Grammar Practice 19

Written Discursive Practices I / Language and Grammar I – G R A M M A R P R A C T I C E - Alicia de Paz 1
Lecturer: Lic. Alicia de Paz
Teacher Training Course: Written Discursive Practices I

Translation Course: Language and Grammar I
2019
Student: _____________________________________
Nouns
A NOUN is ________________________________________________________________________
Classification: A) ______________________ and B) ___________________
A) PROPER NOUNS:
COURSE NAMES & NAMES

NAMES OF PEOPLE CALENDAR NAMES PLACE NAMES
OF THINGS CREATED
 CHRISTIAN NAME / FIRST NAME /  MONTHS  PLANETS AND HEAVENLY  Only SPECIFIC COURSES
GIVEN NAME BODIES: Jupiter, Mars, Alpha are considered proper names,
Centaury, Earth, (we can also use areas or fields of study are
the latter as a common noun but common nouns.
preceded by “the”; the moon and This means: history,
the sun are normally used as geography, phonology,
common nouns) translation are common
 SURNAME  DAYS OF THE WEEK  CONTINENTS: Europe, East nouns but in this institute
 SURNAMES USED AS NAMES OF seasons Asia, but the Arctic and the Language and Grammar I,
ARTISTIC PRODUCTS are spelt with Antarctic; America, although this Written Discursive Practices
capital letters but behave as count is the correct name for our 1, etc are proper names.
nouns: I saw a Michaelangelo but continent, people from the US call
as uncount if it is music: I was their country this way, so in
listening to Beethoven English there is an alternative
name to make it clear you refer to
 TITLE + (CHRISTIAN NAME) + the continent: the Americas
SURNAME (write yours)  COUNTRIES AND THEIR
SUBDIVISIONS (states, provinces,
exceptions King / Queen, Prince / counties, cities, towns, streets, etc)
Princess, Lady / Sir + first name Argentina (the Argentine); Kent,
Oxford, Notting Hill, Regents
 titles can also become count nouns:
Street
There were two presidents on the same
 NATIONALITIES AND LANGUAGES:
week; Several kings were deposed from
Argentinian or Argentine; Spanish
their thrones (not unique)
 WORDS INDICATING FAMILY  FESTIVALS:  some countries need the article NAMES OF INSTITUTIONS
RELATIONS when they are used to Christmas, Easter, “the” (without capital letters) This is AND ORGANIZATIONS: the
refer to a person or to address them Flag Day, when there is a plural noun in their BBC, the Bank of England,
(not with possessive adjectives alone): Father’s Day names: the United States of Oxford University
Mother, Uncle Tom, MUM! America, the Bahamas, or a
common noun: The United
Kingdom
These nouns are almost never These nouns are almost  GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES: NAMES OF PAINTINGS,
preceded by an article. Titles are never preceded by an Mount Aconcagua; Lake Nahuel BOOKS, PLAYS, MAGAZINES,
also spelled in capital letters, and article. Huapi. The River Thames (as SHIPS etc
generally abbreviated exception: The first regards the use of the article here
exception: The Joneses; There are Monday in February we’ll see it when we see the BRANDS
two Paulas in the class article)
Say which words need capital letters because they are proper names
1. he began working on this book in the autumn of 1979; it was august or september, i think.
2. the earth rotates on its axis once every 23 hours and 56 minutes.
3. they could not tell me if president kennedy had been elected in 1960.
4. ‘did you study for english and chemistry?’ said one classmate to another
5. the tour includes a two-day visit to cairo after a trip through the suez canal.
6. ‘did you study physics? ‘ said mr. henderson surprised at the answer she had given
7. on may day i met a canadian woman in trafalgar square
8. doors can be very expensive but the doors made by brown & bros. are excellent and low in price
B) COMMON NOUNS
1) NUMBER
Classification: 1-_________________ 2- ________________ 3- ____________
1- COUNTABLE NOUNS :
Which is the plural form of these words?

pet dog horse box
life foot child sheep
Which are the inflection rules?

a) Regular Plural Forms
ADD ____________________________________________________________________
ALLOMORPHS. 1- __________ 2- ___________ 3- _____________
There are other cases that have to do with questions of spelling

Ending in –y: 1- __________________________________________ delay _____________
2- __________________________________________ Mary _____________
3- __________________________________________ delivery _____________
Ending in –o: 1- __________________________________________ radio _____________
2- __________________________________________ torpedo _____________
3- __________________________________________ photo _____________
exceptions :______________________________________ archipelago __________________
b) Irregular Plural Forms:

i)VOICING +-S: ______________________________________________________________________________
 _______________
Regular: birth/births, cloth/cloths, death/deaths.
Irregular: mouth/mouths, path/paths.
 ______________
Regular:belief/beliefs; roof/roofs etc.
Irregular:life/lives; shelf/shelves; loaf/loaves

Irregular :house/ houses /haus/- /hauziz/
ii) MUTATION PLURALS: _____________________________________________________________________
only seven words ____________________________________________________________________________
iii)–en plural:
child/children; ox/oxen; brother/brethren
iv) Zero Plural:
 ________________________ sheep; salmon; deer
“We all eat fish” “We have three new fishes in the fish-bowl”
 _________________________
three million dollars.
“Thousands (of people) were killed”
 _________________________
“They only had Mercedes’ pricey 200- and 300-series wagons for sale”
“A row of small red-brick houses showed a series of homely, domestic-looking backs”
“The ‘new man’, who is happy to look after the children, is still a rare species”
“Several species of insects inhabit the island”
v) ___________________________
criterion-criteria/ analysis-analyses / stimulus-stimuli etc
The PLURAL MORPHEME: ____________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Locate the plural nouns and analyze them. Include the rules that have been used to
form the plural
1) Two policemen are investigating the crime
2) The police are investigating the crime
3) Yesterday I had two cups of coffee
4) Those people are waiting for a bus
5) His sisters-in-law are cooking dinner
6) Did you see any cattle when you visited Texas?
7) When he counted three sheep, he fell asleep
8) We’re wearing our new jeans
9) There are two Peters in my class
10) She only had two baths this week
Grammar Texts (pp. 5-6)
2- UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS:
________________ (sugar, water) ____________________ (beauty; dignity)

________________ (growth) ____________________ (education)
“He gave me good advice” “He gave me several good pieces of advice”
Bananas apples and oranges are all fruit. Is a tomato a fruit or a vegetable?
They got profit from low alcoholic beers
They were talking about the use of small amounts of nitrogen in making certain steels
Finding infornation in the dictionary:

(based on) Janet McAlphin (1994) Longman Dictionary Skills Handbook
Countable [C] and Uncountable [U] Nouns: Most nouns are countable. If they are always countable no code is given in the dictionary.
If they are sometimes countable the code [C] is given, and nouns which are sometimes or always uncountable are coded [U].
By checking in the dictionary, decide whether these nouns are always [C], always [U], or may be both.
COAT FURNITURE PETROL FOOD HUSBAND RABBIT
always [C] [C] or[U] always [U]
Choose the correct word in these sentences.

1. I’ll need a lot more information / informations.
2. My parents expect me to do a lot of job / jobs around the house.
3. Do you have a / any homework tonight?
4. Can you give me an / some advice?
5. I'm afraid the news is / are not very good.
3- OTHER INVARIABLE NOUNS

Classification: a) ____________ b) ____________ c) ________________
3- a) INVARIABLE SINGULAR NOUNS
DISEASES “Mumps is a serious disease”,

GAMES “Darts is the British national pastime in pubs”
SUBJECTS OF STUDY “Linguistics is the scientific study of language”
Reading French is easier than speaking it

Canoeing sounds more interesting than snorkelling.
He owns several paintings by Picasso There are three turnings to the left
3 b) INVARIABLE PLURAL NOUNS

“I wish I had brought some scissors”
“You need a new pair of trousers”.
A new pair of socks was lying on the bed

He used a pair of binoculars which were made of gold. They were very exquisite
Remember to turn off the gas at the mains

My feelings have never changed
Appearances are deceptive
Greens are good for you
Our thoughts are with him and his family
3 c) COLLECTIVE NOUNS
The audience are instructed to put their chairs in a circle
The Beaton family is leaving for Brazil
The committee is convinced the reforms are going to be approved
The Commons are expected to approve the proposed laws
Four of the council do not attend the meetings
SPECIAL CASES:
1) ADJECTIVES USED AS NOUNS
The poor are often generous to each other The young are usually intolerant
There were only three dead in the accident
Don’t you think you’re wanting the impossible?
The men wore grey
Britons are the biggest consumers of chocolate after the Swiss and the Irish.
3) COMPOUND NOUNS
Can you see that dancing couple?
He’s very good at problem-solving
They copied questions from the blackboard
Please clean the light switches

I think there has been a mix-up
PLURAL OF COMPOUNDS
1) __________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Passers-by helped the victim, who was unconscious
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Great numbers of eagles, vultures, hawks and other birds of prey are found in the place.
She was treated with contempt by her sisters-in-law
Most mothers-to-be in their forties opt for this test
2) __________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
”grown-ups” “apple-trees”
3)__________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
“women doctors” “menservants”
AGREEMENT
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
a) ______________
A lot of people enrol at teacher training colleges nowadays
A number of sentences were wrong
b) ______________
There were a number of books on the table
There was a book and two pencils on the desk

There were two pencils and a book on the desk
c) ______________
I hear voices. Who is singing?
There are several empty places on the wall. What is missing?
d) ______________
“My father and lawyer is coming to defend me”
“My father and lawyer are coming to defend me”
e) ______________
Two thousand pesos is too much for English lessons
f) ______________
Look over there! It’s Harry and Ron and it is us they are waving to
g) ______________
Neither Peter and Mary nor John ever comes to my parties
Neither John nor Peter and Mary ever come to my parties
h) ______________.
Someone is at the door. They want to see you.
Everybody got on their cars
1- Fill in with a singular or plural form of the verb in brackets

1) Neither the policeman nor the witnesses _________________ my version of the accident (believe)
2) There ________________ a lot of coffee in the jug (be)
3) His wife and loyal friend _________________ for a bus right now (wait)
4) Who _________________ in this race? (take part)
5)A great number of people _________________ Texas every year (visit)
6) His children or his wife _________________ to visit him every day (come)
7) Three days _________________ too little time to study for the test (be)
2- Let’s analyse the nouns in the first two sentences
Neither the policeman nor the witnesses believe my version of the accident
There is a lot of coffee in the jug

McCarthy, M. and O'Dell, F. (1995) English Vocabulary In Use- Upper Intermediate and Advanced, Cambridge, CUP
Thornbury, Scott (1999), About Language, Cambridge, CUP
1 Noun categories
In the following text, find an example of each of the following:
a) A proper noun: the name of a specific, and unique, person, place, etc. (Be careful: a capital letter does not
necessarily make something unique!)
b) A common noun: any noun that is not a proper noun, often divided between concrete and abstract nouns.
c) A count noun: a noun that refers to an object that can be counted, and therefore allows a plural form, or
takes a plural verb.
d) A non-count noun (also called 'mass' noun): a noun that is uncountable and always takes a singular verb.
e) A collective noun: one that refers to a group, and may take either a singular or a plural verb.
f) A noun modifier: when a noun functions like an adjective and modifies the meaning of the noun that follows.
g) A pronoun: a word that can substitute for a noun.
h) An adjective functioning as a noun.
A nanny became a Princess. A Boomtown Rat became an Honorary Knight. And, to cap it all,
Wimbledon won the Cup.
We've just emerged, pinching ourselves, from a decade when we got rather used to the unexpected. But
in the motor industry, the 'eighties saved their biggest surprise until the very end.
Last year, Vauxhall unveiled a car called Calibra. Those present - the press at previews and the public at
the major European motor shows - couldn't have been less prepared for what they saw.
Because it's not every day, not even every decade, that a new car appears which bucks so many trends
and owes so little to prevailing thinking.
(from The Economist: The World in 1991)
4 Number
Which is the 'odd one out' in each group. Why?
a) book watch coat clock
b) mouse man child goose
c) wife thief chief wolf
d) trousers skirts jeans tights
e) cow fish sheep salmon
f) sheep cattle police people
5 Nouns in groups
Look at these examples of student errors. Can you correct them?
a)I didn't know what to do with the refrigerator of my sister.
b) The hair of Yolanda is very long and very curly.
c) This hit the policeman's head that was standing at the house's corner.
d) He had filmed T 2, the most expensive film in cinema's history.
e) Few months later his daughter died in a car's accident.
f) He is a mechanic of cars.
g) We have also a buses network.
h) My investigations led me to the prison where there was a Frank's old friend.
Allsop, J., (1986), Cassell’s Students’ English Grammar Exercises, Eastbourne: Cassell
1.1 Which of these words should be written with an initial capital letter?
1 month 6 tuesday 11 the moonlight sonata 16 holidays
2 the bank 7 the duke of kent 12 princes and princesses 17 new year’s eve
3 star 8 easter sunday 13 the daily mirror 18 the first sunday
4 miss jones 9 asymphony 14 politicians in june
5 tomorrow 10 grammar 15 tolstoy’s war and peace

1.2 Complete this table. (We have done the first one to help you)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
1 office offices 16 penny

