What is Home Economics literacy?

Home Economics literacy is defined as the amalgam of multiple literacies including

food, health, financial, consumer and environmental literacy. ... It will give an overview
of recent developments in Home Economics curriculum and provision at different
levels of schooling and within the community.

What is the importance of home economics

literacy?
Not only does home economics teach students about cooking and safety but it also
builds responsibility. It teaches teens to use the techniques they learned in class in
their home life. When teens learn how to take care of their household and themselves,
it helps them to become more responsible at home.

What is the concept of home economics?

By definition, home economics is "the art and science
of home management," meaning that the discipline incorporates both creative and
technical aspects into its teachings. Home economics courses often consist of learning
how to cook, how to do taxes, and how to perform child care tasks.

Importance of Home Economics to the Family

It teaches the family how to plan, cook, serve and eat good food. it helps members of the family
prepare for their expected roles in the society. it helps the family to manage their homes
effectively. Home Economics helps to train family members in child care.

What is the main role of home economics to

social development?
Home Economics helps people to improve the quality of their lives. This is very
important since we all know that the basic structure of the society is the family. ... This
subject helps the society to develop human progress for it comprises major ideas on
food, clothing, home and family.

What is the importance of economics in your life

in your house and in our country?
Economics affects our daily lives in both obvious and subtle ways. From an individual
perspective, economics frames many choices we have to make about work, leisure,
consumption and how much to save. Our lives are also influenced by macro-
economic trends, such as inflation, interest rates and economic growth.
 What are the skills you will learn in home
economics?
So this is for all of us.
 Cooking Skills. Cooking may be the most notable of the essential home ec skills
kids need to know. ...
 Nutrition. Along with cooking comes the idea of teaching kids proper nutrition. ...
 Menu Planning. ...
 Sewing. ...
 Money Management Skills. ...
 Laundry. ...
 Housekeeping. ...
 Basic Home Maintenance.

What are the careers in home economic?

There are many jobs available to youths and adults who want to make a career in the
field of Home Economics. These jobs are available in the three major areas of Home
Economics such as Food and Nutrition; Clothing, and Textile; and Home Management.

Why is personal hygiene important?

 Definition
 Types
 Maintaining good hygiene
 Children
 Factors affecting hygiene
 Poor hygiene
 Routine tips
 Summary
Practicing good personal hygiene is important for helping keep the body healthy and clean.
In this article, we outline the importance of personal hygiene. We also discuss different types of
hygiene, self-care routines, and what may happen if hygiene practices lapse.

What is it? 

Sh
are on PinterestGood personal hygiene can benefit both physical and mental health.
Good personal hygiene involves keeping all parts of the external body clean and healthy. It is
important for maintaining both physical and mental health.
In people with poor personal hygiene, the body provides an ideal environment for germs to
grow, leaving it vulnerable to infection.
On a social level, people may avoid a person with poor personal hygiene, which may result in
isolation and loneliness.

Types of personal hygiene

There are many types of personal hygiene.
The following list is a good starting point for someone looking to build a personal hygiene
routine:

Dental
Dental hygiene involves more than just having white teeth. A good dental hygiene routine can
help prevent issues such as gum disease and cavities. It can also prevent bad breath.
Body
Several million sweat glands cover the human body. When bacteria break down sweat, the
process creates a smell or body odor.
Washing the body will help prevent skin irritation, as well as removing the bacteria that
cause body odor. Washing the hair removes oil and keeps a person looking clean and fresh.
Hand washing
Regular hand washing is one of the best ways to avoid spreading communicable diseases.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend washing the hands at certain
times:
 before, during, and after preparing food
 before eating food
 before and after looking after anyone who is vomiting or has diarrhea
 before and after treating a cut or wound
 after going to the bathroom
 after changing diapers or cleaning up a child who has used the toilet
 after blowing the nose, coughing, or sneezing
 after touching garbage or dirty surfaces or objects
 after handling pets or pet-related items, such as food

Nails
Fingernails may harbor dirt and germs, contributing to the spread of bacteria. It is easier for dirt
and germs to collect under longer nails, so keeping them short can help reduce the risk of
spreading infections.

How to maintain good personal hygiene

Knowing how to maintain good personal hygiene can make it easier to build a routine. A person
should have some basic knowledge of the following types of hygiene:

Dental hygiene
For a healthy mouth and smile, the American Dental Association (ADA) recommend brushing
the teeth for 2 minutes at least twice a day — once before breakfast and once before bed.
People should use an ADA-accepted fluoride toothpaste and replace the toothbrush every 3–4
months. The ADA also advise people to floss daily.

