Heavy Earth Moving Equipment A. Dozers: Key Components

1.
Heavy earth moving equipment

a. Dozers
dozer is heavy piece of earthmoving equipment which uses a front-mounted blade to push
material forward and create a level surface for construction sites
function of dozer;
 Land clearing and grubbin

 Stock piling
 Spreading stock pile
 Backfilling
 Ditching
 Creating and finishing slope
 Demolition
Crawler dozer wheel dozer
Key Components
 Power unit mounted on an undercarriage, which rides on tracks.
 Blade : A board with replaceable cutting edges and side bits, vary in size and
design
 Straight Blade : can be tilted and pitched
 for pushing material
 cutting ditches
 Angle Blade : wider than straight blades
 to side cast, backfilling/side hill cuts.
 Special-Purpose Blade :
 Clearing bush/trees.
Fig.component of dozer
Dozer operation
 Techniques
 Side by side
 Slot
 down hill
 Dozing conditions
 Hard material
 Rock
 Wet material
 Soil and sand
dozer operation
b. scraper
Scrapers are one of most important earth moving equipment. It used for Self-loading,
transporting and spreading machine.
It Used on projects such as road and airport runway construction, for distances < 3km
Essentially the earth is cut & loaded directly into the scraper box or bowl, transported to the
discharge area and finally spread in layers. The process is a continuous cycle. Towed &
motorized scrapers available dependent on the project size.
Heaped capacities:
 Tractor pulled scrapers 8-30 m^3
 Motorized scrapers 15-50 m^3
Major description of scraper components
There are two main types of scrapers:
1. Towed scrapers
2. Motorised scrapers
Towed Scraper
The towed scraper is towed behind a crawler tractor. It has a large load carrying bowl with a
cutting edge on the front. The front wall of the bowl, called the apron, can be raised or lowered
allowing the cutting edge to penetrate the ground. The forward motion allows the excavated
earth to flow into the bowl until full. The apron is then lowered and the bowl raised so that the
material can be transported to the required place. To unload the scraper the apron is raised and
the rear of the bowl (tailgate) is pushed or tilted to eject the material in an even yet. The scraper
is operated via a crawler tractor mounted winch assembly (called a cable control unit) which
operates the scraper functions via steel wire rope and pulleys. Some towed scrapers are
hydraulic powered from the crawler tractor hydraulic system
1. Motor Scraper
The motorized scraper does the same job as the towed scraper, but much faster. It consists of a
wheeled tractor unit at the front (usually single axle) coupled via a kingpin or vertical hinge to
the scraper unit. The scraper unit has the same basic components as the towed scraper with
the various movements being powered hydraulically. The motorized scrapers faster than the
towed scraper but on some materials it has to be loaded with the assistance of a crawler or
wheeled dozer pushing at the rear (push-loading). Some scrapers are single engine type with
only one prime mover, other scrapers are twin engine, with a power unit at the rear to drive the
rear wheels
2. Grading Equipment
a. Grader (Motorized Grader)
The motorized grader is used to finish surfaces, grade to fine limits, ditch cleaning and cutting,
dirt road maintenance and various other tasks. The grader has a long narrow chassis with four
or six wheels. A blade (or mould board) is fitted to an “A” frame located at the front of the
chassis and suspended at the midpoint by hydraulic cylinders. The blade can be moved through
a vast number of positions to suit any task; up, down, left, right, rotated 360°, even at 90° to the
horizontal. Various other attachments can be fitted to improve its versatilit
MOTOR GRADER
 Multipurpose machines for grading, shaping, bank-sloping, and ditching.
 They are used for mixing, spreading, side casting, leveling and crowning, general
construction, and road and run way maintenance.
 Cannot perform dozer work because of the structural strength and location of its blade.
 Capable of working on slopes as steep as 3:1

Fig. Motor grader
Description
 Major Components
 Blade
 Hydraulically controlled board to which the cutting edges are bolted.
 The ends of the blade can be raised or lowered together or independently of
one another.
 Blade Position: The blade can be angled in any of the three planes.
 Blade Pitch: The blade can be pitched forward or backward.
 Scarifier
 Use a scarifier to break up material too hard for the blade to cut. A scarifier
has removable teeth that can be adjusted.
Fig. Component of motor grader
 Operations
 Road grading, embankment finish work, and shallow-ditch construction are basic
grader operations.
 Level and maintain a surface by working the material across the road or runway
from one side to the other. A water truck may be necessary to dampen dry material.
 Scarifying rough roads
3. ROLLING EQUIPMENT
a. Roller
Roller is equipment which used for compaction purposes. roller types are;
1. Smooth footed roller:
– Self-propelled or towed steel rollers.
– Suitable for: well-graded sands and gravels

silts and clays of low plasticity
– Unsuitable for: uniform sands; silt sands; soft clays
2. Grid roller:
– Towed units with rolls of 30-50 mm bars, with spaces between of 90-100 mm
– Suitable for: well-graded sands; soft rocks; stony soils with fine fractions
– Unsuitable for: uniform sands; silty sands; very soft clays
3. Sheep-foot roller:
– Also known as a 'tamping roller'
– Self propelled or towed units, with hollow drum fitted with projecting club-shaped 'feet'
– Suitable for: fine grained soils; sands and gravels, with >20% fines
– Unsuitable for: very coarse soils; uniform gravels
4. Pneumatic rollers:
– Usually a container on two axles, with rubber-tired wheels.
– Wheels aligned to give a full-width rolled track.
– Suitable for: most coarse and fine soils.
– Unsuitable for: very soft clay; highly variable soils

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1.

Heavy earth moving equipment

 Land clearing and grubbin

Crawler dozer wheel dozer

Major description of scraper components

There are two main types of scrapers:

 Capable of working on slopes as steep as 3:1

Fig. Component of motor grader

1. Smooth footed roller:

– Self-propelled or towed steel rollers.

– Suitable for: well-graded sands and gravels

– Unsuitable for: uniform sands; silt sands; soft clays

– Unsuitable for: uniform sands; silty sands; very soft clays

– Also known as a 'tamping roller'

– Unsuitable for: very coarse soils; uniform gravels

– Usually a container on two axles, with rubber-tired wheels.

– Wheels aligned to give a full-width rolled track.

– Suitable for: most coarse and fine soils.

– Unsuitable for: very soft clay; highly variable soils

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