2 leaves 17 feet
3 loss 18 cupful
4 potatoes 19 son-in-law
5 roof 20 lives
6 mice 21 manservant
7 solo 22 traffic warden
8 key 23 spoonful
9 teeth 24 passer-by
10 sandwich 25 rabbit
11 city 26 species
12 child 27 sheep
13 tomato 28 salmon
14 stepson 29 trout
15 women 30 series
1.5 Complete the table. Note that some of these words of foreign origin have regular plurals.
Singular Plural Singular Plural
1 cacti 13 memoranda
2 analysis 14 stadium
3 stimuli 15 museum
4 strata 16 addenda
5 datum 17 radii
6 vertebrae 18 drama
7 basis 19 genius
8 fungus 20 appendices
9 genera 21 axis
10 index 22 media
11 crises 23 album
12 criteria 24 phenomena
1.6 Which of the following words are singular in meaning (i.e. would be used with is);
which are plural (would be used with are); and which can be used either singular or
plural (i.e. could be used with either is or are)?
1 the news 7 billiards 13 headquarters
2 people 8 cattle 14 the government
3 measles 9 scissors 15 mathematics
4 trousers 10 statistics 16 Manchester United*
5 the team 11 gymnastics 17 thanks
6 the police 12 underpants 18 the clergy
*Remember that Manchester United is a football team.
1.7 ‘Something in common’
The words dog, cat, cow, horse, squirrel, pig, have all got something in common: they are all singular nouns. What have the
following groups of words got in common? (We are concerned with grammar rather than with meaning.)
1 information luggage news advice furniture
2 family council committee crowd government staff the public
3 customs minutes outskirts thanks lodgings
4 bread rice ink wool iron sugar salt wood
5 knickers trousers tweezers binoculars pyjamas scissors
1.10 Complete the table. We have done the first one for you.
1 brother sister 10 duke
2 mother 11 emperor
3 wife 12 (2 possibilities) countess
4 uncle 13 queen
5 niece 14 lord
6 spinster 15 usher
7 waiter 16 manager
8 son 17 lass
9 hero 18 Dear Sir,
1.11 Try matching the pairs (male and female) of these ten kinds of animal:
Male: bull boar buck stag fox dog gander drake stallion cock
Female: hind goose cow mare hen vixen sow bitch duck doe
Can you now match their young?
fawn cub calf foal pup piglet gosling chick fawn duckling
1.15 Put the possessive ending ‘s or ’ in the space marked __ in the following expressions:
1 the girl__ dresses 6 children__ education 11 Mr Davies__ office

2 the girls__ clothes 7 the country__ problems 12 France__ foreign policy
3 the boss__ announcement 8 secretaries__ working hours 13 a greenfinch__ nest
4 ladies__ night 9 an actress__ professional life 14 greenfinches__ nests
5 policemen__ uniforms 10 actresses__ opportunities 15 a lady__ handbag
1.16 Complete these sentences using the appropriate possessive form.
e.g. The dog which belongs to my neighbour _________________ dog. Answer: my neighbour’s dog
1 The scheme sponsored by the Duke of Edinburgh is called ____________________________________________
2 The office where the managing director works is called ____________________________________________
3 The car which belongs to my sister-in-law is ____________________________________________
4 A school for boys only is called ____________________________________________
5 The union which represents railwaymen is ____________________________________________
6 The law which was discovered by a man called Murphy is known as ___________________________________
7 A holiday which lasts a fortnight is ____________________________________________
8 The home where the nurses live is called ____________________________________________
9 The car which belongs to Mr Brown’s wife is ____________________________________________
1.17 The possessive ending ’s may be pronounced //, // or //. Can you say how the following
should be pronounced?
1 the Pope’s visit 7 Frances’s dress 13 The Devil’s Disciple
2 women’s liberation 8 a month’s time 14 Mike’s place
3 St George’s Hall 9 Nature’s way 15 the teacher’s opinion
4 the water’s edge 10 the Church’s work 16 the princess’s wedding dress
5 a year’s time 11 your money’s worth 17 for Pete’s sake
6 Jack’s dinner 12 the horse’s mouth 18 the monarch’s role
Jackson, A. & Jackson, A., (1995), Advanced Grammar Worksheets, Hertfordshire, Prentice Hall International Ltd.
Unit 20 Exercise
1 There is a set of nouns in English which have a different meaning depending on whether they are used in
the singular or plural. The commonest ones are:
condition, damage, experience, good, ground, hair, quarter, term
2 There are a few nouns which have the same form whether they are singular or plural:
fish, means, sheep, and most wild animals which are hunted: deer, elephant, lion, pheasant
3 There are a few nouns which are always plural:
cattle, folk, police, people
4 There is a set of group words which may take either a singular or a plural verb depending on whether we
are thinking of them as a number of individuals or a unit:
class, company, crowd, gang, government, group, herd, team
Compare: The team were arguing amongst themselves. The team was playing well last season.
Choose suitable nouns from those given above to complete the following sentences. Decide whether
they should be singular or plural, and make the verbs and pronouns agree where necessary.
1 There were too many ambiguous ________________ in the contract for him to accept it.
2 The _______________ _______________ been caught because _____________ left ________________ fingerprints
everywhere.
3 A lot of my friends keep tropical ________________ in aquariums at home.
4 The accident didn’t look bad, but it did a lot of ________________ to the front of the car.
5 We need someone with plenty of _______________ in selling abroad for this job.
6 The ________________ ________________ arrested a number of suspects.
7 Now I’m over fifty, my ________________ ________________ started to turn quite grey.
8 We made a reasonable profit in the first ______________ of this financial year.
9 When she bought the horse, it was in very poor ________________
10 My grandfather has long white ______________ growing in his nostrils.
11 The court awarded the plaintiff substantial ________________ against the newspaper.
12 The best ______________ of transport in the high mountains ______________ the yak.
A1 Analyze the underlined nouns

Ozma of Oz by L. Frank Baum
The wind blew hard and joggled the water of the ocean, sending ripples across its surface. Then the wind
pushed the edges of the ripples until they became waves, and shoved the waves around until they became
billows. The billows rolled dreadfully high: higher even than the tops of houses. Some of them, indeed, rolled
as high as the tops of tall trees, and seemed like mountains; and the gulfs between the great billows were like
deep valleys.
All this mad dashing and splashing of the waters of the big ocean, which the mischievous wind caused
without any good reason whatever, resulted in a terrible storm, and a storm on the ocean is liable to cut many
queer pranks and do a lot of damage.
At the time the wind began to blow, a ship was sailing far out upon the waters. When the waves began to
tumble and toss and to grow bigger and bigger the ship rolled up and down, and tipped sidewise--first one
way and then the other--and was jostled around so roughly that even the sailor-men had to hold fast to the
ropes and railings to keep themselves from being swept away by the wind or pitched headlong into the sea.
And the clouds were so thick in the sky that the sunlight couldn't get through them; so that the day grew
dark as night, which added to the terrors of the storm.
2) GENDER
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
NATURAL GENDER and GRAMMATICAL GENDER
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
A ____________________________________ “man, boy, father”;
The dog was waving its tail but I still didn’t dare to get near
Mary was stroking the dog who kept waving his tail
B ____________________________________, “woman, girl, mother”,
Mary was stroking the bitch/ dog who kept waving her/its tail
I think Felicity is upset these days. She’s not giving much milk.
The baby grunted and the nurse looked into its face to see what was the matter with it
My baby grunted and I looked into her face to see what was the matter with her
C ____________________________________ “teacher, cousin”,
D ____________________________________
“ant, squirrel”
“rock, pizza,rose”
E SPECIAL CASES
____________________________________
The team, who are very enthusiastic about the next competition, haven’t been able to sleep much last night
The team, which has won no games yet, still has some chances to make it to the top
____________________________________
Argentina is located in South America. Its southernmost city is Ushuaia
The ship struck an iceberg, which tore a huge hole in her side
Scotland lost many of her bravest men in two great rebellions

INFLECTION
a) Morphologically marked:
waitress, heroine , usherette
widower/ bridegroom
b) Morphologically unmarked.
father/mother; etc;
bachelor/maid; witch/wizard; hen/rooster
c) Compounding:
manservant/ maid-servant; boyfriend/girlfriend; he-wolf/ she-wolf
chairperson; police officer; firefighter; flight attendant
Using the dictionary find the female or male counterpart and the dual noun if there is
one
1. blond 7. gander
2. buck 8. mare
3. drake 9. mistress
4. emperor 10. nurse
5. fiancée 11. ram
6. fox
3) CASE
CASE is _____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
A) ___________________________
B) ___________________________
Ginny mother didn’t answer Howard came into the editor office
It would cost at least three policemen salaries per year I heard the girls steps on the stairs
First names that end in “s”
Charles wife came to visit yesterday Denis new job is fantastic
Classical names ending in “s”
This book is full of Socrates ideas St James was one of Jesus disciples
Historical names ending in “s”
On November 4th the British celebrate Guy Fawkes night
That was the original copy of Cervantes Don Quixote
Family names ending in “s”:
1-
Have you seen the new Bruce Willis’ film? And what about Robin Williams ?
2-
Bill Gates company is becoming the most powerful in the world
That is Martin Days best book
Write the correct form of the genitive case and say whether the pronunciation is /Ø/, /s/, /z/
or /iz/ and why
1. The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is only the second of C.S. Lewis The Chronicles of Narnia (1950’s)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. On July 12th the Protestant Irish celebrate Orangemen Day

___________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. April Fools Day is similar to our December 28th

___________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. It is very easy to mistake Hercules story with Samson

___________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Nicholas brother is marrying Grace sister

___________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Dickens David Copperfield will be made into a film (1812-70)

___________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Tiger Woods last game was terrible

___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Genitive with Plural Nouns

a)_________________________________:
the ladies’ room ; a girls’ school
b) ___________________________________:
Let’s take a two minutes’ break
The house is a mile’s walk away
‘S VS. THE OF-CONSTRUCTION: Grammar Texts (pp. 11-12)

Consider the following examples; which is the difference in each pair?
1) Peter and Jenny’s parents were at the party
Peter’s and Jenny’s parents were at the party
2) They were at the doctor’s all afternoon
They were at Peter’s all afternoon
3) That isn’t my sister. It is Peter’s

That isn’t my sister. It is Peter’s girlfriend
4) That is a review of Tolkien

That is a review of Tolkien’s
NOUNS
2nd Classification: A) ______________________

B) ___________________
1- DE-VERBAL ____________________________________________
2- DE-ADJECTIVAL ________________________________________
Which is the abstract noun related to each of the following adjectives and verbs? Divide
the nouns into de-verbal and de-adjectival
1. act 11. kind
2. adjust 12. original
3. believe 13. popular
4. combine 14. replace
5. discourage 15. retire
6. equal 16. secure
7. see 17. stupid
8. happy 18. weak
9. produce 19. wise
10. imagine
Analyse the nouns or nouns combinations underlined in these sentences:
A strange noise awoke Dorothy, who opened her eyes to find that day had dawned and the sun was shining brightly in a clear sky. She
had been dreaming that she was back in Kansas again, and playing in the old barn-yard with the calves and pigs and chickens all around
her; and at first, as she rubbed the sleep from her eyes, she really imagined she was there.
"Kut-kut-kut, ka-daw-kut! Kut-kut-kut, ka-daw-kut!"
Ah; here again was the strange noise that had awakened her. Surely it was a hen cackling! But her wide-open eyes first saw, through
the slats of the coop, the blue waves of the ocean, now calm and placid, and her thoughts flew back to the past night, so full of danger and
discomfort. Also she began to remember that she was a waif of the storm, adrift upon a treacherous and unknown sea.
"Kut-kut-kut, ka-daw-w-w--kut!"
"What's that?" cried Dorothy, starting to her feet.
"Why, I've just laid an egg, that's all," replied a small, but sharp and distinct voice, and looking around her the little girl discovered a
yellow hen squatting in the opposite corner of the coop.
"Dear me!" she exclaimed, in surprise; "have YOU been here all night, too?"
"Of course," answered the hen, fluttering her wings and yawning. "When the coop blew away from the ship I clung fast to this corner,
with claws and beak, for I knew if I fell into the water I'd surely be drowned. Indeed, I nearly drowned, as it was, with all that water washing
over me. I never was so wet before in my life!"
"Yes," agreed Dorothy, "it was pretty wet, for a time, I know. But do you feel comfor'ble now?"
"Not very. The sun has helped to dry my feathers, as it has your dress, and I feel better since I laid my morning egg. But what's to
become of us, I should like to know, afloat on this big pond?"
"I'd like to know that, too," said Dorothy. "But, tell me; how does it happen that you are able to talk? I thought hens could only cluck and
cackle."
"Why, as for that," answered the yellow hen thoughtfully, "I've clucked and cackled all my life, and never spoken a word before this
morning, that I can remember. But when you asked a question, a minute ago, it seemed the most natural thing in the world to answer you.
So I spoke, and I seem to keep on speaking, just as you and other human beings do. Strange, isn't it?"
"Very," replied Dorothy. "If we were in the Land of Oz, I wouldn't think it so queer, because many of the animals can talk in that fairy
country. But out here in the ocean must be a good long way from Oz."
"How is my grammar?" asked the yellow hen, anxiously. "Do I speak quite properly, in your judgment?"
"Yes," said Dorothy, "you do very well, for a beginner."
"I'm glad to know that," continued the yellow hen, in a confidential tone; "because, if one is going to talk, it's best to talk correctly. The red
rooster has often said that my cluck and my cackle were quite perfect; and now it's a comfort to know I am talking properly."
"I'm beginning to get hungry," remarked Dorothy. "It's breakfast time; but there's no breakfast."
"You may have my egg," said the yellow hen. "I don't care for it, you know."
"Don't you want to hatch it?" asked the little girl, in surprise.
"No, indeed; I never care to hatch eggs unless I've a nice snug nest, in some quiet place, with a baker's dozen of eggs under me. That's
thirteen, you know, and it's a lucky number for hens. So you may as well eat this egg."
"Oh, I couldn't POSS'BLY eat it, unless it was cooked," exclaimed Dorothy. "But I'm much obliged for your kindness, just the same."
"Don't mention it, my dear," answered the hen, calmly, and began preening her feathers.
McCarthy, M. and O'Dell, F. (1995) English Vocabulary In Use- Upper Intermediate and Advanced, Cambridge, CUP
Pronouns
PRONOUNS ARE __________________________________________________________________________________
Characteristics:
a) ______________________________________________________________________________
b)_______________________________________________________________________________________________
c) ______________________________________________________________________________
d) INFLECTION:
1) ____________________________________________________________________________________________
2) ____________________________________________________________________________________________
3) i) __________________________________________________________________________________________
ii) _________________________________________________________________________________________
Grammar Texts (pp 12-19)

Yule, (2008), Oxford Practice Grammar, Advanced, Oxford, OUP
Unit 33- ex 1 /4 Vince, M. (1993), First Certificate Language Practice- Avon: Heinemann
Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that it has the same meaning.
a) The person who stole the painting must have been tall.
Whoever stole the painting must have been tall.
b) I don't mind what you do, but don't tell Jane I was here.
Whatever _______________________________________________________________________________________
c) Every time I go on holiday, the weather gets worse.
Whenever _______________________________________________________________________________________
d) Tell me where you have been!
Wherever _______________________________________________________________________________________
e) I won't believe you, no matter what you say.
Whatever _______________________________________________________________________________________
f) Was it enjoyable at the beach, Joe?
Did you enjoy ___________________________________________________________________________________
g) ) People who believe in ghosts are a bit crazy!
Anyone _______________________________________________________________________________________
h) Just call me any time you need me.

