ANALYSIS ON ORNITHOPTER

The final step in the development of the localized compliance flapping mechanism is to use
the forces calculated in the planar dynamics model in a finite element analysis.
The resulting stress and strain are used to optimize the remaining mechanism dimensions and
the compliant hinge cross-section thickness. The goal of the optimization was to minimize
the weight of the mechanism, while still satisfying the manufacturability and maximum
stress constraints.
The planar dynamics model runs for two full flapping cycles, and the points of the highest
loading intensity are selected as candidates for FEA. An analysis of all time steps likely to
produce maximum stress in the mechanism performed, and the loading conditions found to
generate maximum stress.
These loads were applied to the corresponding points on the 3D mechanism model. Since
forces resulting from the weight of gears are an order of magnitude smaller than the forces
resulting from the motion, these forces were excluded from the FEA.
 FLOW AND THERMAL ANALYSIS OF ORNITHOPTER

Table of Contents
1 General Information...........................................................................................................................1
1.1 Analysis Environment.............................................................................................................1
1.2 Model Information..................................................................................................................1
1.3 Project Comments:..................................................................................................................1
1.4 Size of Computational Domain...............................................................................................1
1.5 Simulation Parameters.............................................................................................................1
1.5.1 Mesh Settings......................................................................................................................1
1.5.2 Material Settings..................................................................................................................2
1.5.3 Initial Conditions.................................................................................................................2
1.5.4 Boundary Conditions...........................................................................................................2
1.5.5 Volumetric Heat Sources.....................................................................................................2
1.5.6 Engineering Goals...............................................................................................................2
1.6 Analysis Time.........................................................................................................................2
2 Results.............................................................................................................................................2
2.1 Analysis Goals.........................................................................................................................2
2.2 Global Min-Max-Table..............................................................................................................2
2.3 Cut Plot and Flow Trajectories................................................................................................2
2.4 Conclusion...............................................................................................................................2
3 Appendix..........................................................................................................................................2
3.1 Material Data...........................................................................................................................2

II
1 General Information

Objective of the simulation: Simulation analysis intends to verify that the product meets its requirements
for operation. It can further provide insight into necessary changes and validate that the correct real-world
tests are conducted.

1.1 Analysis Environment

Software Product: Flow Simulation 2018 SP0.0. Build: 3996

CPU Type: AMD A4-3330MX APU with Radeon(tm) HD Graphics

CPU Speed: 2200 (800) MHz

RAM: 3561 MB / 134217727 MB

Operating System: Windows 10 (or higher) (Version 10.0.19042)

1.2 Model Information

Model Name: ORNITHOPTER.SLDPRT

Project Name: Design and Development of Light weight Unmanned Aerial Vehicle using DFAM approach

1.3 Project Comments:

Unit System: SI (m-kg-s)

Analysis Type: External (exclude internal spaces)

1.4 Size of Computational Domain

Size
X min -0.204 m
X max 0.858 m

Y min -0.104 m
Y max 0.244 m

Z min -0.792 m
Z max 0.832 m

1.5 Simulation Parameters

1.5.1 Mesh Settings
1.5.1.1 Basic Mesh
Basic Mesh Dimensions
Number of cells in X 31

Number of cells in Y 12
Number of cells in Z 48

1.5.1.2 Analysis Mesh

Total Cell count: 22886

Fluid Cells: 22886

Solid Cells: 2788

Partial Cells: 2504

Trimmed Cells: 0

1.5.1.3 Additional Physical Calculation Options

Heat Transfer Analysis: Heat conduction in solids: Off

Flow Type: Laminar and turbulent

Time-Dependent Analysis: Off

Gravity: On

Radiation:
Humidity: Off

Default Wall Roughness: 0 micrometer

1.5.2 Material Settings

Material Settings
Fluids
Air

1.5.3 Initial Conditions

Ambient Conditions
Thermodynamic parameters Static Pressure: 101325.00 Pa

Temperature: 293.20 K
Velocity parameters Velocity vector

Velocity in X direction: 0 m/s

Velocity in Y direction: 0 m/s

Velocity in Z direction: 6.000 m/s

Turbulence parameters

1.5.4 Boundary Conditions

The velocity of the air at the inlet BC is set in FLUENT with a value of 3 m/s & 6m/s.

The outlet BC is set to pressure outlet with the gauge pressure of 1 atm.

The model contour, the left and the right of the virtual wind tunnel are set as symmetry.

The density of air is set as 1.225 kg/m3 and the viscosity of air is 1.7894 x 10-5 kg/ms.

Drag coefficient=0.4

1.5.5 Volumetric Heat Sources

1.5.6 Engineering Goals

Goals
Global Goals
GG Av Total Pressure 1

Type Global Goal

Goal type Total Pressure

Calculate Average value

Coordinate system Global coordinate system

Use in convergence On

GG Av Dynamic Pressure 1

Type Global Goal

Goal type Dynamic Pressure

Calculate Average value

Coordinate system Global coordinate system

Use in convergence On

GG Av Total Temperature 1

Type Global Goal

Goal type Total Temperature

Calculate Average value

Coordinate system Global coordinate system
Use in convergence On

GG Av Velocity 1

Type Global Goal

Goal type Velocity

Calculate Average value

Coordinate system Global coordinate system

Use in convergence On

GG Av Velocity (X) 1

Type Global Goal

Goal type Velocity (X)

