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Lecture 4: Transformers
Introduction
A transformer is a device which uses the phenomenon of mutual induction to change the
values of alternating voltages and currents. In fact, one of the main advantages of a.c.
transmission and distribution is the ease with which an alternating voltage can be increased or
decreased by transformers.
A transformer is represented in Figure (a) as consisting of two electrical
circuits linked by a common ferromagnetic core. One coil is termed the primary
winding which is connected to the supply of electricity, and the other the secondary
winding, which may be connected to a load. A circuit diagram symbol for a
transformer is shown in Figure (b).
Transformer principle of operation
When the secondary is an open-circuit and an alternating voltage V1 is

applied to the primary winding, a small current — called the no-load current I0
— flows, which sets up a magnetic flux in the core. This alternating flux links
with both primary and secondary coils and induces in them e.m.f.’s of E1 and
E2 respectively by mutual induction. The induced e.m.f. E in a coil of N turns
is given by:
- where dᶲ/dt is the rate of change of flux.

- In an ideal transformer, the rate of change of flux is the same for both primary
and secondary and thus
E1/N1 =E2/N2,
i.e. the induced e.m.f. per turn is constant.
Transformer principle of operation (continued)
Assuming no losses, E =V
1 1 and E =V .
2 2 Hence:
- V1/V2 is called the voltage ratio.

- N1/N2 the turns ratio, or the ‘transformation ratio’ of the transformer.
- If N2 is greater then N1 then V2 is greater than V1 and the device is termed a
step-up transformer.
Transformer principle of operation (continued)
When a load is connected across the secondary winding, a current I2 flows. In an

ideal transformer losses are neglected and a transformer is considered to be
100% efficient.
Hence:
input power = output power,
or V I =V I
1 1 2 2
i.e. in an ideal transformer, the primary and secondary volt-amperes are equal.
THUS AND
- The rating of a transformer is stated in terms of the volt-amperes that it can transform
without overheating.
Problem 1. A transformer has 500 primary turns and 3000 secondary turns. If
the primary voltage is 240V, determine the secondary voltage, assuming an
ideal transformer.
Answer:
Problem 2. A 5 kVA single-phase transformer has a turns ratio of 10:1 and is fed from a 2.5
kV supply. Neglecting losses, determine (a) the full load secondary current, (b) the minimum
load resistance which can be connected across the secondary winding to give full load kVA,
(c) the primary current at full load kVA.
Transformer no-load phasor diagram
- The core flux is common to both primary and secondary windings in a transformer and is thus taken as the
reference phasor in a phasor diagram.
- On no-load the primary winding takes a small no-load current I0 and since, with losses neglected, the primary
winding is a pure inductor,
- Current lags the applied voltage V1 by 90◦.
- Current I0 produces the flux and is drawn in phase with the flux.
- The primary induced e.m.f. E1 is in phase opposition to V1 (by Lenz’s law)

and is shown 180◦ out of phase with V1 and equal in magnitude.
- The secondary induced e.m.f. is shown for a 2:1 turns ratio transformer.
No-load phasor diagram for a practical transformer
When losses are considered then the no-load current I0 is the

phasor sum of two components:
- IM, the magnetizing component, in phase with the flux,
- IC, the core loss component (supplying the hysteresis and

eddy current losses).
- From Figure
Problem 3. A 2400V/400V single-phase transformer takes a no-load current of 0.5A and the core loss is 400W.
Determine the values of the magnetizing and core loss components of the no-load current. Draw to scale the
no-load phasor diagram for the transformer.
Answer
e.m.f. equation of a transformer
- The magnetic flux (ᶲ) set up in the core of a transformer when an alternating voltage
is applied to its primary winding is also alternating and is sinusoidal.
- Let (ᶲm) be the maximum value of the flux and (f) be the frequency of the supply.
- rms value of e.m.f. induced in primary winding:
Where N1 the number of turns in primary winding
- and rms value of e.m.f. induced in secondary windings:
Where N2 the number of turns in secondary winding

Problem 4. A 100 kVA, 4000V/200V, 50 Hz single phase transformer has 100 secondary turns.
Determine: (a) the primary and secondary current, (b) the number of primary turns, and (c) the
maximum value of the flux.
Answer

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Lecture 4: Transformers

When the secondary is an open-circuit and an alternating voltage V1 is

- where dᶲ/dt is the rate of change of flux.

- V1/V2 is called the voltage ratio.

When a load is connected across the secondary winding, a current I2 flows. In an

- Current lags the applied voltage V1 by 90◦.

- The primary induced e.m.f. E1 is in phase opposition to V1 (by Lenz’s law)

When losses are considered then the no-load current I0 is the

- IM, the magnetizing component, in phase with the flux,

- IC, the core loss component (supplying the hysteresis and

- rms value of e.m.f. induced in primary winding:

Where N1 the number of turns in primary winding

- and rms value of e.m.f. induced in secondary windings:

Where N2 the number of turns in secondary winding

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