Whenever _______________________________________________________________________________________
i) John is hurt.
John has _______________________________________________________________________________________
Fowler, (1996), First Certificate Use of English, Harlow, Longman

Hashemi & Thomas, (2008), Cambridge English Grammar for First Certificate, Cambridge, CUP
Alexander, (1991), Longman English Grammar Practice, Harlow, Longman

Greenbaum, S. and Nelson, G., (2002) An Introduction to English Grammar, Essex, Pearson Education
Exercise 5.14 Pronoun classes
Circle the antecedents of the underlined pronouns and possessive determiners
1. Scientists have discovered that pets have a therapeutic effect on their owners,
2. A dog, for instance, can improve the health of the people it comes in contact with.
3. In a recent study, the blood pressure of subjects was measured while they were petting their pets.
4. In general, an individual’s blood pressure decreased while he was in the act of petting his pet.
5. Since many of the elderly have experienced the loss of a spouse, it is particularly important that they be
allowed to have a pet.
6. This is a problem, since the elderly often live in flats whose landlords will no allow their tenants to own pets.
7. Recently, however, a local landlord allowed her tenants to own pets on an experimental basis.
8. This landlord found that when they were allowed to have pets, the elderly proved to be very responsible pet owners.
Exercise 5.15 Personal pronouns
Specify the person (first, second, or third), number (singular or plural), and case (subjective or objective) of the
underlined personal pronouns. If the pronoun has a form that neutralizes the distinction in number or case,
state the alternatives, and if only one of the alternatives fits the context underline that alternative.
1. Most of us don’t have the time to exercise for an hour each day.
2. We have our hearts in the right place, though.
3. I think ‘diet’ is a sinister word.
4. It sounds like deprivation.
5. But people who need to lose weight find that they need to lose only half the weight if they exercise regularly.
6. The reason is that exercise helps you to replace fat with muscle.
7. My exercise class has helped me to change my attitude to body shape.
8. The instructor says that she objects to bony thinness.
9, To quote her, ‘Who wants to be all skin and bones?’
10. My husband approves of her view, and he is thinking of joining the class.
Exercise 5.20 Pronouns
Indicate whether the underlined pronouns are personal, possessive, reflexive, demonstrative, reciprocal, interrogative,
relative, or indefinite.
1. Nobody has ever seen a unicorn. 7. One cannot be too careful in the choice of one’s friends
2. I intend to collect beetles. 8. We are commanded to love one another
3. What do you want me to do? 9. The next turn is yours
4. He can resist everything except temptation. 10. Is this war?
5. She did it all by herself 11. Who is it now?
6. There are some pressure groups that support only one party 12.I heard the story from somebody on whom I can rely.
A1 Analyze the underlined noun phrases. If the head is a pronoun say which is the antecedent
The captain of the ship was not afraid, because he had seen storms before, and had sailed his ship through
them in safety; but he knew that his passengers would be in danger if they tried to stay on deck, so he put
them all into the cabin and told them to stay there until after the storm was over, and to keep brave hearts
and not be scared, and all would be well with them.
Now, among these passengers was a little Kansas girl named Dorothy Gale, who was going with her uncle
Henry to Australia, to visit some relatives they had never before seen. Uncle Henry, you must know, was not
very well, because he had been working so hard on his Kansas farm that his health had given way and left
him weak and nervous. So he left Aunt Em at home to watch after the hired men and to take care of the farm,
while he traveled far away to Australia to visit his cousins and have a good rest.
Dorothy was eager to go with him on this journey, and Uncle Henry thought she would be good company
and help cheer him up; so he decided to take her along. The little girl was quite an experienced traveller, for
she had once been carried by a cyclone as far away from home as the marvelous Land of Oz, and she had met
with a good many adventures in that strange country before she managed to get back to Kansas again. So she
wasn't easily frightened, whatever happened, and when the wind began to howl and whistle, and the waves
began to tumble and toss, our little girl didn't mind the uproar the least bit.
"Of course we'll have to stay in the cabin," she said to Uncle Henry and the other passengers, "and keep as
quiet as possible until the storm is over. For the Captain says if we go on deck we may be blown overboard."
No one wanted to risk such an accident as that, you may be sure; so all the passengers stayed huddled up
in the dark cabin, listening to the shrieking of the storm and the creaking of the masts and rigging and trying
to keep from bumping into one another when the ship tipped sidewise.
The Noun Phrase

(Specifier) +(Pre-modifier) + Head + (Post-modifier)
These are all functions, not categories
Johnny These students Big birds The table in the corner Several good books that he had
Determiners/ Specifiers
SPECIFIER is _____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
A DETERMINERS is _______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
1) PRE-DETERMINERS:
a)
Johnny has eaten all (of) the cereal Neither of the students had brought the book
b)
You deserve double that portion of pizza She earns three times my salary
c)
You can only fail seven-tenths of the written assignments She has only written a quarter of the book
d)
Mother made such a fuss about it. What a mess we have made of everything
CENTRAL DETERMINERS :
a) articles: the, a/an
b)
I hope to enjoy that feeling again before too long
These chairs have the great disadvantage that the attached desks are not horizontal
c)
All my other patients are fine He rested both his hands on the back of the chair
d)
What colour did you see? I didn’t care which of us won I knew whose money it was so I returned it
e)
She gave Harold some more sweet potatoes The surgeon will answer any questions you may have
No details of the peace plan have been given Government affects every single aspect of our lives
Each farmer was armed with a rifle They did not have enough information
f Partitives:
i):
For the dress you need 2 yards of velvet (1 m= 1.094 yards)
I bought 3 pounds of strawberries (1 kg = 0.454 lb pounds)
I drink a pint of milk a day (1l = 0. 568 pints) He owns five hundred square metres of land
ii):
Rita brought two loaves of bread to make sandwiches
Two days after my wedding I found a grain of rice in my hair
iii):
I need a piece of paper / cloth / metal / etc
POST-DETERMINERS:
a)
Brenda took the last bite of her omelette His father had a first wife who died
b)
Peter read chemistry for the first two years Use the last three fingers of the left hand
c)
i)
Fewer people came to class today There are several things to study for the test
ii)
You have used a lot of butter in the cake He has plenty of money in the bank
SPECIFIERS a) determiners
b) nouns in the genitive case
That was the start of the student’s troubles Aunt Susan’s cooking was horrible
Analyse N/H and Det/Spec in the following sentences

1-. I walked to the tube instead of taking a taxi.
2- Do you take your holidays in the mountains or the seaside?
3- At the bottom runs a stream so overhung by trees that it can’t be seen from above. This river has a
subterranean origin, emerging suddenly at the East end of the ravine
4- Several times, I heard shrieks; but always as though from a distance. Except for these sounds, I had no idea
of the whereabouts of the house.
5- Some people say that there is no romance in India. Those people are wrong.
6- At the European Parliament most work is done in committees
7- Sir Thomas wanted to know if I had some ideas for him
8- Mr Brown was conscious that he could take neither side in this controversy—that he was in sympathy with
not one of the seven other persons who were seated in his library.
9- The elder Miss Copleigh was nice, plump, winning and pretty. The younger was not so pretty. Both girls
had, practically, the same figure, and there was a strong likeness between them in look and voice.
10- When Captain Adolph Frenkel, who was in command of the See Adler, saw the column of warships
twining and wriggling its way out through the Channel, each ship handled with consummate skill and
keeping its position exactly, he could not repress an admiring "Ach!" Still it was not his business to admire,
but destroy.
Articles
The same name was given to the island /ðə/
The emphasis is on discipline /ðɪ/
The uniforms are clean /ðə/
He was carrying an umbrella and a briefcase. The umbrella was broken /ðɪ/
I tried to regulate the hours of work /ðɪ/
Exercise 4.2 The noun phrase

Use a box to mark the noun phrases in each sentence below. Some sentences may have more
than one noun phrase. If a noun phrase contains another noun phrase within it, mark the
embedded noun phrase a further time. For example:
Microwave cooking is an absolutely new method for the preparation of food.
NP NP
NP
NP
1. Fire is not used in microwave cooking.
2. Electromagnetic energy agitates the water molecules in the food.
3. The agitation produces sufficient heat for cooking.
4. The electronic tube that produces microwave energy is called a magnetron.
5. The magnetron was in use a decade before the birth of the microwave oven.
6. Two scientists invented it during World War II.
7. The magnetron was essential to Britain’s radar defences.
8. The application of microwaves to the heating of food resulted from an accident.
9. An engineer was testing a magnetron tube.
10. He reached into his pocket for a chocolate bar.
11. The chocolate had melted.
12. He had not felt any heat.
13. The chocolate had been near radiation from the tube.
14. Later experiments showed that heat from microwaves could cook food
15. The food was cooked from the inside.
16 Using a dictionary if necessary, complete the sentences with these words.
Exercise 5.16 Possessives
Indicate whether the underlined words are possessive determiners or possessive pronouns.
1. Can you tell me your address?
2. You’ve made a mistake. The phone number is not his
3. This is Doris and this is her husband David.
4. Justin borrowed one of my videos, but I can’t remember its title.
5. This book is yours, Robert.
6. Benjamin has already read one of his books.
7. She claimed that the bicycle was hers
8. They are concerned about the fall in their standard of living.
Exercise 5.21 Indefinite pronouns
Indicate whether the underlined determiners are definite articles, indefinite articles,
demonstratives, possessives, interrogatives, relatives, or indefinites.
1. His parents would not let him see the video.
2. Many applicants were given an interview.
3. Whose shoes are those?
4. What plans have you made for the weekend?
5. There are some children whose parents don’t speak English.
6. This generation has never had it so good.
7. The community policeman warned the children not to talk to strangers.
8. No dogs are allowed in here.
9. That collection forms the core of the new library.
10. China is the last nation on earth to make such trains.
Exercise 5.22 The articles and reference
Indicate whether the underlined phrases are generic or non-generic.
1. There is no such beast as a unicorn
2. The train is late again.
3. The dinosaur has long been extinct.
4. Teachers are poorly paid in this country.
5. He came on a small market where women were selling dried beans
6. Beans are a highly efficient form of nutrition.
7. We rebuilt the kitchen in just four weeks.
B. People who throw stones shouldn’t live in greenhouses.
9. History graduates have a hard time finding jobs.
10. A standard bed may not be right for everyone.
Exercise 5.23 The articles and reference
Indicate whether the underlined phrases are specific or non-specific.
1. Can you find me a book on English grammar?
2. Here is a book on English grammar
3. I’d like a strawberry ice cream
4. He says he hasn’t any stamps
5. Who is the woman you were talking to at lunch?
6. I’m looking for a hat that will go with my dress
7. I’m looking for the hat that will suit me best
8. You can borrow either tie
9. We bought some furniture this morning.
10. Can someone tell me the time?
Shaw, Kathy (1991) Collins Cobuild English Grammar Exercises, London: Collins ELT
Other determiners
22 Rewrite the following sentences.
a They asked for £100. She paid £200. She paid them twice the sum they asked for
b They gave me £50, I’d asked for £100.
They ______________________________________________________________________________
c Sebastian was enjoying himself. William was enjoying himself.
Both ______________________________________________________________________________
d His salary was £25,000 a year. Now he’s earning £50,000.
He’s ______________________________________________________________________________
e I opened my Christmas presents, so did the children, and so did the rest of the family.
All ______________________________________________________________________________
Review: Determiners
23 Use determiners to complete these texts. Not every gap will need a determiner.
a ________ cause of ________ outrage is Mr Feldt’s plan to ban ________ strikes and prohibit
________ increases in _________ pay, _________ prices, _________ dividends and _________ rents for two
years. _________ cause of his plan is a wave of _________ strikes which has pushed _________ inflation
rate up to 6.7%, as _________ consensus system of _________ employers and _________ unions agreeing
_________ “going- rate” has failed to keep _________ rises in line with _________ international levels.
from The Guardian
b One hundred and thirty-six years after his death Turner’s great gift of ________ paintings has
found ________ permanent home in ________ Clore Gallery ________ newly built extension to ________
Tate Gallery on Millbank. There in ________ splendid suite of ________ rooms ________ entire contents
of his studio can be seen arranged in ________ beautiful and instructive sequence following ________
central themes of Turner’s art. ________ book provides ________ readable and accessible introduction to
________ display, and includes ________ account of ________ collection of ________ works on ________
paper, together with ________ guide to ________ use of ________ Study Room in which they can be
examined by ________ public.
from The Turner Collection in the Clore Gallery
24 Insert a pronoun or determiner in each gap.
The large room was full of people. One of the girls in yellow was playing the piano, and beside
_________ stood a tall, red-haired young lady from a famous chorus, engaged in song _________ had
drunk a quantity of champagne, and during the course of _________ song she had decided, ineptly, that
everything was very, very sad — _________ was not only singing, _________ was weeping too.
Whenever there was a pause in the song _________ filled _________ with gasping, broken sobs, and
then took up the lyric again in a quavering soprano. The tears coursed down _________ cheeks — not
freely, however, for when _________ came into contact with _________ heavily beaded eyelashes
_________ assumed an inky colour, and pursued the rest of _________ way in slow black rivulets.
from The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald
2.2 Which of these place names are written with the?
1 _____ Brussels 3 _____ Philippines 5 _____ New Zealand
2 _____ West Indies 4 _____ Siberia 6 _____ Isle of Man
7 _____ East Africa 15 _____ Long Island 23 _____ Atlantic
8 _____ Sicily . 16 _____ Great Britain 24 _____ North Island
9 _____ Lake Constance 17 _____ Table Mountain 25 _____ Atlantic Ocean
10 _____ Black Sea 18 _____ Sahara 26 _____ Athens
11 _____ River Thames 19 _____ South Pole 27 _____ USA
12 _____ Pacific 20 _____ South America 28 _____ USSR
13 _____ Arctic 21 _____ Pennines 29 _____ Middle East
14 _____ Pyrenees 22 _____ Los Angeles 30 _____ Straits of Gibraltar
3.11 What is the difference in meaning between these pairs of sentences? One way to show
the difference is to describe the different situations in which each sentence might be said; e.g. in
Question 1 you might ask (i) when you expected the answer ‘yes’. You might ask (ii) if you just
wanted to be given the information.
1 i) Did he give you some money? ii) Did he give you any money?
2 i) Nobody can tell you exactly what happened. ii) Anybody can tell you exactly what happened.
3 i) I have spent the whole morning tidying up the office. ii) I have spent all morning tidying up the office.
4 i) Has anybody borrowed my calculator? ii) Has somebody borrowed my calculator?
5 i) I could see you some time tomorrow if you are free. ii) I could see you any time tomorrow if you are free.
6 i) I do not know anything about politics. ii) I know nothing about politics.
7 i) Some woman phoned but she did not leave a message. ii) A woman phoned but she did not leave a message.
8 i) I’d like some books by Burgess. (‘some’ pronounced /s m/)
ii) I like some books by Burgess. (‘some’ pronounced /s m/)
9 i) I have read every one of his novels. ii) I have read all his novels.
10 i) He spoke to all the children. ii) He spoke to each child.
11 i) A lot of people do not know that. ii) Not many people know that.
12 i) Everybody knows how to make an omelette. ii) Anybody knows how to make an omelette.
Porter-Ladouse, G.,, (1993), Language Issues, Essex, Longman Group Ltd
2 The same or different?
a) Read the following pairs of sentences with a partner and find the only pair in which
the presence or absence of the article radically affects the context and meaning.
i) Students at the technical college often eat here.
The students at the technical college often eat here.
ii) Economy could be the answer.
The economy could be the answer.
iii) Evidence presented at the trial was later found to be inaccurate.
The evidence presented at the trial was later found to be inaccurate.
iv) Women I saw in India were dressed in saris.
The women I saw in India were dressed in saris.
b) With a partner, compare the following pairs of sentences. Which pair means the same
thing, which pair could mean the same thing in a specific context and which pair has
two different meanings?
i) Books are expensive. The books are expensive.
ii) I hate the telephone. I hate telephones.
iii) He invented telescopes. He invented the telescope.
3 Say whether the following statements are true.
a) Sometimes the presence or absence of an article can make almost no difference to the meaning of a sentence.
b) There are definite, fixed rules about the use of the article in every context.
c) Sometimes the presence or absence of the article makes a significant difference to the meaning of a sentence.
d) In English it does not matter whether you use an article or not.
4 There are particular cases in which the use of the article changes the meaning of the
sentence. Study the difference of meaning between the following two sentences.
a) She went to prison. (She had been sent to prison for committing a crime.)
b) She went to the prison. (She went to visit the prison but was not an inmate.)
5 With a partner, say what the context could be for each sentence below and add another
remark which would be appropriate in the context. The first one has been done for you.
Use your dictionary if necessary.
a) She went to prison for robbing a bank. She went to the prison to visit her uncle.
b) I dislike painting. I dislike the painting.
c) I read the literature. I read literature.
d) I love life. I love the life.
6.5 Complete these descriptions with a, an, the or no article (—).

