Planet (b4) Stromatolites-strange living structures; primitive

structures; sila raw nagcreate ng oxygen sa earth

Homogenous
Living part of this stromatolites are blue-green bacteria
Bigger
(cyanobacteria) that grow using photosynthesis.
Faster rotation Convert co2 into oxygen

Hotter Banded iron formations-explains the missing oxygen

iron rich ocean + oxygen
Physical features
Planets get their structures bcos of different layers of
Spheres are interrelated to one another and density.
interconnected
Atmosphere-least dense part of our planet kaya nasa
Fifth sphere-cryosphere (frozen part of the planet; outside
glaciers etc) different behavior sa hydrosphere
Iron-most stable element that come from the
Water cycle-we can see the connections bet the spheres supernova
Rock cycle-mostly describes geosphere but there are Thermal convection can move the continents on the
other spheres involve upper mantle
Volcano exploded --- produced v significant gas- Subduction-ocean crust plunges downward
Pinatubo eruption=global cooling
13.8 Billion years age of the universe basis: by studying
Earth-giant mass of rock and water; supports life; only the oldest objects (population III stars and globular
safe haven we have in the universe; supplies as water, clusters) and measuring how fast it is expanding by
food and air using red shift (time required for the galaxies to reach
Big cloud of gas and dust, little particles their current position, assuming they were initially
joined)
Regions of dust and gas, vast covered with hundreds of
light years, from hundreds of debris with death star, bb-inflation-neutrons, e, p formed-h and he light
new stars are born and planets, driver force: gravity elements
and electrostatic force- molecular clouds then after Origin of the earth
hundred of years collapse under the force of gravity.
1. Hot origins-planets r derived from pre-existing sun.
Hindi tayo nagaya sa mars like ‘yung mga solar winds hot origin from a sun older than the planets.
ganon dahil sa iron core natin. Earth’s core make a
magnetic shield and field and w/o it walang air to -popularized by Buffon “Buffon’s hypothesis” (1749)
breathe ganon.
-when passing comets are close to the sun it pulled
Its magnetic field gives our planet its north and south some of the materials (hot masses) from the sun then it
pole and extends far out into space (magnetosphere) was thrown away and then it cooled and became some
that protects us from the solar wind. It blocks its path of the planets
and deflected in the poles and react with molecules in
-quite impossible bcos so many near collisions of
the air and then kaya may mga aurora (northern and
comets to the sun are impossible and they have v weak
southern lights) ganon.
gravity fields to pull masses from the sun
Earth + other planet= moon (tides), tilt of the earth that
2. Cold origin-aggregation of cold clouds of dust and
gives us seasons.
gases that were roaming around in space.
Comets brought water to the earth in the form of ice
-the accretion or aggregation lead to the internal
but nawawala na rin ‘tong theory na ‘to.
heating of earth then kaya raw may mga volcanic
Meteor shower brings water din and then Jupiter is the eruptions dito.
key bakit mga asteroid umaalis sa asteroid belt and
2.1 Planetisimal hypothesis (chamberlin and moulton)
hitting the earth
-may star na got so close to our sun and nung nagpass
Meteorite-cold talaga ‘tp just after hitting the earth.
through ito sa sun natin it pulled away some of the
Water arrived on earth incredibly quick zircon materials that are coming out from the sun
something something (planetisimals)-smaller bodies of rocky materials then
nagaggregate sila to form planets. Their growth lead to
Ocean rich in iron dati tapos green kulay nila bcos of stronger gravity fields to attract more particles.
hydrothermal vents like umaakyat something like that
Jeans-Jeffreys tidal hypothesis (variation nung una) the
main difference is details of the shape and the
condensation of materials

Materials that been pulled away macocondense to form 20 protoplanets doon sa naked earth initially tapos
planets and that they were thinking that the center collided to form 4 terrestrial planets
most portion which is widest also contains that largest 3. because we are also accreting locally and individually
planets. kaya lumalaki sila kaya mas malakas na gravity field. All
3. Nebular hypothesis (most accepted theory) protoplanets initially have the same composition (H and
(Immanuel Kant then Pierre Simon de Laplace) He) bigger then contracted din to become denser