Hand washing
The CDC outline five simple steps for effective hand washing:
1. Wet the hands with clean, running water, then turn off the tap and apply soap.
 2. Lather the hands by rubbing them together with the soap, remembering to reach the
backs of the hands, between the fingers, and under the nails.
3. Scrub the hands for at least 20 seconds, which a person can time by humming the
“Happy Birthday” song twice.
4. Rinse the hands well under clean, running water.
5. Dry the hands using a clean towel or air dry them.

Body
It is advisable to shower or bathe daily, using soap and water to rinse away dead skin cells, oil,
and bacteria. People can pay special attention to areas that accumulate more sweat, such as
the armpits, in between the toes, and the groin area.
They should also wash their hair with shampoo at least once a week, or more if necessary.
Applying deodorant when fully dry can help prevent body odors.

Nails
Using sanitized tools to trim the nails and keep them short is one of the best ways to ensure
that no dirt can collect underneath them.
Scrubbing the underside of the nails with a nail brush can form part of a person’s hand washing
routine.

Menstrual and genital hygiene

It is important to change sanitary products regularly and to wash the hands before and after
changing tampons, pads, or any other sanitary products.
As vaginas are self-cleaning, using soap to clean the vagina can cause an imbalance of its
natural bacteria and lead to infections. The vulva (the external part of the vagina) should only
need cleaning once a day using a mild soap and water.
People with an uncircumcised penis can clean it by gently pulling back the foreskin and washing
underneath it with warm water or soap.

Teaching children hygiene

Parents and caregivers should teach children how to keep themselves clean from a young age.
For example, they can start using toothpaste to brush a child’s teeth when they reach the age
of 12 months. When the gaps between a child’s teeth close, it is important to start flossing.
Encouraging children to help clean themselves as soon as they are old enough is a good way to
instigate a proper personal hygiene routine.

Factors that can negatively impact hygiene

Poverty and lack of access to clean water can both have a detrimental effect on a person’s
personal hygiene.
A person’s mental health can also affect how they take care of themselves. People who are
living with certain conditions, such as a psychotic disorder, severe depression, or drug or
alcohol use disorder, may find it very difficult to keep up a personal hygiene routine.
Conditions that poor personal hygiene can signal
While personal hygiene can cause certain health issues, it can also be a side effect of some of
them.
People living with Alzheimer’s disease and other types of dementia often have poor oral
hygiene.
In some cases, the inability to maintain a hygiene routine could result from depression.
Depressive symptoms, such as reduced energy levels and impaired cognitive function, can make
a self-care regimen more difficult to keep up.

Negative effects of poor personal hygiene 

Poor hygiene is a sensitive topic, and talking to a person about it can be difficult. As a result, a
person with poor personal hygiene could become isolated from other people.
Poor personal hygiene may also have an effect on the workplace. Companies may be more
likely to offer jobs and promotions to individuals who appear to take care of their health and
presentation. Poor personal hygiene can be particularly problematic in the food industry.
There are also many health implications of having poor personal hygiene, with the CDC listing
the following as hygiene-related diseases:
 athlete’s foot
 body lice
 chronic diarrhea
 tooth decay
 head lice
 hot tub rash
 pinworms
 pubic lice
 scabies
 swimmer’s ear
 ringworm

Hygiene routine tips 

Keeping the body clean has positive effects on a person’s social life and their physical and
mental health.
Personal hygiene is simply looking after the body and keeping it clean and healthy.
Helpful tips for creating a hygiene routine include the following:
 Make it a habit: With daily practice, a new habit can become a regular part of life.
Choose one area to focus on and practice until it becomes second nature.
 Set reminders: Using the notes app on a cell phone can be a great way to avoid
forgetting any tasks.
 Use rewards: A sticker chart can be a brilliant incentive for children to maintain their
personal hygiene.
 Invest in nice toiletries: Using products that smell good may encourage some people to
stick to their personal hygiene routine.
Developing and maintaining a personal hygiene routine is key to having a healthy body and
mind.

Use of Nail Care Tools and Equipment

NAIL CARE TOOLS are the articles used in any nail care service which are durable or permanent
and are hand-held. Tools are also referred to as implements. The tools commonly used in giving
manicure and pedicure are the following:
Callous Remover - is a tool designed to strip off calluses and
corns

Cuticle Nail Pusher - is a tool used to push back and loosen

the cuticles. 