The Channel Islands are a group of — islands in (1) _______ English Channel near (2) _______
north-western coast of (3) _______ France. They have belonged to (4) _______ Britain since (5) _______
Normans arrived in (6) _______ 11th century, although they are not part of (7) _______ United Kingdom.
Charlie Chaplin was (8) _______ English film actor. He was also (9) _______ director. He did most of
his work in (10) _______ USA. Many people consider him (11) _______ greatest comic actor of (12) _______
silent cinema. He appeared in many films as (13) _______ poor man with (14) _______ small round hat,
(15) _______ small moustache and (16) _______ trousers and (17) _______ shoes that were too big for him,
causing him to walk in (18) _______ funny way.
6.6 Choose an answer (a-f) for each question (1-6) and add a or the.
1 How often have you done this? a It's on _______ bottom shelf of my bookcase.
2 What exactly is an olive? b I think he's in _______ navy.
3 Where's your dictionary? c She'd like to be _______ journalist.
4 Why is it so bright outside tonight? d I'm sure it's _______ fruit.
5 What kind of career does Sally want? e It must be _______ moon.
6 What does Mrs Reynolds' son do? f Yesterday was actually _______ first time.
6.7 Complete this news item with a, an, the or no article (—).
There's (1) _______ giant tortoise in (2) _______ Galapagos Islands nicknamed (3) _______ Lonesome
George who has never found (4) _______ mate. Recent studies by scientists suggest that (5) _______
lonely tortoise, now living on (6) _______ Pinto Island, actually belongs to (7) _______ species from (8)
_______ island of (9) _______ Espanola. (10) _______ scientists plan to bring (11) _______ female from
Espanola to see if (12) _______ George will become interested in mating.
6.8 Editing. Correct the mistakes in the use of articles in this text.
I remember really embarrassing moment when I was starting to learn the English. My teacher's name
was Trevor Jones. He was from Cardiff in the Wales. He was always making the jokes. One day he wrote
words 'English Gramer' on blackboard. He asked us if that was correct. Immediately I offered to answer
question. I told him the E should be changed to the A. Trevor said that was good answer and he changed
letter. Then he asked me if I was happy with new spelling. With the absolute confidence, I said that it was
now correct. Suddenly, the other students started laughing. I looked around in the confusion. My friend
whispered that it needed second M. 'Oh, it should have the M too!' I shouted out and Trevor nodded with
the smile. It was correct. But I still remember terrible feeling of the embarrassment from that moment.
14 Choose an answer (a-d) for each question (1-4) and add all, both, half or whole.
1 How much longer will the rain last? a You can have _______ of them for £5.
2 How much is sixteen ounces? b It might go on like this for the _______ week.
3 How much are those two books? c _______ of it, so he's penniless now.
4 How much money did he lose? d I think it's almost _______ a kilo.
15 Write one of these quantifiers in each space. Add ‘of’ where necessary.
all (x2) both (x 2) half no none one (x 2) whole
Nowadays, (1) ______ young girls can play football if they want to. When I was young, I really wanted to
play football, but (2) ______ girls were allowed to in my school. In fact, (3) ______ the girls was allowed to play
any ' boys' sports'. It was just (4) ______ the rules. I learned about the game from my father and my uncle. (5)
______ them had been football players and they often watched games on TV. I knew that (6) ______ teams in
a match started with eleven players and (7) ______ them had special positions. I learned that that there was a
break after forty-five minutes, when (8) ______ the game was over and that 'full time' meant the (9) ______
game was finished. It was fun to watch, but I would ______ rather have been (10) ______ the players.
16 Using a dictionary if necessary, complete the sentences with these words.

choice doubles either neither (x2) quarterly
couple each (x2) every pair twins
1 Behind the nun came four young white-faced boys, dressed in grey uniforms, walking in pairs, ______
holding hands.
2 Simon Weston and Joe Barnes were actually ______ who had been adopted by different families when they
were born and ______ of them knew about the other until they were almost forty years old.
3 The ______ was between a boat trip or a bus tour round the island and ______ would have been fine with
me, but Shirley wasn't feeling well and didn't want to leave the hotel.
4 Jim and Tracy are a young ______ who have been together for about three years, but ______ of them wants
to get married.
5 Next year you'll have to send £400 in ______ payments, which is £100 ______ three months.
6 In a mixed ______ match in tennis, ______ team consists of a man and a woman.
21 Choose an ending (a-e) for each beginning (1-5) and add ‘a few’, ‘few’, ‘a little’ or ‘little’,
plus ‘of’ where necessary.
1 We had very ___________ problems living here a and the ___________ water that was left.
2 The teacher seemed ___________ disappointed b so I only ate ___________ it.
3 The home-made soup was very salty c and we've had ___________ sunny days too.
4 We shared the ___________ pieces of fruit d until our car was stolen ___________ days ago.
5 It's been ___________ warmer recently e that only ___________ us had done the work
22 Using a dictionary if necessary, complete the sentences with these words and phrases.
Add ‘of’, ‘as’, ‘a’ and ‘the’ where necessary.
eighth four times once quarter twenty per cent twice two-fifths
Example: A furlong is an eighth of a mile.
1 The money was divided equally among the four brothers, so each received _____________________ it.
2 _____________________ year we have our annual family gathering at my grandparents' house.
3 A centimeter is about _____________________ inch, or 0.394 inches to be exact.
4 A litre bottle holds almost _____________________ much as a pint.
5 Did you know that at least _____________________ adult population can't read?
6 At £200,000, the selling price is almost _____________________ price (£51,000) that Dan and Ginny Swisher
paid for their house just six years ago.
23 Add these words and phrases to this text.
a few fewer fewest fifty per cent little
Although the world's population is still increasing, the rate of growth has slowed down from 64% thirty years
ago to about 48% today. There is (1) _____________________ chance that population growth will level off
before 2050 at the earliest, but there are (2) _____________________ indications that the growth rate will
probably keep declining. Women in the wealthiest countries continue to have the (3) _____________________
children. However, partly because of better education and employment opportunities, many women in poorer
countries are choosing to have (4) _____________________ babies. In some places, the birth rate is now (5)
_____________________ lower than just thirty years ago.
Fowler, (1996), First Certificate Use of English, Harlow, Longman

B SO AND SUCH
Compare these sentences:
That dog is so noisy that it keeps me awake. The weather has been so bad that we couldn't take the dog out for a walk.
It's such a noisy dog that it keeps me awake. It's been such bad weather that we couldn't take the dog out for a walk.
Those dogs are so affectionate that they can't bear to be left alone.
They're such affectionate dogs that they can't bear to be left alone.
Rewrite the sentences below without changing the meaning, using the word(s) given in brackets.
1 The cat is so beautiful that it knows everyone admires it. (such)
2 It has such soft fur that I love to stroke it. (so)
3 But it's so independent that we never know where it is. (such ... cat)
4 The dogs are so large that they eat pounds of meat every day. (such ... dogs)
5 But they have such a healthy look that I don't mind paying for it. (look so)
6 Its teeth were so sharp that I was frightened of it. (had such)
7 The horse is so strong that it can run for miles. (such)
8 It has such a sweet look that it seems to be smiling. (looks)
Vince, (2003) First Certificate Language Practice, Oxford, Macmillan

23. 1 Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the word given in capitals, and the
meaning stays the same. Do not change the word in any way.
a) This is the only money I have left. ALL
This is all the money I have left
b) There wasn't anyone at the meeting. NO
c) Both singers had bad voices. NEITHER
d) All of the cups are dirty. NONE
e) Everyone was cheering loudly. ALL
f) You both deserve promotion. EACH
g) I read both books, but I liked neither of them. EITHER
h) Whenever I cross the Channel by boat I feel seasick. EVERY
23. 2 Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same.
a) Everyone in the office was given a personal parking space.
Each person in the office was given a personal parking space
b) This town doesn't have any good hotels.