-solar system originated from a single rotating cloud of H-we still have high amts of hydrogen bcos it reacted
gas and dust orbiting the sun starting 4.6 billion years with oxygen which is relatively heavy than helium tapos
ago helium sa atm is escaping

-modern variant of the nebular theory is the solar Modifications:

nebular disk model (SNDM) or solar nebular model--- Planets and protoplanets didn’t have the same
von weizacker and Kuiper (20th century) proposed that compositions initially due to compositional gradient in
the earth and the earth solar system are simultaneously the nebula
formed with the sun and with the entire solar system
kaya same ages sila more or less formed unlike the prev Distance from the sun has an effect to the condensation
ideas that the planets came from the sun of elements. you need to be closer to the sun to be
heavier. Near from the sun maraming iron. Suggest
temp gradient: elements that condensed closer to the
sun eventually formed heavier elements this is the
reason why we have zoning of our planets the rocky
planets closest to the sun. farther planets made up of
lighter and cooler elements (ice—frozen liquid water
ammonia and methane)

The coming together of this materials called accretion

under self-gravity after coming 2gether of the materials
this solar nebular disc started to rotate and the mass
naging concentrated in the center then may
compression (high temp) production of heat energy
(hydrogen fusion) where the start is born; eventually
forming the sun
The nebular hypothesis-explains the division of the
planets in the solar system zoning

Inner planets-rocky heavy materials bcos of chemical

differentiation bcos most of heavy materials require
high temp conditions

Outer: gaseous and liquid lighter elements lower temp

to condense.

-heavier elements pulled in by gravity of the sun, lighter

elements condensed into the outer planets.

Protosun forming the planetisimals then they had

erratic orbit tapos collision tapos protoplanets leaving
at least four terrestrial planets. This collision is a self- Radioactive heat-comes from radioactive materials and
arrangement of materials to reach equilibrium. This when they convert to their daughter isotopes that
assembly/pattern that the materials are doing in the released energy
solar system is in a way a self-assembly process in a vvv
Iron catastrophe-event wherein most of the iron sunk
larger scale.
to form the core
Sun covers mostly the mass of our solar system bcos of
Bcos namelt tapos mainit ganon eventually it reached
most of the mass nga is concentrated in the center acc
the melting pt of iron tapos nung namelt na fe liquid na
to solar nebular
siya ganun we can now have sinking of materials to the
We r only the remains of those particular gas and dust center of planet earth (possible kapag may partial
cloud melting lang) most of the liquid iron which is denser sila
sunk sa center forming the core mga lighter elements
Kuiper belt-icy materials
liquid oxygen and Si flowed outward.
Asteroid belt-rocky materials
After the core, plaent became chemically differentiated
Planets mostly revolved counter-clockwise, same as (formation of mantle, crust etc)
rotation (except for venus’ rotation)
Implication-further modification of the atmosphere’s
Uranus rotates at an axes that is tipped nearly to its side composition.

Earth-23.5 degrees Early earth-larger than the earth today, homogenous in

composition, faster rotation: 1 day=6 hrs, partially
melts-molten surface bcos of high temp

The moon-relatively bigger compared to most moons in

the ss.

Earth-Home planet; only habitable planet in our ss bcos

water can exist; we r in a special situation called the
goldilocks zone temp not too hot for h2o to evap, not
to cold for water to freeze

-third rock from the sun

-part of the milky way galaxy

Proto-earth-started as a dust ball coming from the

nebular gas and dust brought together by gravity
(accretion) which was heated (heating) and eventually
segregated into layers (differentiation) as it cooled.