Cuticle Nipper - is an implement used to cut the cuticles.

Cuticle Scissor - is an implement to cut stubborn cuticles. 

Finger or Manicure Bowl - is a small bowl used for soaking

the fingers to soften the cuticles. 

Foot file - is made of metal or sandpaper, with a rough file

on one side to remove calluses and a fine file on the other
to smoothen the feet. 

Foot Spa Basin - is a large rectangular container used for

bathing and soaking the feet when giving a pedicure. 
 Manicure Tray - is a flat container where all the
necessary tools and implements are placed for use by
the manicurist.

Manicure Nail Brush - is a plastic handled brush with nylon

bristles used to clean dirt and cosmetic residue from the nail
surface and skin. 

Mixing bowl - is a small open-top, rounded cup-like

container used for mixing the aromatic oils and other fluids
for the hand or foot spa. 

Nail Buffer - is an implement used for smoothening and

polishing the nails.  
Nail Cutter / Nail Clipper / Nail Trimmer - is a hand tool
made of metal used to trim fingernails and toenails.

Nail File - is an implement used to shape the free edges of

the nail with the coarse side and bevel the nail with the
finer side.

Orangewood Stick - is an implement with pointed and

rounded ends to remove excess polish. 
Orangewood Stick - is an implement with pointed and rounded ends to remove excess polish. 

Plastic Container for Cotton - is a small receptacle where

cotton balls are put.

Pumice Stone - is a type of volcanic rock, which is actually

frothy lava solidified to form a porous rock to remove dry
and annoying skin of the feet as well as calluses. 

Supply Tray - is a flat container that holds the necessary

cosmetics and implements.
 Trolley - is a wheeled cart that is pushed by hand and used
for transporting manicuring and pedicuring tools and
materials. 

MATERIALS are the cosmetics and supplies that are consumed and should be replaced from
time to time. They are also called consumables. The following are the materials used in giving
manicure, pedicure, hand and foot spa: 

Alcohol - is an organic compound used as sanitizer. 

Antiseptic Solution - is an agent that reduces or prevents
the multiplication of micro-organisms

Apron - is an outer protective garment that covers primarily

the front of the body to protect clothes from dirt or stains.

Assorted Colored Nail Polish - is a lacquer applied on

fingernails and toenails to decorate and/or protect the nail
plate.
 Base Coat - is a clear layer of polish applied to the nail
plate before the application of colored polish to smoothen
surface for color and promote healthier nails. 

Benzalconium Chloride - is a yellow-white powder prepared in an

aqueous solution used as surface disinfectant and topical
antiseptic. 

Bleaching Soap - is a soap formulated to whiten the skin.

Cling Wrap - is a thin plastic film used for sealing the paraffin
during a hand spa. 
 Cotton - is a soft white downy fiber for dabbing or cleaning
the nails and removing nail polish. 

Cuticle Oil - is a mixture of fats and waxes containing lanolin and
petroleum base to soften and lubricate the skin around the nails. 
Cuticle Remover - is a liquid used to soften nail cuticles and prepare them
to be cut. 

Disinfectant - is an agent, such as heat, radiation, or a chemical, that

destroys, neutralizes, or prevents the growth of disease-carrying
microorganisms. 

Emery board - is a wooden, sand paper-like stick with a fine texture on
one side and a coarse texture on the other side used to gently grind down
the edges of the nails.

First Aid Kit - is a collection of supplies for use in giving first
aid. 
 Foot Blush - is a liquid spray that contains peppermint and
alpha hydroxyl acids derived from fruits that whisks away dead
skin cells, deodorizes and soften the feet, giving it a pinkish
glow after use. 

Foot Soak -  is an herbal blend to relax, energize, soothe and

deodorize the feet. 

Foot Scrub - is a mixture of natural ingredients to keep feet soft,

smooth and moisturized.
 Garbage bins/bags - are plastic disposable bags or trash
receptacles used to contain rubbish to keep the place clean.

Hand Towel - is an absorbent cloth for drying the hands.

Lotion - is any of various cosmetic preparations that are applied
to soften the skin.

Manicure Pillow - is a hand cushion that helps a client to keep

her hands steady and relaxed. 

Nail Hardener - is a liquid applied to the nails to form a

protective barrier to prevent chipping, peeling and splitting of
nails.
 Nail Polish Remover (Acetone) - is an organic solvent used
to dissolve old polish on nails.

Quick Dry - is a liquid applied to colored nail polish to dry

faster.