There are _____________________________________________________________________
c) Love is the only thing that you need.
All _____________________________________________________________________.
d) These two pens don't write properly.
Neither _____________________________________________________________________
e) We are all responsible for our own actions.
Each _____________________________________________________________________
f) All of us feel lonely sometimes.
We _____________________________________________________________________
g) All of the shops are closed.
None _____________________________________________________________________
h) Both jobs were unsuitable for Helen.
Neither _____________________________________________________________________
11.3 Underline the correct words.
I'm going to tell you about a party game you might want to play. It's a game most/ most of (1) people would
enjoy and it's a good way for people to get to know each other/ themselves (2) when they first arrive. There
is a pile of cards and all/ every (3) card has the name of a famous person on it. Every/ Each (4) of the famous
people has a partner, for example, Romeo's partner is Juliet. It's important that they're people that all/
everyone (5) has heard of. Everyone/ Someone (6) has one of these cards pinned to their back and they have
to find out who they are by questioning every/ all the (7) other people in the room. The first pair to find one
another/ the other (8) gets a prize. The whole/ All the (9) game takes about twenty minutes and by the end
nobody/ anybody (10) is feeling shy any longer.
Vince, M. (1993), First Certificate Language Practice- Avon: Heinemann

23.5 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence,
using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and
five words, including the word given
a) I always go to the cinema on Thursdays in winter (THURSDAY)
I go to the cinema ______________________________________________in winter
b) This has nothing to do wih you! (NONE)
This is _____________________________________business!
c) I’m afraid there aren’t any empty seats at the front. ( ALL)
I’m afraid ________________________at the front are taken.
d) From today, lorries are not allowed to go through the town centre. ( NO)
From today ________________________________ to go through the town centre.
e) The days get colder and colder. (IT)
Each _________________________________________ colder
f) Both questions were impossinble to understand ( COULDN’T)
I __________________________________________________ question.
g) You only want to listen to rock music! (IS)
All you _________________________________________ to rock music.
h) As many as twenty thousand people are thought to have attended the concert. ( THAN)
No ____________________________________are thought to have attended the concert
i) Each child was given £100 (WERE)
The ____________________________________ £100 each.
j) We cannot waste any time! (NO)
There ______________________________________waste.
33.2 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence,
using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and
five words, including the word given.
a) John patted my back. (GAVE )
John _______________________________ the back.
b) Don't hold a rabbit's ears and pick it up. (BY)
Don't _______________________________ the ears.
c) I'll never be able to look at Tanya's face again.( IN)
I'll never be able to look _______________________________ again.
d) Sue grabbed the thief's arm. (BY)
Sue _______________________________ arm.
e) Helen took the baby's hand. (by)
Helen _______________________________ hand.
f) The bee stung my arm. (ME)
The bee _______________________________ arm.
g) Somebody gave me a black eye. (PUNCHED)
Somebody _______________________________ eye.
h) Jane patted the dog's head. (ON)
Jane _______________________________ head.
i) 'It's my arm! I'm hit!' said Billy the Kid. (WOUNDED)
'I'm _______________________________,’ said Billy the Kid.
j) I felt someone pat my shoulder. (ME)
I felt someone _______________________________ shoulder.
A2 Analyze the noun phrases in these sentences. Add all the information we have seen
1- After an hour or so most of the band of Wheelers rolled back into the forest, leaving only three of their
number to guard the hill.
2- These curled themselves up like big dogs and pretended to go to sleep on the sands; but neither Dorothy
nor Billina were fooled by this trick, so they remained in security among the rocks and paid no attention to
their cunning enemies.
Adjectives/ Pre-modifiers and Other Functions

A PRE-MODIFIER is ______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
AN ADJECTIVE is _______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Classification according to position
1) ________________________________
a) There was an atomic explosion. Adolescents only listen to digital music.
He is a fan of western films.
b) Some of it was absolute rubbish. He made me feel like a complete idiot
It was a matter of pure luck
He had absolute power His shirt was made of pure silk.

c) It was found at the precise spot where she had left it The principal element was missing
They needed some specific material
2) ________________________________
a) The boy was ill. The woman was unwell with post-natal depression
The explorers were faint from hunger.
b) The boy was asleep / alive/ afraid. She became aware that something was burning.
The ship’s deck was awash in the storm.
others: ajar: half open; afire: burning; aglow: shining; aground: touching the bottom in shallow water (of ships)
c) I was allergic to the serum they used They seemed capable of winning their first game of the season
They were unable to help her She felt glad that classes were soon finishing.
The room was large and square We felt cold and tired, but relieved
3) ________________________________
That is a tall building The building is tall
They gave us some hot soup The soup they gave us was hot
4) ________________________________
a)
There are empty houses galore (in plenty, abundant(ly)
The twenty Ministers designate went to Buckingham Palace to be sworn in.(appointed to office but not yet installed)
She was now president elect. (picked out, chosen)
Revenge makes a man a monster incarnate. (of a person, spirit, quality, etc.: embodied in flesh, in human form; embodied in
a recognizable or the most perfect form.)
‘The History of Anthony Waring’ is a poem manqué.( That might have been but is not, that has missed being)
b) six feet tall . three metres wide. twenty five years old. The grass was knee high
How old are you? It is 2 cm long.
How young is he? The tablecloth is 50 cm short.
c) The idea needs to come from the individuals concerned

The idea needs the approval of interested and concerned parents
I have to do research on the present international situation
Of the 18 people present I know only one
Those who did not receive proper training in how to teach should not be accepted as teachers
They lost in the first round proper of the FA Cup.
Newspapers were the only available source of information.
The problem was the number of teachers available
We can’t afford the cost of the suggested improvements.
The proposals suggested are derived from successful experiments.
d) What was needed was someone practical They are doing everything possible to take care of you
There is nothing wrong with being popular
1- Say whether the adjectives in these sentences are used in attributive, predicative, or
postpositive positions. Then consider whether the adjective could be used in a different
position and what are the consequences of that.
1) We drew the velvet curtains and put on the lights
2) I felt shattered
3) He drove the old jeep far too fast
4) It was a terribly hard decision to make
5) We drank sparkling white wine
6) The students absent will have to make up for this test
7) Dorothy had almost fallen asleep when she was aroused with a start to find that Uncle Henry was
missing.
8) She couldn't imagine where he had gone, and as he was not very strong she began to worry about him,
and to fear he might have been careless enough to go on deck.
9) In that case he would be in great danger unless he instantly came down again.
10) "I mean that it annoys me, to be obliged to go on all fours, when two legs are my proper walking
equipment," replied the Scarecrow.
Semantic CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES

Classification
 to make stronger the meaning of a It’s absolute nonsense to say that we are
noun expressing opinion (or not) unhappy
He devoured an entire ox, and eight
 ending in –ing show disapproval salmon.
 ‘very’ directly before noun I was a raving lunatic.
These very qualities have in times of peace
caused him to be considered ‘dangerous’,
 make the reference of the noun more The previous owners had cultivated fruit
precise (like determiners) and vegetables
Particular attention must now be given to
women
 express a quality of the noun Henry had not been careful
 gradable:
can take submodifiers I was very happy to see them again
inflect for degree of comparison I reached a rather larger audience through
the book
 show the noun is a member of a class Large areas of agricultural land remain
 ungradable (but some may take barren
submodifiers which emphasize Excuse my asking a personal question.
meaning1) It’s difficult for me to walk down stairs, and
 special classes: nationality adj completely impossible to walk up them.
A Swiss girl had died only a few months
derived from people’s names previously.
Employees were busy making clothes in
Dickensian conditions.
depending on meaning His face became pale with conscious guilt.
He must have been conscious that, though
he thought adultery sinful, he was an
adulterer.
Identifying qualities : qualitative adjectives
3 Choose suitable adjectives from this list to complete the sentences below. In some cases
there may be more than one alternative.
anxious appropriate attractive busy different difficult easy fine hard patient pleasant
silly simple understanding warm worried
a The road you live in is really ____________- I've never seen so many cars.
b He's a really ____________ and ____________ man, very ____________ from anyone else I've met; I find him
really ____________
c The weather on our holiday was ____________ and ____________- much more ____________ than I'd
expected.
d This exercise is not ____________, but it's quite ____________ to do even ____________ exercises sometimes –
and it's ____________ to make ____________ mistakes.
e I'm really ___________ to get through the exam – although I'm not ___________ about it – if I give ____________
answers I should do all right!
5) Decide which of the classifying adjectives in the left hand column go best with the nouns in
the right hand column. Write the letter on the right next to the corresponding left column
i I collect foreign a amenities
ii There are a number of public b toys
iii Most of them live in urban c guitar
iv He plays the electric d emancipation
v She's a single e areas
vi He went to medical f stamps
vii They fought for female g school
viii They were playing with wooden h parent
7) Choose an emphasizing adjective from the list to fill each of the gaps in the postcards below
absolute complete entire outright perfect positive pure real total true utter
Dear Julie,
We're having a ______________ holiday here in Bali — it's ________________ bliss and we're both having
a _______________ rest. We came last Monday and we've spent the _______________ week on the beach.
Wish you were here,
Love from
Marie
Dear Julie,
I'll never come on holiday with Marie again! She's ruining what would otherwise be a __________________
holiday. She's an ________________ bore — she goes on and on about nothing to us and even talks to
________________strangers. And you can't believe a word she says — she tells ________________ lies.
Wish you were here instead,
Love from
Katy
Classification according to gradability

1) ________________________very high / high / fairly high hot / hotter than / the hottest
2) ________________________ dead plastic married

Position of adjectives in a series
Why do you think we make Nuttall’s Mintoes such a devilishly smooth cool creamy minty chewy round slow
velvety fresh clean solid buttery taste?”
Order of Adjectives in Attributive Position

Head
Determiner Observation/ Physical Description Origin/ Material Type / Purpose Noun
Opinion Size / Shape/ Width Age Colour Nationality (compound
Length element)
four lovely thick old trees
her short black silk business suit
some delicious Chinese food
our big old English oak dining table
that comfortable little Mexican rocking chair
several little round ivory beads
GRADABLE NON-GRADABLE
the short, yellow bristles of grass

a delicious, expensive French meal
a messy, dirty, and depressing room
Sweden's yellow and blue flag (not ...yellow, blue flag)
Raimes, Ann,(1998) How English Works , CUP, USA
A) In these noun phrases determine which category in the box each word belongs to.
Which ones follow the order portrayed in the box and which ones do not?
example: long wooden table
long: physical description (length – gradable)
wooden: material (ungradable)
The order is the correct one. The punctuation is right because the adj are different according to both authors
1- minute electronic packages 5- empty rectangular tables
2- plastic lamp covers 6- bare cement floor
3- subdued noise levels 7- big, black bicycle
4- absorbent building materials
B) Now rearrange the words in these phrases :

1. Five raincoats transparent plastic large
2. Six plants house large bright green tropical
3. Seven Japanese white vases ceramic beautiful flower
4. Eight guide German old fascinating books
5. Nine handles Italian door metal modern
6. Ten Swedish wobbly bicycles plastic
C) Answer the following questions with as much detail as possible using the correct order
for adjectives:
1. Is there anything you couldn’t live without?
2. What’s the first object you like to see when you wake up in the morning?
3. What’s the most useful thing you have at home?
4. What non-essential object do you usually take with you when you go out?
5. What’s the most valuable thing you own?
6. What’s the oldest thing you own?
7. What was the last present you bought for yourself?
8. What would you save if there was a fire in your home?
D) In pairs talk about the questions in C
Evans, V. and Dooley, J. (1996), Mission, Newbury, Express Publishing
E) Read the following report and copy it on your notebook putting the adjectives into the
correct order.
On May 20, 1996, I was travelling from New York to Montreal on the 8.30 am express train. However, due
to an unexpected transfer via Boston on the 11.50 am train to Montreal my luggage was lost. The missing
item is a(n) (leather, old, square) suitcase. Each corner of the suitcase is covered by a (dark, small, leather)
patch, which is fastened by (metal, tiny, round) studs. The suitcase is covered with many (colourful,
interesting, paper) labels, and has got a handle. There are also two (metal, silver, small locks on either side of
the handle. The suitcase contains mostly clothes and also a (black plastic, new) hairdryer, and a (grey,
Japanese, lightweight) camera. If the suitcase is found, please contact me at this telephone number: (617)555-
1877 between the hours of 9 am - 5 pm daily.
Alexander, L.G. , (1991), Longman English Grammar Practice for intermediate students, Harlow, Longman
6.3 A
6.5C
West, C., (2004), Recycling Your English,Jersey, Georgian Press
A3 Analyze the noun phrases underlined using boxes

Yet Dorothy felt a sort of joyous excitement in defying the storm, and while she held fast to the railing she peered around through the
gloom and thought she saw the dim form of a man clinging to a mast not far away from her. This might be her uncle, so she cal led as loudly
as she could:
"Uncle Henry! Uncle Henry!"
But the wind screeched and howled so madly that she scarce heard her own voice, and the man certainly failed to hear her, for he did
not move.
Dorothy decided she must go to him; so she made a dash forward, during a lull in the storm, to where a big square chicken-coop had
been lashed to the deck with ropes. She reached this place in safety, but no sooner had she seized fast hold of the slats of the big box in
which the chickens were kept than the wind, as if enraged because the little girl dared to resist its power, suddenly redoubled its fury. With a
scream like that of an angry giant it tore away the ropes that held the coop and lifted it high into the air, with Dorothy still clinging to the slats.
Around and over it whirled, this way and that, and a few moments later the chicken-coop dropped far away into the sea, where the big
waves caught it and slid it up-hill to a foaming crest and then down-hill into a deep valley, as if it were nothing more than a plaything to keep
them amused.
Dorothy had a good ducking, you may be sure, but she didn't lose her presence of mind even for a second. She kept tight hold of the
stout slats and as soon as she could get the water out of her eyes she saw that the wind had ripped the cover from the coop, and the poor
chickens were fluttering away in every direction, being blown by the wind until they looked like feather dusters without handles. The bottom
of the coop was made of thick boards, so Dorothy found she was clinging to a sort of raft, with sides of slats, which readily bore up her
weight. After coughing the water out of her throat and getting her breath again, she managed to climb over the slats and stan d upon the firm
wooden bottom of the coop, which supported her easily enough.
Prepositions
LSCI is situated opposite San Martin Square
I couldn’t see the film properly at the cinema because there was a very tall person sitting in front of me
I think I was here before the war
I think I’ve been here before
I think I was here before I moved to LA

Object to the Preposition
1)
We discovered later that we had travelled aboard the same flight.
2)
On reaching the tent, they started preparations for dinner
In most workplaces a whole range of chemicals are used without people knowing what they are
3)
You’re a bit different from what I expected
I’m still puzzled as to why he did it
4)
Once in the water, we could feel the bullets coming from above the surface
She has lived there since before the war
5)
I know there’s a café around here somewhere
They must have arrived by now
Consider these two examples:

For a man, he seemed just below average height We’re already well behind schedule
Homework: Analyse the NPs in these sentences