Namelt din siya partially kasi napakainit niya ganon kasi

it made up of magma materials ganon

Causes of melting on proto earth Most accepted theory of its formation

Other imp event in the hist of earth:

Late Heavy Bombardment (LHB)-another spike of km which is close to the present-day measurement.
particular bombardment of materials. Second stage of
bombardment. Meteors that hit our planet might have
been due to the migration of Jupiter and Saturn kasi
malaki sila ganun so kung gumalaw man sila something
or a disruption in their orbit maaffect din mga materials

Difference bet the radius and the diameter and the

circumference of the equator and the pole is a proof
Why are there no visible traces on earth? Bcos of the
that the earth is not perfectly spherical and the shape
meteorite impacts are much much younger impacts
of the earth is oblate spheroid (flatten at the poles and
bcos our planet has very intense geological processes
is bulging at the equator)
(weathering, erosion) kya narreplenish or narrefresh the
surface of the planets kaya sila naeerased or wipeout
‘yung mga traces of those events.

Consequence of segregation and differentiation, the

earth’s internal structure become layered, upon the
formation of the core the dipole magnetic field was
created and this magnetic field protected us from the
solar winds coming from the sun. Because of this
magnetic field din the atmosphere became stable that
eventually also lead to the existence of liquid water
(exists bcos of earth’s size and location in the solar
system) to the surface of earth water which will change ^animated reconstruction of our planet based on the
the surface of our planet and will allow the abundance diff densities measured in the diff parts of the world.
and the diversification of organisms in the earth. Followed density measurements.

Earth’s Chemical Composition Rotation-counterclockwise similar to its own revolution

As a whole Axial Tilt (obliquity)-not rotating perfectly in the vertical

axis and is tilted by 23.5 degrees. This tilt is the one
34.6% Iron, Oxygen, Silicon, Magnesium= 90+% responsible for the seasons that is exp in the north and
Composition of the earth’s crust south hemisphere not the distance from the sun. amt
of sunlight received from parts of our planet different in
O, Si, Al lighter element decrease in iron signifies that diff times of the year
the interior of our planet is made up of heavier
elements kas inga lighter elements are concentrated sa
earth’s surface.

E’s Circumference

Was first calculated by Erathosthenes accurate rin ‘yung

calculation niya

Mineasure niya ‘yung distance bet Alexandria and Densest bcos has relatively small volume but r high
Syene and the shadow created during the summer mass.
solstice so nacalculate niya circumference of abt 40,000
Jupiter-high volume, lower mass

Earth’s Large Scale Features

-Continents-na, sa, eu, asia, Africa, aus, antar

Most prominent features: Volcanic Islands

Mountains-elevated features of continents

Mountain Ranges-chains of mountains

Volcanic Belts and Volcanoes

Mountain Belts-mountain ranges crosses diff continents

-Ocean Basins-pacific ocean (biggest and deepest),

Atlantic ocean, Indian ocean (southern hemisphere),
arctic ocean (smallest and shallowest), Antarctic O
(Connects Pacific, Atlantic and Indian)

Prominent Features
How did we know that the earth is layered?
Mid-oceanic ridges-typical characteristics of divergent
boundaries where you are creating new materials at the Evidence:
center of the mid-oceanic ridges. Bcos we r creating
Seismic waves: Surface waves and the Body Waves
new materials the tendency of new materials is to push
(use to determine the diff layers of our planet further
away all of the older materials away from the center
classified into Primary waves (can travel thru solids and
kaya meron tayong pattern ng changing ages of rocks in
liquids) and Secondary waves (travel thru solids). S
the sea floor (red youngest blue oldest) ‘yung mga nasa
waves would then disappear whenever it reaches the
center ng ridges are the youngest then habang palayo
outer core bcos it is liquid and it cannot be detected
nang palayo like tumatanda.
here. Kaya doon din nila nadeduct na aahhh sige may
Oceanic Trenches-deepest portion of our oceans. liquid layer ang earth ganern.
Formed when two plates collide w/ each other and
Magnetic Field- is related to the formation of outer
where one plate would subduct/goes underneath
core, movement of liquid iron inside the outer core
(denser plate) another plate that forms deep depression
would be the one related to the formation of magnetic
called this.
field.