Solvent - is a substance used to thin out the nail polish when it

has thickened.
 Toe Nail Separator - is a soft material where toes are inserted
to keep them apart to prevent a freshly painted toenail from
staining another toe. 

Top Coat - is a clear nail polish applied to the nails after the
colored polish to protect it from scratches and chips, it makes
nails harder and keep them looking shiny.

Towel - is an absorbent cloth for drying the hands and feet.

 Wet Sanitizer - is a substance or preparation for killing
germs.

EQUIPMENT are the items which are more or less durable and permanent needed for a
particular activity or purpose.
These are the equipment and furniture or fixtures that are used in a salon:

Chairs - are seats with back support which have four legs
and some have rests for the arms.
Foot Spa Machine - is an electronic gadget used for soaking,
bathing and massaging the feet during a foot spa.

Foot Spa Stool - is a simple seat with three or four legs

designed to provide comfort and elevation during a foot spa.

Hand Spa Machine - is an electronic gadget used to soothe

pain of arthritis, muscle spasms and dry cracked skin of the
hands.
Manicurist’s Chair or Stool - is the adjustable upholstered seat fitted over a metal or chrome.

Manicure Table - is a furniture especially designed for giving

manicure. Usually it has a laminated plastic surface and a
drawer for storing materials. It is often fitted with ball casters
for easy mobility.

Sterilizer - is an equipment in a salon used for sterilizing

metal implements to kill micro-organisms. 

Timer - is a device that can be preset to start or stop

something at a given time.
Nail Care, once considered as a luxury for the few or as a mark of distinction between the rich
and the poor, is now within the reach of the general public. In fact, part of a person’s grooming
and a form of inexpensive relaxation is a regular nail care activity – be it manicure, pedicure,
hand spa or foot spa.
 
The following shows the proper way of holding and handling some nail care tools or
implements and equipment.

MANICURE AND PEDICURE

Nail File
Hold the file firmly in the right or left hand (as the case may be), with the thumb underneath it
for support and the other four fingers on its upper surface. Place the file slightly under the free
edge and file the nail from corner to center, shaping the nail. Never file back and forth; this
would cause the nails to crack and split. Do not file deep into the corners; this weakens the
nails, hurt the skin and cause ingrown nails.
Emery Board
It is held in the same manner as the nail file. Bevel the rough surface of the nail using the fine
side to smoothen it. Emery boards are discarded after use on one person. 

Orangewood Stick
It is held in the same manner as in writing with a pencil. To loosen cuticle, work around nail; for
applying oil or solvent, slightly dip the cotton-tipped orangewood stick and work around the
base of the nail; to clean under the free edge of the nail, from the center toward each side, with
gentle pressure so that live tissue at the root of the nail will not be injured.

Cuticle Nail Pusher

It is held in the same manner as in writing with a pencil. The dull spade side is used to push back
and loosen the cuticles. Keep cuticle moist using cuticle remover while working. Use the cuticle
pusher in a flat position to remove dead cuticle adhering to the nail without scratching the nail
plate. In using the pusher, avoid too much pressure to prevent injury on tissues. 
Cuticle Nipper
Pick up the cuticle nipper by the handles and turn the cutting edges towards you; place the bent
tip of the index finger over the top of the shank. Place the thumb on the side of the handle and
the remaining fingers over the opposite handle. Use it with utmost care to remove dead cuticle
and hangnails so as not to injure live tissue.

Nail Cutter
Hold clippers with cutting edges downward between thumb, index and middle finger. Press
clipper handles by squeezing them together and remove excess nail length. 
Nail Brush
Insert the ring finger and pinky in the nail brush handle and brush the nails with a downward
motion from the base to the fingertips to clean the nails and fingers.

Nail Buffer
Place the thumb and the ring finger under the handle of the buffer while the index and the
middle fingers are on its top and the pinky is on its side. Apply a small amount of powder over
the buffer then buff the nails with downward strokes from the base to the free edge of each
nail until a smooth clear gloss has been obtained. Buffing helps in giving the nail natural gloss
and increases blood circulation to the finger tips. To prevent heating and burning sensation, lift
the buffer from the nail after each stroke. 

HAND AND FOOT SPA

Foot File
Start with the course side of the foot file. Gently slide it back and forth across the ball of your
foot and the bottom the toes. Still with the rough side of the file work mostly on the outside rim
of the heel. Flip the file over and repeat the process with each foot. The fine side will smoothen
the skin and leave it feeling polished.