1. The government could do nothing beyond warning the governors
2. One month after her first adventures, the beautiful princess was lying on the bed in the queen's own
chamber, fast asleep.
3. A blink of bright light beyond the forest was the only thing visible.
Exercise 5.26 Prepositions
Indicate whether the underlined words are subordinating conjunctions or prepositions by putting
‘S’ or ‘P’ in the brackets that follow each word.
While ( ) he developed the theory of special relativity in ( ) about 1905, Albert Einstein lived with ( ) a
fellow student of physics who became his first wife. Some researchers believe that ( ) his wife Mileva
should get at least some of the credit for ( ) the theory, since ( ) there are letters from ( ) Einstein to
her that refer to ‘our work’ and ‘our theory’. Furthermore, a Russian physicist who is now dead claimed
to have seen both names on ( ) the original manuscripts of four papers, but some scholars discount his
evidence because ( ) the original manuscripts have disappeared. Although ( ) Mileva was certainly
capable of understanding Einstein’s work and perhaps of collaborating with ( ) him, the present
evidence is too meagre to upset the traditional view of Albert Einstein’s contribution to ( ) the theory of
special relativity, a view held since ( ) the publication of the theory.
Exercise 4.32 The prepositional phrase
Underline each PP and circle each P. If a PP is embedded within another PP, underline it twice.
1. It may come as a surprise to you that massage is mentioned in ancient Hindu Chinese writings.
2. It is a natural therapy for aches and pains in the muscles.
3. The Swedish technique of massage emphasizes improving circulation by manipulation.
4. Its value is recognized by many doctors.
5. Some doctors refer to massage as manipulative medicine.
6. Non-professionals can learn to give a massage, but they should be careful about applying massage to
severe muscle spasms.
7. The general rule is that what feels good to you will feel good to others.
8. A warm room, a comfortable table, and a bottle of oil are the main requirements.
9. The amount of pressure you can apply depends on the pain threshold of the person on the table.
10. You can become addicted to massages.
8.3 A - Supply suitable words.
about or on? away (add far where possible)
1 Read this article ______ the Antarctic. 13 I see storm clouds ______ in the distance.
2 I've read a lot of books ______ animals. 14 London is 15 miles ______ from here.
across or over? at, to or against?
6 There's a newsagent's ______ the road. 27 I'm not very good ______ figures.
7 No one wants a pipeline ______ Alaska. 28 Throw it ______ me so that I can catch it.
8 We skated ______ the frozen lake. 29 Jim is always throwing stones ______ birds.
9 I’m going to swim ______ the river. 30 We fought ______ the enemy.
across or through? 31 Ron is driving ______100 miles an hour.
10 Nothing can flow ______ this pipe. 32 We have combs ______ $2 each.
11 We managed to get ______ the jungle.
12 I’ve never walked ______ the park.
8.3B Put in about, according to, across, after, at, away, because, before, behind, in front of, on.
A GOOD EYE FOR A LEFT EAR
My friend Jonathan, who lives 1_________ the road, develops and prints films. 2_________ Jonathan most of us take awful pictures.
Usually, we fail to aim 3_________ the subject so that the subject is not even in the picture. Sometimes the subject is too far 4_________
sometimes too near. Some photos are spoilt because the sun is 5_________ us, when of course, it should always be 6_________ us.
Some of us take blank pictures 7_________ we take the lens cover off 8_________ we have taken our shots. We take most of our
pictures when we are on holiday and like to catch our friends when they are fooling 9_________. It's a pity we don't practise using our
cameras 10_________ we go on holiday. A good book 11_________ photography would make us better 12_________ taking pictures, but
most of us are too lazy to bother. I asked Jonathan what was the worst film he had ever seen. He didn't have to think very hard
13_________ the question. At once he answered, ‘Twenty-four shots of the photographer's left ear!'
8.4A Supply suitable words.

between or among? 14 Our house is right ______ the river.
4 Divide it equally ______ the two of you. 15 ______ my right I have Frank Milligan.
5 Switzerland lies ______ four other countries. by or past?
6 I saw you ______ the crowd. 16 The ball went right ______ my head!
but (for) or except (for)? 17 Several days went ______ before I had news.
7 The plane would've landed ______ the fog. 18 Stop ______ here on your next visit.
8 Everyone sent flowers ______ you. 19 Something flew ______ my ear.
9 ______ you, everyone sent flowers. 20 It's ______ your bedtime.
10 Everyone's here ______ John by, with or without?
11 Who ______ John would do a thing like that? 21 Our dog was hit ______ a bus.
by, near or on? 22 You can open it ______ pulling this lever.
12 I sat ______ the phone all morning. 23 Dentists are paid ______ the hour.
13 We live ______ Manchester. 24 It won't open ______ a bottle-opener.
8.4 B Put in among, as, beside, between, by, down (or up), due, except, like, past, without.
DELIVERED AND SIGNED FOR!
1 ______ my grandmother used to say, 'Don't sign for anything 2 ______ checking it first.' I forgot this good advice when
two delivery-men brought my new sideboard yesterday. Delivery was very late 3 ______ to the heavy traffic on the road.
I saw the delivery-van go 4 ______ the house and stop outside a neighbour's 5 ______ the street. Then I watched it reverse
until it stopped right 6 ______ my house. I went outside to look into the back of the van: there was my lovely sideboard
7 ______ several pieces of furniture! It was quite heavy, but the two men managed it 8 ______ them. Soon, the beautiful
sideboard was in place, 9 ______ the dining-room wall. I had waited so long for it, it was 10 ______ a dream! It was only
when the men left that I realized I had checked everything 11______ the keys. It had been delivered 12 ______ keys! It
was too late to phone the shop, but I needn't have worried because next morning the keys arrived in the post. I unlocked
the sideboard and found a note inside which said, 'Keys will follow 13 ______ post'!
8.5 A Supply suitable words.
of, out of, from or with after made? 26 My bedroom is ______ the kitchen.
1 You rarely find toys made ______ solid wood. 27 We have the sky ______ us.
2 Beer is made ______ hops. 28 We don't want a boss like that ______ us.
3 Bronze is made ______ copper and tin. 29 Major is ______ the rank of Captain.
4 This sauce is made ______ fresh cream. 30 His work is ______ average.
on or in? 31 The answer is on the next page. See ______
5 There's a black mark ______ your nose. under, underneath or below?
6 I've got a speck of dust ______ my eye. 32 There's nothing new ______ the sun.
7 I’ve got a deep cut ______ my foot. 33 I think she's ______ 17
8 I've got a tight scratch ______ my arm. 34 Put a mat ______ that saucepan
over, above or on top of? 35 The stone hit me just ______ the knee.
23 I can't sleep with a light ______ my head. 36 What's ______ the rank of Captain?
24 Don't put that cup ______ my papers; please. 37 She swam just ______ the surface.
25 The helicopter was ______ the lifeboat. 38 I have two people ______ me at work.
8.5 B Put in with, out of, over, off, of, in, above, below, on top of.
THE AMAZING FLYING HAT
She was a striking woman 1 ________ about 25, dressed for the races. 2 ________ her smart dress and fantastic hat made
3 _______ feathers, she drew admiring glances as she walked down the street. Her hat attracted even more attention
when a gust 4 ________ wind lifted it 5 ______ her head and carried it into the air. We all stopped to watch as this
amazing hat flew 6 ______ our heads. People came 7 ______ buildings and into the street. The young woman 8 ______ the
smart dress was as entertained as the rest 9 ______ us. Suddenly, the hat rested 10 ______ a high building and we lost
sight of it. Then the wind lifted it up again. 'There it is!' cried a man 11 ______ an umbrella. He jabbed his umbrella at
the sky 12 ______.Then an amazing thing happened. The hat simply disappeared! The mystery was solved when
someone shouted 13 ______ a loud voice. There was a tall yellow crane 14 ______ a high building and the crane driver
looked down at the crowd 15 ______ . 'Lost your hat miss?' the crane driver cried and we all gasped 16 ______ surprise
when we saw that the hat had been caught by his crane!
Heaton, (1979), Using Prepositions and Particles, Workbook 1, London, Longman
Exercise 18 : Single prepositions
Replace the word(s) in italics in each sentence by the appropriate single preposition.
l. Harry is travelling in the company of his governess.
2. The school fees are less than ten dollars a month.
3. The natives travelled with us as far as the foot of the mountain range.
4 There were more than eleven players in the team.
5 Harry is obviously lacking in intelligence.
6 The Italians fought on the side of the Austrians against the French.
7 He gave me good advice concerning my future career.
8 George became very proud as a consequence of his success in the examination.
9 I knew that many people were opposed to my plan.
10 Captain Johnson spoke to the general on behalf of his men.
11 Mr White has succeeded by means of bribery and corruption.
12 The lady who was wearing the white dress spoke to us.
13 Betting is contrary to the law here.
14 This painting is an imitation of Leonardo da Vinci's 'The Last Supper'.
15 There is a high mountain separating the two villages.
16 No one except the teacher can do the difficult problem.
17 The aeroplane continued in the direction of Cairo, although one engine was damaged.
18 'You must rise at the same time as the sun and take an early morning walk,' Dr Jones advised me.
19 There were many rocks on all sides of the canoe.
20 Is this the roof belonging to the doll's house?
21 They wished to rent a house at the side of the sea.
22 The men were promised an extra holiday in addition to shorter hours.
23 Sergeant Thomas remained at the side of the officer during the battle.
24 The temple is at the farther side of the village.
Exercise 27 : Replacement : prepositional phrases

Replace the words in italics in each of the sentences by one of the following phrases.
in any case in the clouds under the sun
in cold blood in place at hand
at present by chance in demand
in suspense in the long run to his face
under pressure on record at best
1 The exciting film kept the audience excited and uncertain until the very last moment.
2 The whole family is now on a visit to Hong Kong.
3 Agricultural machinery is very much needed and eagerly purchased in many countries.
4 He told the headmaster openly what he thought of the present system.
5 Joe killed the old woman calmly and deliberately.
6 We shall pay for your trip; whatever may happen, a holiday abroad will be very good for you
7 Fortunately, there was a doctor near when the man fainted in the theatre.
8 It was recorded officially that you made several complaints about the difficulty you experienced in getting a passport.
9 People felt that the director made the decision under compulsion from his advisers.
10 There is no kinder person than John anywhere.
11 I ran into Sheila and Ann accidentally.
12 All the furniture in the room was neat and in order by the time the police arrived.
13 The rain has damaged the corn; even in the most hopeful circumstances, only a handful has been saved.
14 Although you are suffering many hardships now, I am sure that you will succeed eventually.
15 The lazy boy is always day-dreaming.
Vince, M., (1990), First Certificate Grammar Workbook, Oxford, Heinemann
6.15 b Rewrite these sentences beginning with the words given underneath each sentence.
e.g. It was very kind of you to invite us.
I'm grateful to you ...
Answer: I'm grateful to you for inviting us
13 I am glad that you phoned.
Thank __________________________________________________________________________________.
14 They persuaded him not to go.
He was discouraged ______________________________________________________________________
15 They made it impossible for me to address the meeting.
They prevented __________________________________________________________________________________.
16 The police said that he had driven without due care and attention.
The police accused __________________________________________________________________________________.
17 He is trying to decide whether to change jobs.
He is thinking __________________________________________________________________________________.
18 Do everything you can to get good grades in your examinations.
Concentrate __________________________________________________________________________________.
19 Everybody was very pleased that Jeremy had passed his driving test.
Everybody congratulated _____________________________________________________________________.
20 The suspicion was that they had cheated.
They were suspected _____________________________________________________________________________.
21 She would not have the courage to ask a man to dance with her.
She would not dream ____________________________________________________________________________
22 'Live a day at a time' – that is my philosophy.
I believe __________________________________________________________________________________.
23 It will be a pleasure for me to visit you next summer.
I'm looking forward __________________________________________________________________________________.
24 He often says how much he would like to emigrate to Australia.
He talks a lot __________________________________________________________________________________.
6.19
Replace the words underlined with a compound preposition formed from the word in
brackets, and make any other necessary changes.
1 All those who think that we should go on strike, raise your hands. (favour)
2 If you believe what it says in the papers, we are in for a crisis. (according)
3 Speaking as a representative of the committee, I should like to thank you all for what you have done. (behalf)
4 Taking into consideration the number of absences, I have decided that nobody will get a certificate! (view)
5 Even though there was deep snow everywhere, he decided to go out. (spite)
6 Everyone on the staff with the exception of Simon liked the idea. (apart)
7 We dealt with all the prepositions which express relationships but we excluded those which refer to time and space. (other)
8 Having decided not to wait for the others, he went on ahead. (instead)
9 They were not only kind enough to visit her in hospital, but they also looked after her bungalow for her. (addition)
10 Tonight's play has been cancelled; this is because there has been a lack of interest. (owing)
11 The fire in the oil well was put out, and in order to achieve this they used explosives. (means)
12 If a fire should break out, sound the alarm. (case)

5 ERROR ANALYSIS Correct these preposition mistakes and explain what rule the learner has broken:
a) This island would be located on the Caribbean Sea.
b) And at 25 of December I used to have a big surprise.
c) I remember going at school every day.
d) She arrives at home to the one o'clock and watches TV till at two o'clock.
e) They have travelled during a lot of years.
f) I walked until the job.
g) When I was a child my life was a little different of my actual life.
h) They spend the money in buy one house and give the rest at the poor people.
7

10.
Heaton, (1979), Using Prepositions and Particles, Workbook 2, London, Longman

Exercise 14 VERBS, NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES FOLLOWED BY FOR
Fill in each space with the correct word from the list below.
pray sufficient candidate blame difficult necessary
cure available reach recommend plan demand
l. There was only one _____________________ for the post.
2. Do you know a good _____________________ for stomach-ache?
3. Can you _____________________ a good man for this job?
4. When will you be _____________________ for an interview?
5. The monks will _____________________ for rain.
6. The young couple have already begun to _____________________ for their next holiday.
7. I saw the gangster _____________________ for his gun.
8. The shop has stopped selling shoes of this kind since there is little _____________________ for them.
9. The driver is not to _____________________ for the accident. I saw the little boy run across the road.
10. The food is _____________________ for at least fifty people.
11. It has been _____________________ for me to drive since I hurt my hand.
12. Is it really _____________________ for me to remain here?
Exercise 15 NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES FOLLOWED BY TO