Density of Earth- Average density of continental crust is

significantly lower than the entire density of the earth
would mean that other layers exist beneath the crust
and it is denser.

How do we differentiate the diff layers of our planet?

1. By chemical composition

2. By physical property such as density, rigidity, and

state of matter

Seamounts/guyots

Abyssal Hills/plains
 Ductile not break easily- folds ganon. not breaks easily
Lithosphere-merong parts ng upper mantle ‘yung crust
pulling a cheese that is relatively hot.
‘yung crust lang talaga
Upper litho-brittle deeper litho-ductile
Asthenosphere and mesosphere parts of mantle
Asthenosphere-not liquid solid but just behave like
fluid. Temperature is vv high close to the melting temp
of the rocks but solid pa rin. This is where the
lithosphere rides on

Mesosphere/lower mantle-thickest portion of the

mantle solid hard material most rigid

Continues subduction of oceanic crust they are

generally younger. CC left at the top or at the surface of
the earth so they are the oldest. So kapag want natin
maghanap ng oldest rocks sa cc tayo maghanap. PH
Oceanic crust tayo

Why outer core na liquid na inner core tsaka solid? Bcos

of the temp and pressure conditions of each layers

Outer allows the melting of the rocks bcos of the

Chemical diff-sinking of heavier elements 3 Is the most
intense temp
ideal model exp the formation of crust
Sa inner core much much higher kaso hindi nagmmelt
kasi sa intense pressure. As you go deeper inside the
planet ^temp ^pressure

Outer core bcos of the liquid iron in this we produce the

magnetic field
They are not technically physically occurring layers they
are just depths or locations where there is a drastic
change in the seismic velocity of your earthquakes.

As the p and s wave enter a more solid material, the

velocity increases

Plate Tectonics is a combination of

Depth of 137 m water depth-continental shelf

Glossopteris-fern plant

Might be a coincidence sabi naman nung ibang mga

225 million years ago where are continents are still
scientists (‘yung pagttravel ng mga fossils)
together

Lithology-rock types structures fault lines/joints/cracks

in our rocks
Glacial deposits are ice deposits formed in areas where
there is winter

Coal deposits should be found in tropical areas closed to

the equator where vegetation is abundant

Most part of Pangaea are found in southern hemisphere

Sea floor spreadings is based on many evidences
Eurasia and north America are located near the equator particularly those pertaining to the shapes of the oceans
kaya maraming coal deposits the geophysical somethin
Idea not accepted bcos he was not able to provide the
mechanism on how those particular plates move. Tidal
forces and centripetal forces hindi naman kasi too weak
sila.

Hot material rise bcos of buoyancy tapos kapag malapit

sa surface (either they go out din) they cool down then
heavier denser then sink again at subduction zones then
heat up ulet

This convection aids in the movement of our materials

in mid-oceanic ridge (mountain ranges or volcanoes
under the ocean
 Significance of MP

Rocks produce magnetic minerials particularly the

mineral called magnetite

Old material get sink back in the interior of our planet

kaya younger ang sea floor During hot conditions magnetic minerals are randomly
oriented then kpag nacool down will orient themselves
parallel or align themselves to the current dy position of
our magnetic field.

Reverses polarity. Magnetic north can transform into

magnetic south then vice versa. (called Magnetic
reversal)

Another robservation: there’s thickening of sediments

in both sides of the ridge. Kapag thickened din generally
means na older ganon

Geographic north and geographic south/ true n and s

axes where the planet rotate

Magnetic north and magnetic south do not coincide and

Significance of magnetic reversal used or to support for
different with g n and g s. (11.5 difference)
seafloor spreading
Compass also point to the direction of magnetic north

Evidence that both

sides of sea floor is spreading
 1. Kapag nagsubduct ganon iinit ganon then will create
magma chamber and will be a volcano isolated or chains
(volcanic arcs/belts) –has linear pattern and follow the
shape of the subduction zone or the trenches

2. Older oceanic crust so magssubduct ‘yun under

younger oc then melting tapos magma chamber then
volcano but the difference is hosted in the sea floor.