Calculate Average value

Coordinate system Global coordinate system

Use in convergence On

GG Av Velocity (Y) 1

Type Global Goal

Goal type Velocity (Y)

Calculate Average value
Coordinate system Global coordinate system
Use in convergence On

GG Av Velocity (Z) 1

Type Global Goal

Goal type Velocity (Z)

Calculate Average value

Coordinate system Global coordinate system

Use in convergence On

GG Normal Force 1

Type Global Goal

Goal type Normal Force

Coordinate system Global coordinate system

Use in convergence On

GG Friction Force 1

Type Global Goal

Goal type Friction Force

Coordinate system Global coordinate system

Use in convergence On

GG Av Shear Stress 1

Type Global Goal

Goal type Shear Stress

Calculate Average value

Coordinate system Global coordinate system

Use in convergence On

1.6 Analysis Time

Calculation Time: 887 s

Number of Iterations: 135

Warnings:
2 Results
2.1 Analysis Goals

Goals
Name Unit Value Progress Criteria Delta Use in
convergence

GG Av Total Pa 101344.17 100 0.0474326707 0.00121794479 On

Pressure 1
GG Av Pa 19.99 100 0.0482296111 0.000987017951 On
Dynamic
Pressure 1

GG Av Total K 293.22 100 2.9321785e-06 2.83804462e-06 On

Temperatur
e1
GG Av m/s 5.692 100 0.0089488986 0.000331872387 On
Velocity 1

GG Av m/s 0.005 100 0.00016489880 9.87031979e-05 On

Velocity (X) 7
1
GG Av m/s -0.007 100 0.00028966990 0.000222346097 On
Velocity (Y) 1 3

GG Av m/s 5.678 100 0.0095195897 0.0017453866 On

Velocity (Z) 1
GG Normal N 0.379 100 0.0169974954 0.00169506026 On
Force 1

GG Friction N 0.057 100 0.00126112127 0.000107126099 On

Force 1
GG Av Shear Pa 0.05 100 0.00107701721 3.47826161e-05 On
Stress 1
2.2 Global Min-Max-Table

Min/Max Table
Name Minimum Maximum
Density (Fluid) [kg/m^3] 1.20 1.20

Pressure [Pa] 101311.81 101353.50

Temperature [K] 293.20 293.22

Temperature (Fluid) [K] 293.20 293.22

Velocity [m/s] 0 6.583

Velocity (X) [m/s] -2.100 3.449

Velocity (Y) [m/s] -3.360 2.937

Velocity (Z) [m/s] -2.022 6.487

Mach Number [ ] 0 0.02

Velocity RRF [m/s] 0 6.583

Velocity RRF (X) [m/s] -2.100 3.449

Velocity RRF (Y) [m/s] -3.360 2.937

Velocity RRF (Z) [m/s] -2.022 6.487

Vorticity [1/s] 1.61e-03 2280.84

Relative Pressure [Pa] -13.19 28.50

Shear Stress [Pa] 0 1.12

Specific Heat (Cp) [J/(kg*K)] 1006.6 1006.6

Bottleneck Number [ ] 3.4631036e-14 1.0000000

Heat Transfer Coefficient 0 0
[W/m^2/K]

ShortCut Number [ ] 8.8941427e-14 1.0000000

Surface Heat Flux [W/m^2] -0 -0

Surface Heat Flux (Convective) -0 -0

[W/m^2]
Acoustic Power [W/m^3] 1.716e-29 2.359e-11

Acoustic Power Level [dB] 0 13.73

2.3 Cut Plot and Flow Trajectories

2.3.1 Cut Plot 1: Contours [Pressure(Pa)]

2.3.2 Cut lot 2: Contours [Velocity(m/s)]

2.3.3 Cut Plot 3: Contours [Velocity(m/s)]

2.3.4 Cut Plot 4: Contours [Pressure(Pa)]

2.3.5 Cut Plot 1: Contours [Pressure(Pa)]

2.3.6 Cut Plot 2: Contours [Velocity(m/s)]

2.3.7 Flow Trajectories 1 [Velocity(m/s)]

2.3.8 Flow Trajectories 2 [Pressure(Pa)]
2.4 Goal Plot on Excel

2.5 CONCLUSION

From the simulation that was performed, many things can be considered like how well the orinthopter will perform
under various situations and conditions.

The mesh size and cells were defined through which simulation could be done easily. As seen the flow type
consider is laminar and turbulent cases and studied individually.

The Boundary conditions are mostly useful in presenting the appropriate environment for the device and helps in
simulation of the same, giving the results as desired.

With the appropriate velocity calculation considered and applied, with around 135 iterations criteria like delta,
pressure temperature, velocity in various directions is found.

From the global min max table, we have obtained the range of all the parameters which the device has to face
and the working conditions are also satisfied similarly.

Through this we can conclude the working conditions of the device and the environment it can be present in.
3 Appendix
3.1 Material Data

Engineering Database
Gases
Air
Path: Gases Pre-Defined

Specific heat ratio (Cp/Cv): 1.399

Molecular mass: 0.0290 kg/mol

Dynamic viscosity
Dynamic viscosity[Pa*s]

Temperature[K]
Specific heat (Cp)
Specific heat (Cp)[J/(kg*K)]

Temperature[K]

Thermal conductivity
Thermal conductivity[W/(m*K)]

Temperature[K]