Fill in each space with the correct word from the list below.
marriage loyal blind convenient reference
new available danger grateful credit
l. The unexploded bomb is a _____________________ to all those who live in the district.
2. We shall meet at seven o'clock if this time is _____________________ to you.
3. Throughout his life the great doctor remained _____________________ to his principles.
4. I shall be very _____________________ to you if you can help me
5. 'Are you _____________________ to the job?' someone asked the stranger.
6. He has been much happier ever since his _____________________ to Ann
7. There was no _____________________ to your proposal in the report
8. His father is _____________________ to all the faults of his son.
9. The head prefect won many prizes and was certainly a _____________________ to his parents.
10. Are the books _____________________ to non-members?
Exercise 29 Nouns and adjectives followed by prepositions

Supply the correct preposition in each space after the nouns and adjectives in the
following sentences.
l. What is your objection ______ this plan?
2. Mr White and Mr Peabody are very friendly ______ each other.
3. There can be no excuse ______ such laziness.
4. Paul is very jealous ______ his younger brother.
5. Take no notice ______ them: they are only joking.
6. 'I am responsible ______ Mr Brown ______ the children's safety,' the nursemaid said.
7. Are you sure that Wright is fit ______ the post?
8. There is no quick solution ______ the problem of refugees in our country.
9. We have already made a request ______ the manager ______ more pay.
10. Is Ann Small related ______ Mrs Brown?
11. The new assistant takes a lot of pride ______ his appearance.
12. Is there any necessity ______ me to accompany you?
13. Everyone could see that the bus-conductor was new ______ his job.
14. David was intent ______ repairing the car when I approached him.
15. He has a good ear ______ music.
16. 25 is divisible ______ 5.
17. ‘What is your opinion ______ your new neighbour?’ John asked me.
18. Professor Davidson is an authority ______ Japanese art.
19. Don’t put the blame ______ me: I didn’t break the window.
20. You must put an end ______ such irresponsible behaviour at once.
A34 Analyze the noun phrases underlined using boxes

"Why, I've got a ship of my own!" she thought, more amused than frightened at her sudden change of condition; and then, as the coop
climbed up to the top of a big wave, she looked eagerly around for the ship from which she had been blown.
It was far, far away, by this time. Perhaps no one on board had yet missed her, or knew of her strange adventure. Down into a valley
between the waves the coop swept her, and when she climbed another crest the ship looked like a toy boat, it was such a lon g way off.
Soon it had entirely disappeared in the gloom, and then Dorothy gave a sigh of regret at parting with Uncle Henry and began to wonder what
was going to happen to her next. […]
By and by the black clouds rolled away and showed a blue sky overhead, with a silver moon shining sweetly in the middle of it and little
stars winking merrily at Dorothy when she looked their way. The coop did not toss around any more, but rode the waves more ge ntly--
almost like a cradle rocking--so that the floor upon which Dorothy stood was no longer swept by water coming through the slats. Seeing this,
and being quite exhausted by the excitement of the past few hours, the little girl decided that sleep would be the best thing to restore her
strength and the easiest way in which she could pass the time. The floor was damp and she was herself wringing wet, but fortunately this
was a warm climate and she did not feel at all cold.
So she sat down in a corner of the coop, leaned her back against the slats, nodded at the friendly stars before she closed her eyes, and
was asleep in half a minute.
Time – Tense – Aspect

1- I go to the cinema every Saturday
2- Peter went to visit the doctor on Monday
3- Alexander G. Bell invents the telephone in 1892-
4- Look at the timetable. Next Tuesday, the plane leaves at 8
5- Look at the price of that car; I wish I had all that money.
Future tense?:
1. Your uncle is coming tomorrow.
2. I am going to travel to Europe one day
3. The train leaves at 8 next week
4. You will get very far in your career
5. He promised he would go to the bank tomorrow
Aspect.
1) I went to the cinema yesterday
2) Peter and Paul were eating when Sandy and Jenny arrived
3) Do not tell me what the story is about, I have read the book
4) John was tired. He had been walking for several hours before he arrived.
T
Exercise 4.17 The sequence of auxiliaries
Identify whether the underlined auxiliary is a modal, perfect have, progressive be, or passive be.
1. The employment agency should be contacting you soon about the job.
2. My insurance company has been informed about the damage to my roof.
3. Jeremy has been researching into the optical industry.
4. I can be reached at my office number.
5. The committee is holding its next meeting later this month.
6. The remains were accidentally discovered by a team of palaeontologists.
7. Who has been disturbing my papers?
8. The junk-bond market has collapsed.
Exercise 4.20 Finite and non-finite verb phrases
Specify whether the underlined verbs are finite or non-finite.
1. The V-2 was a big step towards a spaceliner.
2. It could reach space.
3. But there was still a major breakthrough to be made: reaching orbit.
4. The main obstacle to this was the amount of fuel required
5. Most of the work from the engine was used to accelerate the V-2 to high speed.
6. To reach orbit an object must accelerate to a speed of about 17,500 miles per hour (called satellite
speed or orbital velocity) in a horizontal direction.
7. It is far easier to launch a spacecraft to reach satellite height than satellite speed.
8. If you threw a ball upwards from the ground at 4000 miles per hour, it would reach a maximum
height of 100 miles before falling back to Earth about six minutes later.
9. This is less than a quarter of the speed needed to sustain a satellite in orbit.
10. It requires less than one-sixteenth of the energy (which is proportional to the speed squared)
11. In order to reach orbit a V-2 would have to be filled with propellant up to as much as 98 per cent of
its take-off weight.
12. To build a vehicle that could achieve the speed required to put a satellite in orbit it would therefore
be necessary to build a series of vehicles mounted on top of each other.
Exercise 4.21 Mood
Specify whether the underlined verb is indicative, imperative, present subjunctive, or past
subjunctive.
1. If I were you, I would say nothing.
2. After that there were no more disturbances.
3. Heaven forbid that we should interfere in the dispute.
4. If it’s not raining, take the dog for a walk.
5. I asked that references be sent to the manager.
6. No warships were in the vicinity at that time.
7. If you happen to meet them, be more discreet than you were last time.
8. It is essential that she return immediately.
19.2 Modal Structures.

Compared to ‘lexical verbs’ (work, live, want, etc) modal verbs function in syntactically special ways.
There are also a number of verbs that share some of the characteristics of modls an some of the
characteristics of lexical verbs.

Homework: Analyse the NPs and the verbs in these sentences

1. Don’t open that tiny box!
2. They could have left the biggest window open.
3. The women concerned were making preparations to leave.
4. Finding responsible employees is very hard
The Tense System

Exercise 4.10 Main verbs
Specify the tense (present or past) of the underlined verbs in the sentences below. Where necessary,
distinguish also the person and number of the verbs.
1. The price of oil has dropped considerably in the past few years.
2. Prices dropped a few years ago because there was an oil glut.
3. Prices continue to drop because oil-producing nations are refining too much crude oil.
4. OPEC wants prices to rise.
5. However, its members disagree about how to raise prices.
6. ‘I am in favour of higher prices,’ an OPEC member was recently quoted as saying.
7. ‘However, we are not in favour of lowering our production because of the many debts we have.’
8. Unless OPEC nations lower their production quotas, prices will remain low.
Exercise 4.11 Aspect
Identify the italicized verbs as present perfect, past perfect, present progressive, past progressive,
present perfect progressive, or past perfect progressive.
1. People are realizing that trying to keep fit can be dangerous.
2. Ted was celebrating his 40th birthday last week.
3. She implied that he had become stale.
4. She believes that she has been enjoying good health by taking large daily doses of Vitamin C.
5. They had been making regular visits to an osteopath.
6. Doreen has been looking much younger lately.
7. They have given evidence of the health advantages of a sedentary life.
8. We have been jogging several times a week.
9. She has never taken time off to relax.
10. Some tycoons are regularly eating heavy four-course business lunches.
Spelling Rules for Adding -ing

1) If a word ends in vowel + consonant + -e (eg. write)
___________________________________________________________________________________________
exceptions: _____________________________________________________________________________
2) If a word ends in vowel + consonant (eg. swim)
___________________________________________________________________________________________
exceptions:
a) ______________________________________________________________________________________
b) _____________________________________________________________________________________
exceptions: _______________________________________________________________________
3) If a word ends in vowel + -e
a) i+e
____________________________________________________________________________________
b) e+e / o+e ______________________________________________________________________________
c) u+e __________________________________________________________________________________
4) If a word ends in -ic
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Obee, B. (1995), Cambridge First Certificate- Grammar and Usage, Cambridge: CUP
Verbs not typically used in the present continuous – p.9
The verbs below are not usually used in the continuous tense:
• like, want, wish
• agree, believe, care, know, mean, remember, suppose, understand
• look like, resemble, seem
• belong, contain, need, owe, own
• bear, see, smell, taste.
Give a short definition of the words below, using a verb from the list above.
Example: ‘Regret’ is the feeling you have when you wish things had happened differently.
1 ‘Property’ is something _________________________________________________________________
2 ‘Contents’ are the things that _______________________________________________________________
3 ‘Hard of hearing’ is someone ___________________________________________________________________
4 ‘A debt’ is something ___________________________________________________________________
5 ‘Flavour” is what something ___________________________________________________________________
Present Perfect. p 61
Put the words in the jumbled sentences below into the correct order. Think carefully about the
position of the time adverb
1 their / once / has / before / invaded / army
2 teacher / has / our / not / history / taught / always
3 you/been/the/to/have/yet/bank
4 still / has / postman / not / the / come
5 they / never / been /trouble / have / before / in
6 police / have / the / already / not / twice / here / been / ?
Transformation p.65
a) Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence
printed before it. In the first half of the question the key parts of the sentence that need to be
changed have been highlighted for you with bold print. In the second half you are on your own.
Example: He started working with us three months ago. He has been working for us for three months.
1 I haven’t been here before.
It’s the first time ___________________________________________________________________
2 It’s ages since my sister was last here.
My sister hasn’t ___________________________________________________________________
3 My father began smoking when he was eighteen.
My father has ___________________________________________________________________
4 The last time I saw her was at Peter’s party.
I haven’t ___________________________________________________________________
5 When did he start playing for United?
How long ___________________________________________________________________
6 I haven’t spoken to her for two weeks.
The last time ___________________________________________________________________
7 He fell ill on Friday morning.
He has___________________________________________________________________
b) Decide which ‘cues’ in the box will help you to rewrite the sentences below. First match the ‘cues’
to the sentences and then rewrite the sentences using the cues.
a) It hasn’t b) He became c) He has been d) When e) He’s never f) It has been
1 He began work on the book two months ago. 4 The last time it rained here was in May.
2 He hasn’t had a holiday for years. 5 He has been President for six months now
3 It’s the first time he has failed an exam. 6 How long have they been married?
9.5 Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same.
a) Steve started learning the violin a month ago.
Steve has ________________________________________________________________________________________
b) I haven’t been to an Indian restaurant for ages.
It’s ages ________________________________________________________________________________________
c) When she heard the results, Mary began to feel more confident.
Since hearing the results _________________________________________________________________________
d) The last time Nancy came here was in 1986.
Nancy hasn’t __________________________________________________________________________________
e) This is my first visit to Japan.
This is the first time ___________________________________________________________________________
f) How long have Helen and Robert been married?
When ________________________________________________________________________________________
g) Jack bought those trousers last month, and has been wearing them ever since
Jack has ________________________________________________________________________________________.
h) It’s a long time since our last conversation.
We ________________________________________________________________________________________
i) Thanks, but I had something to eat earlier.
Thanks, but I’ve __________________________________________________________________________________
j) This is my first game of water-polo.
I ________________________________________________________________________________________ ‘
18.5 Rewrite each sentence, replacing the words underlined with a form of the verb in brackets.
a) This flower has a wonderful perfume (smell) This flower smells wonderful
b) I think you are behaving in a very silly way. (be)
c) She is expecting a baby in the summer. (have)
d) Nancy is considering moving to Scotland. (think of)
e) Don’t go in. They are holding a meeting. (have)
f) I am meeting Janet this evening actually. (see)
g) Good clothes are becoming more and more expensive (cost)
h) I am just trying the soup to see if it needs more salt. (taste)
i) Helen is taking a bath at the moment. (have)
j) I think that you would be happier in another job. (feel)
Vince, M. (1990), First Certificate Grammar Workbook- Oxford: Heinemann
3 Correct the errors in these sentences. (Some sentences have no errors.)
1 He does his homework at the moment.
2 He's having a cold all the time.
3 They're having a discussion about it next week.
4 I hope you are enjoying yourselves.
5 I am loving her very much.
6 She always is reading that silly comic.
7 I think of leaving here all the time.
8 Are you seeing them this afternoon?
9 Once a fortnight he is going for a long walk in the country.
10 I am feeling something round at the bottom of the box.
11 What do you do at the moment?
12 She is taking that medicine twice a day.
13 They really love what they are doing.
14 Are you believing in ghosts?
15 Look out! The shelf falls down!
4 Choose the most suitable verb form in each sentence.

