8.metallurgy (New Indian Era) by Prashant

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By- Prashant
8.
“Metallurgy”
“Physical Properties of Metal”

✓ Lustrous (shiny)
✓ Good conductors of heat and electricity.
✓ High melting point.
✓ High density (heavy for their size)
✓ Malleable (can be hammered)
✓ Ductile (can be drawn into wires)
✓ Usually solid at room temperature (an exception is mercury)
✓ Opaque as a thin sheet (can't see through metals)….
“Physical Properties Of Non- Metal”

✓ Nonmetals have high ionization energies.
✓ They have high electronegativities.
✓ Nonmetals are insulators which means that they’re poor conductors of electricity.
✓ They are dull, they do not have lustre like metals.
✓ Nonmetals are poor conductors of heat. They’re poor thermal conductors.
✓ They are very weak and brittle. They tend to easily break or shatter.
“Chemical Properties of Metals”

✓ The density of metals is usually high.
✓ Metals are malleable and ductile.
✓ Metals form an alloy with other metals or non – metals.
✓ Some metals react with air and corrode. ...
✓ Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity. ...
YouTube:- New Indian Era Email:-Tprashant044@gmail.com
By- Prashant
“Reaction of metals with oxygen”

✓ Metals combine with oxygen on heating in air and metal oxides are formed. Sodium and
potassium are very reactive metals
✓ . Sodium metal combines with oxygen in the air even at room temperature and forms
sodium oxide
✓ 4Na(s) + O2 (g) 2Na2O(s
“Reaction of metals with water”

✓ Sodium and potassium metal react rapidly and vigorously with water and liberates
hydrogen gas.
✓ 2Na (s) + 2H2O (l) 2NaOH (aq) + H2(g) + heat
“Reaction of metals with oxygen”

✓ samples of aluminium, magnesium, iron or zinc are treated with dilute sulphuric or
hydrochloric acid, sulphate or chloride salts of metals are formed.
✓ Mg(s) + 2HCl (aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
“Reaction of metals with nitric acid”

✓ Nitrate salts of metals are formed on reaction of metals with nitric acid.
✓ Cu(s) + 4 HNO3 (aq) Cu (NO3)2 (aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O (l)
“Reaction of metals with nonmetals”

✓ Noble gases (like helium, neon, argon) do not take part in the chemical reactions
✓ 2 Na + Cl2 = 2 NaCl
“Chemical properties of nonmetals”

✓ Nonmetals are poor conductors of heat and electricity. ...
✓ Unlike metals, nonmetals aren't malleable and ductile.
✓ Nonmetals react more with metals than with nonmetals.
✓ Usually, nonmetals react with other nonmetals in high temperature.
✓ Most nonmetals do not react with air in room temperature.
“Ionic compounds”
✓ The compounds formed from two units, namely cation and anion are called ionic
compounds.
“General properties of ionic compounds”
✓ The attractive force between the positively and negatively charged ions is strong
Therefore, the ionic compounds exist in solid state and are hard.
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✓ The ionic compounds are brittle and can be broken into pieces by applying
pressure.
✓ The intermolecular force of attraction is high in ionic compounds and, large
energy is required to overcome it.
✓ Therefore, the melting and boiling points of ionic compounds are high.
“Metallurgy”
✓ The science and technology regarding the extraction of metals from ores and
their purification for the use is called metallurgy.
“Occurrence of metals”
✓ Most metals being reactive do not occur in nature in free state but are found in
combined state as their salts such as oxides, carbonates, sulphides and nitrates.
✓ However, the most unreactive metals that are not affected by air, water and other
natural factors like silver, gold, platinum, generally occur in free state.
✓ The compounds of metals that occur in nature along with the impurities are
called minerals.
✓ The minerals from which the metal can be separated economically are called
ores.
✓ Ores contain many types of impurities such as soil, sand and rocky substances
along with the metal compounds. These impurities are called gangue.
“Basic principles of metallurgy”:-
✓ “Concentration of ores”:- The process of separating gangue from the ores is

called concentration of ores
✓ “(Hydraulic separation method)”:- This method of concentration of the ore is
based on the difference in specific gravities of the metallic ore and gangue
particles.
✓ “Magnetic separation Method”:- Magnetic separation is a process in which
magnetically susceptible material is extracted from a mixture using
a magnetic force. This separation technique can be useful in mining iron as it is
attracted to a magnet.
✓ “Leaching”:- The first step in the extraction of the metals aluminium, gold and
silver from their ores is the method of leaching
“Extraction of reactive metals”:-
✓ Metals more reactive than carbon, such as aluminium, are extracted by
electrolysis, while metals less reactive than carbon, such as iron, may
be extracted by reduction with carbon.
✓ As gold is so unreactive, it is found as the native metal and not as a compound. It
does not need to be chemically separated.
“Extraction of Aluminium”:-
✓ Aluminium ore is called bauxite . The bauxite is purified to
produce aluminium oxide, a white powder from which aluminium can
By- Prashant
be extracted. The extraction is done by electrolysis. The ions in
the aluminium oxide must be free to move so that electricity can pass through it.
“Extraction of moderately reactive metals”
✓ the sulphide ores are strongly heated in air to transform them into oxides. This
process is called roasting.
✓ Carbonate ores are strongly heated in a limited supply of air to transform them
into oxides. This process is called calcination.
“Galvanizing”
✓ corrosion of zinc occurs first because zinc is more electropositive than iron. After
a few rainy seasons the zinc layer goes away and the inner iron gets exposed.
Then iron starts rusting.
“Tinning”
✓ In this method a layer of molten tin is deposited on metals. We call this as

‘kalhaee’.A greenish layer forms on the surface of a copper or brass vessel. This
greenish layer is poisonous. If buttermilk or curry is placed in such a vessel it
gets spoiled.
“Anodization”
✓ the copper or aluminium article is used as anode. As this oxide layer is strong
and uniform all over the surface, it is useful for prevention of the corrosion of the
metal.
“Electroplating”
✓ In this method a less reactive metal is coated on a more reactive metal by

electrolysis.
“Alloying”
✓ The homogenous mixture formed by mixing a metal with other metals or

nonmetals in certain proportion is called an alloy.
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YouTube:- New Indian Era Email:-Tprashant044@gmail.

“Physical Properties of Metal”

“Physical Properties Of Non- Metal”

“Chemical Properties of Metals”

“Reaction of metals with oxygen”

“Reaction of metals with water”

“Reaction of metals with oxygen”

“Reaction of metals with nitric acid”

“Reaction of metals with nonmetals”

“Chemical properties of nonmetals”

“Basic principles of metallurgy”:-

✓ “Concentration of ores”:- The process of separating gangue from the ores is

✓ In this method a layer of molten tin is deposited on metals. We call this as

✓ In this method a less reactive metal is coated on a more reactive metal by

✓ The homogenous mixture formed by mixing a metal with other metals or

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