between the particles vary in different forms of
matter. In some the force is very high and some it is low.
Inference:
From this experiment we infer that ‘the amount of force between the particles varies in
different forms of matter’
Activity 4.2: ‘Force of attraction between particles is highest in solids and least in
gases.
Try to move your hand through air, through a stream of water and through a solid
object.
What do you observe? Are you able to cut through air, water and the solid object?
Observation:
It is easy to cut through air and water but not through the solid object. To break
through the solid object we need a karate expert.
Among air and water we can move our hand more freely through air than
through water.
Why does this happen? What do you infer from this?
Inference:
From this experiment we can infer the following
Solids have the highest force of attraction. That is why we cannot move our
hands through a solid object. The particles are so tightly bound.
Similarly, particles of gases have the least force of attraction in them because the
particles of gases are loosely bound. Hence we can move our hands easily in air.
We can arrange the force of attraction between different types of matter (solids,
liquids, and gases) in increasing order as: Gas < Liquid < Solids
Let’s summarize the different properties of particles of matter that we have learnt.
Particles of matter have three characteristics:
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Particles of matter have spaces between them
Particles of matter are moving all the time. They are in continuous motion.
Particles of matter attract each other and the Forces of attraction between the
particles vary for different forms of matter. The forces of attraction are the
highest in solids and least in gases.
Q 2) A diver is able to cut through water in a swimming pool. Which property of matter
does this observation show?
Ans. Particles of water (liquid) have comparatively more intermolecular space and
less intermolecular force of attraction than that of the diver (solid).
Assignment:
I) MCQs
1. Which among the following is not a matter?
a) sand b) smell c) thought d) both b and c
2. The rate of diffusion of particles of matter ________ with an increase temperature
a) increases b) remains the same
c) decreases d) initially decreases then increases
3. Which of the following is not true about matter
a) matter is particulate in nature b) matter is continuous in nature
c) particles of matter are very small d) none of these
4. The intermolecular forces of attraction between the particles of matter is highest in
a) tea b) lemonade c) sugar d) perfume
5) The intermolecular spaces between the particles of matter is highest in
a) chair b) almonds c) cold drink d) water vapour
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III) Answer in brief:
1. List the different characteristics of matter.
2. Design an experiment to show that the particles of matter are very small.
LINKS
TOPIC LINK
Introduction to Matter https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ELchwUIlWa8
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