Callous Remover
Insert the blade into the callous remover with care. Lay the callous remover on the top thick
part of the callous. Do not lay the blade above the area that is going to be cut, as this may result
in cutting the soft part of the foot, resulting to open wound. Applying light pressure with a
steady hand on the callous remover, gently glide it over the callous. Repeat the process if
necessary until the callous is thinner. Smoothen the callous with a foot file.
Pumice Stone
After soaking the feet in warm soapy water, use the pumice stone to gently buff away cracked
or dry skin of the feet with a soft, circular motion. Never apply heavy pressure to the pumice for
this can cause sores, open wounds and possible infection.

HAND AND FOOT SPA MACHINES

Make sure that electrical wirings are dry and protected from accidental water spillage. Set the
machine to the temperature that the client can withstand.

PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)

Personal Protective Equipment are the garments designed to protect the wearer’s body from
injury or chemicals or for job-related occupational safety and health purposes.

Glove - is a garment covering for the whole hand.

Smock Gown - is a loose cloak or robe worn to protect the clothes.

Mask - is a protective face covering for hygienic purposes and

to prevent the face from chemical exposure.
 Caregiver Self Care

As a Caregiver the very best thing you can do for those who depend on you is to take
care of yourself
Staying Healthy Why Is YOUR Health So Important?
Being a Caregiver requires stamina and good health. The journey is more of a marathon
than a sprint and you need to be in the best condition you can be. Taking care of you is
essential to your own well-being, and is crucial for the Veteran’s health and comfort. Because
caregiving can be very demanding, Caregivers often don’t exercise enough, don’t eat a healthy
diet, or delay seeking health care for themselves. Yet the demands of caregiving are precisely
why a healthy lifestyle is so important. If you are in good physical and mental health, you will be
able to handle the challenges that present each day and provide the best care possible to the
Veteran. If you ignore your own health, you risk becoming ill. Maintaining your own health is an
investment that will pay off for your whole family.
Keys to Staying Healthy In this section we will take a closer look at the following actions you can
take now to “take care of YOU:”
• Eat well.
• Be physically active.
• Prevent back injury.
• Sleep enough.
• Get preventive health services.

Eating Well Nutrition affects physical and emotional health. Proper diet helps protect the
Caregiver from stress, while poor nutrition can lead to lower immunity and disease. Poor
nutrition leads to fatigue, illness and disease. Small changes in diet can have benefits for health
and wellbeing You may be asking yourself, “With a very busy schedule, how can I eat well?” Or,
“Where do I find the time to cook a proper meal?” Planning menus and making shopping lists
ahead of time helps a lot. It makes grocery shopping quicker and preparation time shorter. Look
for tasty, easy to prepare meals. When you cook, make extra and freeze portions to use later.
Nutrition Basics Understanding the basics of good nutrition will help you navigate through the
overwhelming amount of information about what you should and shouldn’t eat. The
information below will help you in making good choices. Salt Nearly all Americans consume
more salt than is recommended. Since sodium added during the processing of foods provides
more than three-fourths of total intake, it’s important to read the sodium content on the food
label on the back of the product when you are grocery shopping. Decreasing salt (sodium
chloride) intake is advisable to reduce the risk of high blood pressure. The general goal is for
adults to aim to consume less than 2,300 milligrams of sodium per day (about one teaspoon of
salt). Intake should be reduced to 1500 milligrams for persons age 51 and older, and those of
any age who are African American or have hypertension, diabetes or chronic kidney disease.

Caregiver Training Prog

Saturated Fat Saturated fats come from animal products such as meat, dairy products, and from
coconut oil, palm/palm kernel oil and hydrogenated and partially hydrogenated oils. Some
products that may be made with these oils are: fried chicken and fish, cakes, pies and cookies.
In general, saturated fats are solid at room temperature. Saturated fats can raise blood
cholesterol levels which are linked to higher risks of heart disease and stroke. Replace saturated
fats in your diet with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats. Also try to consume less than
300mg of dietary cholesterol each ram.

Carbohydrates
Reducing intake of added sugars (especially sugarsweetened beverages) may be helpful in
weight control and balancing overall nutrition. A combined approach of reducing the intake of
sugar and baked goods made with white flour will actually reduce your appetite, allowing for
better weight control.