-produces volcanic arcs/islands or island arcs (best

example: ph) from the bottom of the sea.

Angle of subduction can already be determined sa both

cases and sa mga trenches

Magnetic pole constantly moves yearly

How do we know the angle? Bcos of earthquakes. Kasi

binibigay epicenter tsaka depth of the earthquake we
can plot the data. We need to plot lahat para
madetermine.

Plotted earthquakes are called wadati-benioff zone

Plate Boundaries -shows the angle or shape of the subduction zone

3. Induces mountain building

-bcos of two of them are v light ganon walang

subduction na magaganap kaya wala ring volcanism

-magrrise up lang to create tall mountain ranges /

produces mountain belts

New materials are created ganon sa center ng ridge.

Creators of some sea and oceans

Pull away from the center then ‘yung center became

thin and depressed/ rift systems/rift valleys kaya
makakapagproduce rin ng lake systems
 Most of the earthq are concentrated in subduction
zones as well bcos it continuesly moving underneath

Rift valleys-seas-iceans

Subdu z-are generally more active in creating

earthquakes

Deep, stronger, more freq earthq-ring of

fire/subduction zones

Evidences for plate tectonics

Cities located inside the same plate would not have

differences in their distances thru time

Neither creating or destroying… conservative plate Trenches black shadow=deep portions

boundaries
We r not located sa ph sea plate

Connects one structure to another

Pacific ring of fire maraming volcanoes ganon kasi dito

makikita mostly mga subduction zones

Volcanism occurs in areas where u have subduction

zones bcos continues melting of magma ganon, oceanic
ridges and transform boundaries

Except for Hawaii bcos it is associated sa hotspot ganon

 has insolating gases that kept the surface warm
(greenhouse gases/volcanic gases and the sun itself to
produce nitrous gas ganon and cyanide 60 to 80
degrees water dati

Dati atm n, co2 and methane tapos nakalock-up oxygen

sa water ganon tapos oceans are populated with
anaerobic microbes hanggang cyanobacteria nga na use
photosynthesis

Initial liquid water should have been frozen but that is

Come from v deep sources of the mantle not the case

Hotspots are relatively slow moving and almost The great oxygenation event or the The oxygen
stationary catastrophe nung naextinct lahat ng mga early
inhabitants of earth (anaerobic microbes) ganon dahil
sobrang daming oxygen na poisonous sa kanila

21% oxygen pinakasuitable

Cyanobacteria swallowed by prehistoric microbe in a

process called endosymbiosis tapos nagkaroon siya ng
own internal photosynthesis factory na ancestor siya ng
plant cells tapos ‘yung cyanobacteria became
chloroplast wowoowoowowow.

Outgassing-formed first atmosphere (volcanoes

sumasabog ganon)

Carbonaceous chondrite (meteorite) dito nanggaling

water natin.
Rate of plate movement (d/t) and direction of plate
motion

Longest volcanic chain assoc with hotspots is the

cosgrove hotspot in Australia

H and he bcos we need lower temps for gases to

condense ganon sa mga oiter planets tapos sa inner
planets nagvvary talaga each

The longer the arrow is the faster the movement tsaka

mga arrows can tell you the direction of the movement
ganon

Pacific and indo-australian plate are the fastest

MODULE 8

Carl Saegan and Something discovered Faint Young Sun

Paradox-stellar physics sun’s getting brighter thru time
then noong early earth and early sun dim ‘yung sun
tsaka warm earth (paradox) bcos early atm of the earth
Goldilocks zone will migrate in the future

We are currently in the Holocene epoch

Each epoch can be further divided pa sa time ganon

Earth’s not the only material that contains liquid water

Earth is only the current material that has liquid water

ON THE SURFACE

Rocks can only be rounded when it is transported kaya

parang naddeduct nila na may water sa mars and mga
rocks din kasi doon reddish kaya naoxidize sila with the
aid of water din aside from the atm tapos meron ding
cross-bedding- alignment of layers of rocks that are
Division of timescale is not equal based siya sa center
aligned in a particular direction (imp indicators of fluvial
developments of our planet
(river) sedimentary structures parang may river na
dominant current bringing all of the rocks in the same Pre-archean/Hadean rocks lang walang life
direction.

