2.life Processes in Living Organisms Part-1

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2.Life Processes in living organisms Part -1
“Living Organisms and Life Processes”:-

✓ A living organism is composed of cells. The cells divide and the
body of the organisms show growth due to the increase in the number of cells.
✓ There are six life processes that all living organisms perform. They are movement,
respiration, growth, reproduction, excretion and nutrition.
What is respiration?
✓ a process in living organisms involving the production of energy, typically with the
intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide from the oxidation of complex
organic substances.
“Living organism”
✓ In living organisms, respiration occurs at two levels as body and cellular level. Oxygen
and carbon dioxide are exchanged between body and surrounding.
What are Carbohydrates?

✓ Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehyde or polyhydroxy ketone or the compound that
can be hydrolysed by ployhydroxy aldehyde or polyhydroxy ketone..
1. Glycolysis:- Process of glycolysis occurs in cytoplasm. A molecule of glucose is
oxidized step by step in this process and two molecules
2. Tricarboxylic acid cycle:- Both molecules of acetyl-CoA enter the mitochondria.
Cyclic chain of reactions called as tricarboxylic acid cycle
3. Electron transfer chain reaction :- Molecules of NADH2 and FADH2 formed
during all above processes participate in electron transfer chain reaction.
“anaerobic respiration in living organisms”

What is Anerobic Respiration?

✓ Anaerobic respiration is respiration using electron acceptors other than molecular
oxygen These terminal electron acceptors have smaller reduction potentials than
O2, meaning that less energy is released per oxidized molecule.
What is aerobic Respiration?

✓ Aerobic respiration is the process by which oxygen-breathing creatures turn fuel, such
as fats and sugars, into energy.
What are ‘first class’ proteins”?

✓ Proteins are the macromolecules formed by bonding together many amino acids.
Proteins of animal origin are called as ‘first class’ proteins
What are Lipids?

✓ The substances formed by specific chemical bond between fatty acids and alcohol are
called as lipids.
What are Vitamins?

✓ Vitamins are a group of heterogeneous compounds of which, each is essential for
proper operation of various processes in the body.
How many Type of Vitamins?

✓ There are main six types of vitamins, e.g. A, B, C, D, E and K.
✓ Out of these, A, D, E and K are fat-soluble whereas B and C are water-soluble.
✓ We have seen that, FADH2 and NADH2 are produced in the processes like glycolysis
and Krebs cycle.
What is Mitosis?
✓ Somatic cells and stem cells divide by mitosis. Mitosis is completed through two main
steps.
✓ Those two steps are karyokinesis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cytoplasmic
division).
A. Prophase : In prophase, condensation of basically thin thread-like chromosomes
starts. Due to this, they become short and thick and they start to appear along with
their pairs of sister chromatids.
B. Metaphase : Nuclear membrane completely disappears in metaphase.
Chromosomes complete their condensation and become clearly visible along with
their sister chromatids.
C. Anaphase : In anaphase, centromeres split and thereby sister chromatids of each
chromosome separate and they are pulled apart in opposite directions with the help
of spindle fibers. Separated sister chromatids are called as daughter chromosomes.
D. Telophase: The chromosomes which have reached at opposite poles of the cell now
start to decondense due to which they again become thread-like thin and invisible.
Nuclear membrane is formed around each set of chromosomes reached at poles.
Meiosis Have 2 Stages :-

✓ Meiosis 1:- In meiosis-I, recombination / crossing over occur between homologous
chromosomes and thereafter those homologous chromosomes (Not sister
chromatids) are divided into two groups and thus two haploid cells are formed.
✓ Meiosis 2:- Meiosis-II is just like mitosis. In this stage, the two haploid daughter
cells formed in meiosis-I undergo division by separation of recombined sister
chromatids and four haploid daughter cells are formed. Process of gamete
production and spore formation occurs by meiosis. In this type of cell division, four
haploid (n) daughter cells are formed from one diploid (2n) cell.
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Search : NEW INDIAN ERA on youtube

2.Life Processes in living organisms Part -1

“Living Organisms and Life Processes”:-

What are Carbohydrates?

“anaerobic respiration in living organisms”

What is Anerobic Respiration?

What is aerobic Respiration?

What are ‘first class’ proteins”?

What are Lipids?

What are Vitamins?

How many Type of Vitamins?

Meiosis Have 2 Stages :-

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