Whole Grains
The goal is to eat at least three servings per day of whole grains, preferably by replacing foods
with refined grains (e.g. white flour) with foods made with whole grains. Fruits, Vegetables,
Dairy and Protein Fruits/Vegetables To meet your need for vitamins and minerals a range of 5-
13 servings of fruits and vegetables each day is recommended. Dairy Most people need 2 to 3
cups of non-fat or low-fat milk, cheese, or yogurt each day. Protein Choose lean meat, poultry
without skin, fish and dry beans and peas. Often, they are the choices lowest in fat. The
suggested serving is 2-3 proteins per day.

Maintain a Balanced Diet

Here are some nutritional tips from ChooseMyPlate.gov to help you maintain a balanced diet.
Balance Calories –
• enjoy food but eat less,
• avoid oversized portions Foods to Increase –
• make half your plate fruits and vegetables,
• make at least half your grains whole grains,
• switch to fat-free or low-fat (1%) milk Foods to Reduce –
• compare sodium in foods like soup, bread and frozen meals
• choose foods with lowest amount of sodium
• drink water instead of sugary drinks.

Nutrition Tips
Try to stock up on healthy snacks and try not to purchase unhealthy ones. If you usually eat on
the run, have fresh fruits, vegetables and proteins (like cheese wedges, roasted unsalted nuts
or meat slices) ready in your kitchen to grab and go. If you have five minutes, it really helps to
wash and chop some healthy vegetables ahead of time, and then they’ll be ready for you for a
snack or when it’s time to cook. With everything you have to do, you may find yourself rushing
through meals. This can cause overeating, because your brain doesn’t get the chance to register
the fact that your stomach is full. By slowing down and taking time to savor your food, you can
reduce the risk of overeating and enhance your physical and emotional health. Water Water is
a wonderful drink whenever you are thirsty. Bodies, particularly when stressed (as Caregivers’
bodies often are), require water. Water cleanses, refreshes and also cuts down on the urge to
indulge in mindless snacking or overeating for comfort. If you find yourself eating too much at a
meal, drinking a full glass of water before the meal may work for you. This helps your brain
register that your stomach is getting full. It will help you feel full with normal portions.

A Few More Tips

• Eat multiple small meals throughout the day, rather than three large meals.
• Don’t skip meals.
• If you aren’t sure you are eating properly, keep a journal and review this with your health care
professional.

Physical Activity –
Move Around! You don’t have to go to a gym to get the benefits of physical activity. The
benefits of physical activity include: reduced stress, increased alertness, better sleep and more
energy. Any way you move counts! You can choose activities that are appealing and meaningful
to you such as:
• Stepping outside to do a little gardening.
• Taking a brisk walk around the block.
• Exercising to a DVD or video at home when you have time.
• Doing every day chores has a health benefit.
• Listening to music while doing chores can help.

Five minutes of almost any Walking

Walking is particularly good. It provides both exercise and relaxation; can be done almost
anywhere; for any length of time. One way to increase the amount of walking in your day is to
walk rather than drive short distances, or to park at the far end of the parking lot. Taking the
stairs rather than the elevator is another good idea
Exercise
• Five minutes of activity several times a day adds up to a good plan for obtaining moderate
exercise.
• Moderate exercise improves blood flow, enhances energy and diminishes risk for disease and
injury.
• Try to walk a total of 20 minutes a day, three days a week to start, and build up to 30 minutes,
five days a week.

What activities do you, or can you start to perform every day that will keep you moving for at
least five minutes?
What small changes can you make to increase the amount of walking you do? For example:
“Instead of emailing the co-worker two cubicles over, I can walk over to speak to her.” Take a
moment to write down types of extended exercise you can begin incorporating into your
schedule starting now? (Biking? Running? What else?)

Protecting Your Back Giving physical care increases the risk of getting a back injury. Lifting or
helping a person shift from one place to another or moving a heavy or awkward object can
seriously strain the back. The good news is that using back-protecting skills works.

The key is planning the lift. It’s good to take these steps before starting:
1. Think through the whole move—plot it out.
2. Size up whether moving the object or person is truly manageable—if you can’t comfortably
handle the lift, you shouldn’t do it.
3. Identify any obstacles in your way and remove them.
4. Bend your knees and lift with your legs, not your back.
5. Keep the object balanced as you lift

Getting a Good Night’s Sleep As a Family Caregiver, you may be sacrificing your own sleep
needs for the needs of your family, including caring for the Veteran. Lack of sleep can make you
less alert, impair your productivity and ability to pay attention, reduce your ability to remember
new information and slow your reaction times.
Experts say we need to make sleep a priority and put it on our “to do” lists like any other
important task. Sleep is not what you do when everything else is done, rather it is essential and
means leaving some things undone. Too little sleep is linked to:
• Car accidents.
• Obesity due to an increased appetite caused by sleep deprivation.
• Diabetes and heart problems.
• Depression.