SO 80% of our history mostly rocks and microscopic

organism again halos walang complex organisms BUT
imp phase rin ‘to kasi most of the changes in the atm
and the hydrosphere and the development of
ingredients to form more complex life happened here

Hadean, archean and Proterozoic/precambrian

Hinati para mas madaling malaman mga imp
happenings

Eon-biggest groupings
 1. Dominant gases releases by volcanoes are the water
vapor (80-90% recent) and co2

2. existing water sa surface will vaporize and cover the

atm

3. the initial conditions of earth at the surface is vv hot

543 million years Cambrian explosion or the explosion bcos it has steam aside from bombardment ganon
of life steam covers the earth
Dati parang venus atm natin 4. short-lived bcos nung impact to form moon ganon

After nung steam atm

The atm were dominated by co2 and ch4 and nh3 then
start of the cooling of the crust ganon but v hot pa rin
and imp for life to form

Rocks are clues to what are the conditions in the past 3.5-3.8 bya stromatolites-
and to what happened in the past.

Water denser gases thru water vapor

Outgassing

The green one is the great oxygenation event

 Where the iron come from para mapunta sa ocean
ganon: weathering of rocks ganon or from the
hydrothermal vents

After that long time gap bet the existence of

cyanobacteria ganon nakaescape na oxygen sa atm
Ancestors of the blue-green algae
Great Oxygenation Event
Cyanobacteria-oldest photosynthetic organisms
-oxygen escaped to the atm

2.5-2.8 by ago (end of archaean eon)

There are no more iron to rust in the oceans kaya

nakaescape na ‘yung oxygen sa atmosphere

-atm became first oxygenated and this event is what

precipitated the banded iron formations

One imp effect din nito is the extinction of diff

Stromalites-rocks or mounds that cyano produced. organisms
Proof of the presence of cyanobacteria
Existence of stromatolites evidence na meron ng ocean
Then may oxygen na ganon but not dominant pa rin at during that time
that time kay may gap ganon kasi
Addtl proof sa earth’s water ay ‘yung zircon grains siya
Since cyanobacteria most likely nasa oceans sila ganon ‘yung oldest dated earth material/oldest minerals it can
or malapit sila most of the oxygen gas reacted with the only form sa mga water rich granite like rocks so it
iron-rich ocean dati to form rusts and that rusts was would mean na as early as 4.4 bya just a hundred
manifested in the banded-iron formation that will be a million years after the formation of our planet our
clue that the first oxygen created did not go to the planet already formed the primitive ocean.
atmosphere dahil nga nagreact siya agad sa iron rich
ocean Oldest rocks 4.1 bya

540+million years ago reached the level pf 21% of o sa

atm

Present day atm (N,O,Ar)

iron is high in concentration that time kasi more soluble

in a reducing environment w/o oxygen. Copper naman
is more reactive to other elements para magprecipitate
when oxygen was introduced in the oceans nagkapalit
sila. Iron reacted with o to form bif (nagprepitate iron)
kaya nadecrease concentration ng iron and then copper
na mostly nagpprecipitate that time became more
soluble

Origins of the Oceans

Water vapor condensed to form clouds and rain water

that formed the oceans

Outgassing produced acidic conditions that accelerated

the rate of weathering on earth’s rocky surface
-products of weathering (dissolved compounds) were
carried to the oceans, thus increasing salinity

-oceans also served as depository for co2

Stromatolites, bif, and zircon grains would lead to the

presence of water as early as 4.4 bya ganern

Water can exist kahit dim pa lang light bcos of the

presence of the greenhouse gases

There’s a massive ocean in the mantle around 2 to 3x of

the current ocean na nasa surface natin rn there’s a lot
of diamond sa transition zone ng mantle tapos ‘yung
diamond na ‘to is from the mineral ringwoodite na
contains water