THEORY OF STRUCTURE

DIRECT & BENDING STRESSES…….14 MARKS

INTRODUCTION

Vertical Members like column, pier, pillars , are mainly subjected to direct stresses
sometimes such members are subjected to the combination of both direct & bending stresses.

Axial Load – When a load whose line of action coincides with the
axis of member then it is called Axial Load. Or Direct Load.

Direct Stress – The Stresses Produced due to Axial Load is called

Direct Stress.

It is Denoted by 60 & its unit is N/MM2 .

60 =

Eccentric Load – When a load whose line of action Does not

coincides with the axis of member then it is called Eccentric Load.

Bending Stress – The Stresses Produced due to Eccentric Load is

called Bending Stress.

It is Denoted by 6b & its unit is N/MM2 .

6b =

Eccentricity (e) – It is a distance between the axis of member & the point of loading. it is

denoted by e.

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Limit Of Eccentricity – The maximum distance of the load from center of the column
Such that if loads acts within this distance there is no tension in the column. The distance
is said to be Limit of Eccentricity.

Examples of Eccentric load –

 Wind pressure on walls & chimneys.

 Water Pressure in dams.
 Load on Bracket.
 Soil pressure on retaining wall.

Stress Distribution at Base –

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Stress Distribution Diagram at Base –

Case – 1 – Direct Stress > Bending Stress 60> 6b

Case – 2 – Direct Stress = Bending Stress 60 = 6b ….. No Tension Condition

Case – 3 – Direct Stress < Bending Stress 60 < 6b

Middle Third Rule - It is the Central Located portion of a

section within which the line of action of load must act so
as to produce only compressive stress.

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Core of the section.

It is the portion of a section around the center within which the
line of action of load must act so as to produce only compressive stress
is called as core of the section.

Step by step procedure for determination of minimum and maximum stresses developed at
the base of section.

1. Calculate area of section ‘A’

2. Calculate Moment of Inertia of section about respective axis.(I)
3. Calculate bending moment about respective axis. (P x e)
4. Calculate direct stress = P / A
5. Calculate Bending stress = M x y / I
6. Calculate maximum stress = Direct stress + Bending stress
7. Calculate minimum stress = Direct stress – Bending stress.

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Conditions of Stability of Dam –

1. Stability Against overturning –

2. Stability against sliding – P < F
3. Stability Against No tension – e < b/6
4. Stability against crushing.

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SLOPE & DEFLECTION…….12 MARKS

Deflection :

When a beam is loaded, the beam is deflected from its original position in
the direction perpendicular to its longitudinal axis.

The Displacement of beam measured from its netural axis from unloaded
condition of the beam to loaded beam is called as deflection.

Slope :

The angle made by a tangent at a point of deflected beam with its neutral
surface of unloaded beam is called as slope.

Radius of curvature:

Radius of curvature (R) of deflected beam due to bending can be determined

from flexural formula:

= R=

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Boundary Conditions:

1. Simply Supported Ends:

At the support of beam, slope exists but deflection is zero & at
maximum deflection slope is zero,

θ= = 0 & Deflection y = 0 at support.

θ = 0 at maximum deflection.

2. Fixed End:
At the fixed support of beam, slope & deflection both are zero.

= 0 & Deflection y = 0.

Boundary Conditions for the determination of integration Constant:

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S.N. CONDITIONS FIG. SLOPE DEFLECTION

Simply supported
1. beam of span L ΘA = Ymax = -
with central point
load W.

Simply supported
beam of span L
2. ΘA = Ymax = -
with UDL over
entire span.

Cantilever beam of
3. ΘB = YB = -
span L with point
load W at free end.

YC = -
Cantilever beam of
span L with point ΘC =ΘB =
load W at a
4.
distance L1 from YB = +
fixed end.
(L-L1)

Cantilever beam of
span L with UDL
5. ΘB = YB = -
over the entire
span.

Cantilever beam of ΘC =ΘB = YB = +

6. span L with UDL
over the span L1 (L-L1)
from fixed end.

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Step by step procedure of Macaulay’s method for finding slope and deflection equation.
1. Calculate reactions of beam.
2. Consider any one of the ends of beam as origin and take a section x-x in the last part of the
beam from origin.
3. Formulate bending moment equation for section x-x. (It contains macaulay’s terms in the
form of (x-a), (x-b)….etc.
4. Equating bending moment with (–)EId2y/dx2
5. Integrating this equation for getting slope equation.
6. Further integrating equation for getting deflection equation.
Note: Above both equations contain C1 and C2 (Integration constant)
7. Applying end conditions, calculate values of C1 and C2.
8. Putting the values of C1 and C2 in respective equations, get equations for slope and
deflection.
9. Put the value of x (distance of section from origin where slope or deflection is required) in
respective equation and calculate the value of slope or deflection.

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FIXED BEAM…….8 MARKS

Fixing: - When the ends of the beam are firmly built in the support so as the slopes at the
support become zero.

Fixed beam: - A beam whose end supports are such that the end slopes remain zero is called
a fixed beam.
When the ends of the beam are firmly Fixed in the wall or columns so as the slopes at the
support become zero.

Advantages of fixed beam over simply supported beam:

(1) Due to end fixity ,end slope of a fixed beam is zero.

(2)A fixed beam is more stronger, stiffer and stable.

(3) For same span and loading, fixed beam has lesser value of Bending moment.

(4) Smaller moment permits smaller sections and there is saving in beam material.

(5) Fixed beam has lesser deflection for same span and loading as compared to S.S. beam

Disadvantages of fixed beam over simply supported beam:

1) A little sinking or settlement of support induces additional moment at each support.
2) Secondary stresses are develop due to temperature
3) Dynamic loading may disturb the fixity.

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Principle of Superposition –

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Comparison between Fixed Beam & Simply Supported Beam

Fixed Beam Simply Supported beam

A beam whose both ends are fixed is called A beam whose Both ends are simply
as Fixed beam. Supported is called Simply Supported beam

In Fixed beam end slopes are always zero End slopes are maximum.

In Fixed beam Bending moment are less as

Bending moment is more as compare to FB
compare to SSB

In Fixed beam deflections are less as deflections are more as compare to FB for
compare to SSB for same span loading same span loading

Fixed beam have more strong stable & stiff less strong stable & stiff

Temperature stresses occurred No temperature stresses occurred

Effect of Fixity –

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