Tips for Better Sleep

To open the door to better sleep, sleep specialists recommend having consistent sleepand-
wake schedules, even on weekends, and offer the following tips:
• An hour or so before you expect to fall asleep, enjoy a regular, relaxing bedtime routine such
as soaking in a hot bath or listening to soothing music.
• Submersing in warm water, or allowing it to flow over your body, is a known relaxant.
• Taking a bath or shower before bed prepares the mind and body for deep sleep.
• Create a sleep-friendly environment―a place that’s dark, quiet and cool with a comfortable
mattress and pillows.
• Using meditation or relaxation recordings helps some people sleep.
• White noise machines, or recordings of nature sounds, like the ocean, also can help.

High Blood Pressure

What is Blood Pressure? Blood pressure is a measurement of the force applied to the walls of
the arteries as the heart pumps blood through the body. The pressure is determined by the
force and amount of blood pumped, and the size and flexibility of the arteries. Blood pressure is
continually changing depending on activity, temperature, diet, emotional state, posture,
physical state and medication use.
How do you get checked for high blood pressure?
Checking your blood pressure is simple. Your provider places a fabric cuff around your upper
arm and pumps it full of air. Your provider then listens to your heartbeat while the air lets out
of the cuff.

Follow these steps to help your provider correctly measure your blood pressure:
• Wear a short-sleeved shirt or blouse.
• Empty your bladder.
• For at least 30 minutes before your appointment, don't:
• Smoke
• Do any vigorous activity
• Drink caffeine (in coffee, tea, or cola)
• Sit down and relax with your feet on the floor and your back supported for at least 5 minutes
before your blood pressure is checked.
• Don't talk while your blood pressure is being checked.

Household Services

Household Services means activities taught to or performed by a caregiver for a

resident such as cooking, cleaning, budgeting, and other household care or maintenance tasks.

Basic services such as sanitation, water, electricity and refuse removal are

very important for everybody. All households should have these services as they make
householders much happier with their lives, as well as making lives a lot easier.

The primary purpose of the household work profession is to enhance human well being

and help meet the basic human needs by performing a variety of household services for an
individual or a family.

What is the difference between housekeeping and household services?

is that household is collectively, all the persons who live in a given house; a family including
attendants, servants etc; a domestic or family establishment while housekeeping is the chores
of maintaining a house as a residence, especially cleaning.

Household service providers

Information for people who provide household services to employees who have an accepted
claim under the Safety, Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1988 (SRC Act).

Types of household services

Household services are basic services of a domestic nature that are required for the proper
running and maintenance of your household.
Household services may include:
 cooking
 assistance with grocery shopping (if home delivery is not available)
 house cleaning
 laundry duties
 gardening assistance, which may also include gutter cleaning
 childcare.
Compensation is not payable for household maintenance and repairs such as:
  painting and decorating (exterior and interior)
 washing, servicing, repairing or maintaining family vehicles
 repairing fences, doors, and windows
 plumbing, and
 electrical repairs.
Food and nutrition are the way that we get fuel, providing energy for our bodies. We need to
replace nutrients in our bodies with a new supply every day. Water is an important component
of nutrition. Fats, proteins, and carbohydrates are all required.
 Food Processing
Food processing is typically a mechanical process that utilizes large mixing, grinding,
chopping and emulsifying equipment in the production process. These processes inherently
introduce a number of contamination risks. As a mixing bowl or grinder is used over time the
food contact parts will tend to fail and fracture. This type of failure will introduce into the
product stream small to large metal contaminants. [Further processing of these metal fragments
will result in downstream equipment failure and the risk of ingestion by the consumer. Food
manufacturers utilize industrial metal detectors to detect and reject automatically any metal
fragment. Large food processors will utilize many metal detectors within the processing stream
to reduce both damage to processing machinery as well as risk to consumer health.
Benefits of Food Processing
 1. People typically think of food processing as something bad, but they fail to consider
that many of the most loved foods and beverages require processing for consumption.
In its raw state, a cacao bean isn’t edible. But thanks to food processing, the bean is
turned into every form of chocolate that is available. Coffee beans aren’t edible in their
raw, unroasted state. Roasting is a form of processing that turns those beans into a
consumable form. Wine undergoes processing to turn the grapes into liquid before they
are aged in barrels.
 2. Food processing also helps support a strong world economy. Imported foods like
cheeses, pastas and bottled drinks undergo many of the same types of processing that
dairy products and other foods undergo in the U.S. The processing is designed to make
these foods safe to eat, and to prevent insects and other contaminants from entering
the packaging.
 Toxin Removal
 Preservation
 Easing Marketing and Distribution Task
 Increasing food consistency
In addition, it increases yearly availability of many foods, enables transportation of delicate
perishable foods across long distances and makes many kinds of foods safe to eat by de-
activating spoilage and pathogenic micro-organisms. Modern supermarkets would not exist
without modern food processing techniques, and long voyages would not be possible.
  Processed foods are usually less susceptible to early spoilage than fresh foods and are
better suited for long distance transportation from the source to the consumer. When
they were first introduced, some processed foods helped to alleviate food shortages and
improved the overall nutrition of populations as it made many new foods available to
the masses.
 Processing can also reduce the incidence of food borne disease. Fresh materials, such as
fresh produce and raw meats, are more likely to harbor pathogenic micro-organisms
(e.g. Salmonella) capable of causing serious illnesses.
 The extremely varied modern diet is only truly possible on a wide scale because of food
processing. Transportation of more exotic foods, as well as the elimination of much hard
labor gives the modern eater easy access to a wide variety of food unimaginable to their
ancestors.
 The act of processing can often improve the taste of food significantly
Basic principles in fish processing
1. Prevent microbial decomposition by keeping out microorganisms through sanitary handling.
2. Prevent self decomposition of foods by destroying enzymes and delaying purely chemical
reactions such as oxidation by means of an oxidant. Self decomposition can also be minimized
by pasteurization or mild heat treatment.
3. Prevent damage b external factors like insects, animals or mechanical causes by proper
packaging and preparation.
4.Proper sealing of canned products prevent spoilage. Canned products should be properly
sealed so that entrance of micro organisms that may cause food spoilage can be avoided.
Methods and Procedures of Fish preservation
The common methods of preservation are the ff:
1. Cooling- It is necessary to cool all fresh fish immediately. Cooling lowers the
temperature of the fish and stops the growth of bacteria although cooling is no
guarantee for eradicating bacteria. As an alternate for refrigerator or freezer, fish is
packed in crushed or shave ice with a 1:1 ratio Surrounding the fish with ice since should
be in actual contact with ice considered the best packing method.
2. Canning- It is the process of subjecting fish to heat hen packing them in a sealed
container. Heating the fish destroys the microorganisms that spoil them, and at the
same time, oxidation is eliminated and decomposition is retarded by the sealed
container
3. Drying and Dehydration- is a method of preservation whereby moisture or water is
removed from food so that microorganisms and enzymes cannot grow. Dehydration is
modern method of drying.
 4. Salting, Curing, and smoking are among the processes of food preservation aiming to
improve the texture and flavor of food products and hence, lengthening their shelf life.
Nowadays, people love eating salted, cured, and smoked products. People are also
engaged in making these products as their own food and also sometimes as business.
Fish and other marine products may prepared in diff. ways It varies depending on the type of
preparation.
A. Preparing Wet fish
Consumers, particularly housewives, nowadays are very busy persons. Some prefer
buying fishes that are already cut according to their preferences. That is why , methods of
preparing wet fish either for subsequent processing for icing or freezing are met according to
the specific requirements of the processors, retailers or consumers for their convenience.
B. Cleaning and Eviscerating Fish
C. Skinning Fish
D. Cutting Fish
E. Dressing Fish
 MARKET FORMS OR CUTS OF FISH
 Live fish or whole or round-le fish are transported and marketed alive. All parts are
intact or still attached to the body. Whole or round may be alive or dead.
 Drawn fish- This is fish that is eviscerated or gutted by making a slit on the ventral side
to remove the viscera or internal organ.
 Dressed fish- This is fish that is drawn with further removal of gills, fins scales head and
tail. This is already prepared for cooking or for special preparation to improve
presentation.
 Steaks- Cross section of a fish cut approximately at right angles to the backbone or cut
from dressed fish, similar to chunks only steaks are thinner than chunks.
 Fillet- Fleshy or meat section of a fish removed from the backbone and ribs of the fish.
Fillet can be block fillet, butterfly fillet, or double fillet.
 A. block fillet / butterfly fillet
 c. Single fillet- This is the flesh from one side of the fish.
 6. Sticks- This is small elongated chunks of uniform size and thickness cut from the fleshy
portion of the fish.