1 When you can't sleep, what do you think/ are you thinking about?
2 Do you ever cook/Are you ever cooking early in the morning?
3 Are you reading/Do you read newspapers?
4 What are you talking about/do you talk about in the evenings?
5 How often exactly do they have/are they having parties?
6 What does he see/is he seeing in her?
Fowler, W.S. (1985), New Proficiency English – Book 3 – Use of English, Hong Kong: Nelson
[3.74] Present Perfect and Past tenses: for, since and ago
A Compare these sentences:
The last time I saw her was in 1978. He last came here at the end of June.
I haven’t seen her since 1978. He hasn’t come here since the end of June.
• Change the sentences from a construction using the Past Simple tense to one using the Present Perfect tense with
since, and vice versa.
1 I last played tennis in December.
2 The last time they won the election was in 1974.
3 I haven’t voted in an election since 1970.
4 He hasn’t made a speech on television since Christmas.
5 The last time she travelled by air was in March.
She hasn’t _______________________________________________________________________________
6 We haven’t heard from them since 1st August.
We last ________________________________________________________________________________
B Compare these sentences:
The last time I saw her was seven years ago. He last came here six months ago.
I haven’t seen her for seven years. He hasn’t come here for six months.
• Change the sentences from one construction to the other.
1 I last played tennis nine months ago.
2 The last time they won the election was eleven years ago.
3 He hasn’t paid the rent for five weeks.
4 I haven’t heard from her for some time.
5 They haven’t made a profit for ages.
The last __________________________________________________________________________
6 He has not been to see his mother for ages.
He last ____________________________________________________________________________
C Compare these sentences: I haven’t seen her for seven years. It’s seven years since I last saw her.
• Change the sentences from one construction to the other.
1 I haven’t played tennis for several months.
2 It’s eleven years since they last won the election.
3 It’s a long time since they wrote to us.
4 1 haven’t worked as hard as this for a long time.
5 He’s been away from school for six weeks.
It’s ________________________________________________________________________________
6 It’s many years since we last met.
We haven’t _________________________________________________________________________
[3.75] It’s/It was the first time. . .

Compare these sentences:
I’ve never seen anything like this before. I had never seen anything like that before.
It’s the first time I’ve ever seen anything like this. It was the first time I had ever seen anything like
that.
• Note the changes that take place in form and in tenses and then change the sentences from one construction to the
correct alternative.
I I’ve never spoken to him before.
2 It’s the first time I’ve ever flown.
3 He was worried, because she had never been late before.
4 We were surprised, because it was the first time they had ever invited us to lunch.
5 He said ‘no’ very brusquely, although it was the first time I had ever asked him for money,
He said ‘no’ very brusquely, although I had ______________________________________________________
6 You’ve never made a complaint about it before.
It’s the first time ________________________________________________________________________________
Porter-Ladousse, G. (1993), Language Issues, Essex: Longman Group
P24. The Past.
1 Correct the following sentences where necessary so that they all make sense about the past. The first one has
been done for you.
a) There would be a statue on the corner, but they took it away last week, used to
b) Jane was used to buy a new car every two years.
c) We would go dancing every Saturday night.
d) Sally would have a dog when she was little.
e) People do not work as hard as they would.
f) The whole village would go to church on Christmas morning.
P64. Future.
2 Correct the following sentences where necessary..
a) Thanks for lending me the book. I’ll be giving it back to you next week, I promise. Thanks for lending
me the book. I’ll give it back to you next week, I promise.
b) I’ll go to the supermarket to do my own shopping anyway, so it’s no trouble to pick up some milk for
you.
c) We’ll be giving a party next month.
d) Why won’t you be answering my question?
e) I can’t come next weekend as Tracy and Kevin will be getting married and I promised to go to the
wedding.
f) Will you be holding the door open for me, please?
g) Oh dear, we’ll never be getting there in time.
h) Let me have the bill. I’ll be paying.
i) Don’t call tomorrow evening as we’ll have a family party and I won’t be able to talk to you.

20.1. Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown so that the meaning stays the same.
a) There’s a party at Mary’s house next week.
Next week Mary _______________________________________________________________________________
b) When you phoned me, it was my lunchtime.
When you phoned _______________________________________________________________________________
c) I started working for this company three years ago.
I’ve _______________________________________________________________________________
d) Our meeting is tomorrow.
We are _______________________________________________________________________________
e) I haven’t had a Chinese meal for ages.
It’s _______________________________________________________________________________
f) David went home before we arrived
When we _______________________________________________________________________________
g) The arrival time of Helen’s flight is 8.00.
Helen’s flight _______________________________________________________________________________
h) Hurry up! We’ll get to the theatre after the beginning of the play
By the time we get to the theatre, the play _____________________________________________________
i) Oh no! My wallet is missing.
Oh no! I’ve _______________________________________________________________________________
j) I’ve only recently started wearing glasses.
I didn’t _______________________________________________________________________________
21.3. Complete the numbered spaces in the dialogue
Journalist Mr Foster, you saw the robbery, didn’t you? When the two men burst into the bank, what (1) __________?
Mr Foster: I was counting money behind the counter. I didn’t realise what was happening at first. Then I noticed the
shotguns
Journalist: And what (2) ______________________?
Mr Foster: Well, nothing really. I just stood there
Journalist: And how long (3) ______________________?
Mr Foster: The whole robbery was over in about five minutes
Journalist: And who (4) ______________________?
Mr Foster: The manager called them after the men had gone, of course
Journalist: And (5) ______________________?
Mr Foster: Yes, of course not just me, everybody. They questioned us as soon as they arrived
Journalist: And what (6) ______________________
Mr Foster: The things I’ve told you, really There’s not much else to say, is there?
Journalist: Could you give me a few details about yourself? Just for the news story? How long (7) _____?
Mr Foster: Three years. I used to be at the branch in the High Street.
Journalist: And why (8) ______________________?
Mr Foster: Actually I had to move, they made me. I lost some money, you see. I seem to be rather
unlucky...
21.4. Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown so that the meaning stays the same.
a) Jack left the office before I arrived there.
When I arrived _________________________________________________________________________
b) Do you have any experience of driving this kind of car?
Have you ever _________________________________________________________________________
c) This is my first visit to Scotland.
This is the first time _________________________________________________________________________
d) During dinner, the phone rang.
While I _________________________________________________________________________
e) Do you have anything fixed for Saturday evening?
What are _________________________________________________________________________
f) I started this job five years ago.
I have _________________________________________________________________________
g) Is this car yours?
Do you _________________________________________________________________________
h) Look at those black clouds! There’s rain on the way!
Look at those black clouds! It’s ______________________________________________________________
i) Our twenty-fifth wedding anniversary is the end of next year.
By the end of next year we ______________________________________________________________________
j) I haven’t been to the cinema for two months.
The last time ________________________________________________________________________

20 Futurity.
2 Will The modal auxiliary will is considered by many learners (and a number of grammarians) to be the
nearest thing to a 'pure' future in English. But will does not always express futurity. In each of the following
examples decide whether will/won't is used with future reference. Can you explain what will/won't means
in those instances where it does not have future reference?
a) But there will come a time during even the happiest visit to Madrid when one will want to leave in a hurry.
b) After the 17th, although you will still be active, you will also feel more introspective. Keep your spending to a minimum.
c) It's difficult. Deb won't speak to me or see our children. Oliver's mother blames me and won't meet me
d) On a good day I'll get home at around six in the evening but most days it's after seven and sometimes much later.
e) Dry and sunny in many areas. The best of the sunshine will be in the West, especially Scotland and Wales.
f) Readers of The Daily Telegraph will have recently noticed several lengthy articles about the BBC.
g) I was the only person who knew where the restaurant was, so he said 'I'll ride with you, Lee.'
h) He neither drinks nor smokes and will not touch tea or coffee.
i) If you will smoke in bed, what can you expect?
j) 100,000 people in Britain will have died from AIDS by the year 2000.
7 Future forms The choice of future form is determined less by factors such as nearness or certainty,
than by the speaker's perception of how the future event is to come about. Match the exponent on the left
with its concept on the right:
a) Kim's meeting Chris at 6. 1 There's evidence for X event occurring.
b) I tell you what: I'll phone the station. 2 X event is predicted.
c) The train leaves at 10.17. 3 I'm deciding to do X.
d) I think I'm going to be sick. 4 X event is scheduled to happen.
e) There will be showers on the coast. 5 X event has been arranged to happen.
f) I'm going to order a salad. 6 X event will happen as a matter of course.
g) The plane will be landing shortly. 7 I have decided to do X.
Vince, M. (1990), First Certificate Grammar Workbook- Oxford: Heinemann
3.2 Fill in the gaps with the present perfect or the past simple of the verbs in brackets.
1 This is only the second time I ____________________ (ever fly) in an aeroplane.
2 The child ____________________ (sleep) from seven till seven without waking once.
3 Gabriella ____________________ (grow) five centimetres since last month.
4 I ____________________ (send) Ed three emails last week but he ____________________ (not reply) to any
of them yet.
5 ____________________ (you learn) to play chess when you were a child?
6 I ____________________ (buy) this bicycle five years ago and I ____________________ (use) it every day
since then.
7 How long ____________________ (you have) that bad cough?
8 The train ____________________ (just arrive), so hurry and you might catch it.
9 I ____________________ (never see) such a beautiful rainbow before.
10 I ____________________ (dream) about a beautiful desert island last night.
11 On Sunday we ____________________ (meet) outside the cinema as usual.
12 When ____________________ (you get) that jacket? I ____________________ (not notice) it before.
3.4
4.2
4.3
Cunningham, S. and Moor, P., (2007), Cutting Edge, Harlow, Pearson-Longman

SYNTAX
Nuclear constituents:
Obligatory Optional
S= ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
P= DO =
IO =
SC or Pred =
OC or PAC =
Adv C =
Extra nuclear constituents:

In the predicate AA =
PA =
Agent
Sentence Modifiers Conj =
Disj =
Let’s analyse these sentences into S and P with their heads:
That boy killed a mouse in the morning The old man told the children a story with great detail
My father works at a factory He studies in the morning
He studies maths.
Mark S and P, and their heads and consider whether the phrases in the P are nuclear or
extra nuclear
Her brother is an architect That sounds terrible
I feel sick She makes him happy
Now consider this sentence: He resembles his father.
Analyse these sentences:
He gave me a book She lives with her husband
She got her mother nervous She will have to lie in bed for ten days
Grammatical classification of verbs:

Classification according to:
Lexical Verbs
MAIN Verbs
Linking or Copulative Verbs
Function
Primary Verbs
AUXILIARY Verbs
Modal or Defective Verbs
(The classes below correspond only to main verbs)
Monotransitive Verbs (TV)
Bitransitive Verbs (BiTV)
TRANSITIVE Verbs
Middle Verbs (MV)
Transitivity Pseudo-intransitive Verbs (PIV)
INTRANSITIVE Verbs (IV)
Verbs of Complete Predication (CP)

Predication
Verbs of Incomplete Predication (IP)
FINITE Verbs Present form

– anomalous finite verbs Past form
full infinitive
Form Infinitive form
bare infinitive
NON-FINITE Verbs present participle
Participle form
past participle
Gerund form
REGULAR Verbs
Inflection
IRREGULAR Verbs
Units of Syntactic Analysis

Locate main and subordinate clauses in the following sentences:
1- George has decorated all the rooms except the kitchen
2- When you cough, tears come from your eyes, usually because you are unhappy or hurt
3- Most people know someone who has been affected by the floods.
4-He said she should admit her economic failures
5- I’ve been thinking about the plan, and there is a question I forgot to ask you.
6- The student asked me if there was bibliography on the topic and which library was the best to consult.
7- I was asked to lecture at the convention and Peter was ordered to stay home
A) Transform these statements into the other three types of sentences. Write one yes-no
question and at least 3 wh- questions.
1- Peter has made a big effort to improve his discipline 2- Mary won’t bring any more plates.
Homework: Analyse the following sentences. Indicate: type of sentence, type of clauses, and
analyse NPs, predicate and verbs as thoroughly as you can.
1- The first requirement for the undergraduate college is to help students achieve proficiency in written and
oral language
2- The editors mentioned to Jane that the magazine had been sold
3- Don’t open the door to anyone and be silent.
The Subject
SURFACE STRUCTURE:
________________________:
SUBJECT is _________________________________________________________________________________________
DEEP STRUCTURE:
________________________:
SUBJECT is _________________________________________________________________________________________
He was killed by a lorry.
Categories that can function as Grammatical subject.

1- _______________________
The girl in blue received a prize yesterday
2- _______________________
Studying grammar is fascinating
3- _______________________
That Patrick is dead is true
4-_______________________
Something is burning
5- _______________________
He watched the programme and left
6- _______________________
To get lost in a city like London is very easy
7- _______________________
For him to finish the job on time is terribly important
Subject variation
a) ______________________
“It was dangerous for them to dive into the water.”

To dive into the water was dangerous for them
For them it was dangerous to dive into the water
It is wonderful to be here
Anticipatory it can appear with other types of subjects as well as with the infinitive
It is nice that you could visit me
It is doubtful whether it will rain
It is useless buying two pairs of shoes at the same time
b) ______________________
There is a cat u n d e r t h e t a b l e = A cat is under the table
There remain very serious problems

HOMEWORK: Analyse the following sentences:
1-It was impossible for the children to realise at that moment that the story revealed a secret of great importance
2- There appeared another girl in her dream
3- Getting my degree will bring me great joy
The Direct Object

SURFACE STRUCTURE:
________________________:
DIRECT OBJECT is ________________________________________________________________________________
DEEP STRUCTURE:
________________________:
DIRECT OBJECT is ________________________________________________________________________________
Let’s analyse only the major categories and functions in the following sentences
1) _______________________
Microsoft has improved the operating system The students drove the teacher crazy
2) _______________________
They are building a prison Tony composed a song for her
She sang a beautiful song They built a modern building
He lived a sad life
3) _______________________
He shook his head She waved her hand to say goodbye

4) _______________________
On the first day he walked the streets of the town
The prisoner has crossed the border
5) _______________________
That boy loves you very much I dislike touching guns
The little girl enjoys listening to music
6) _______________________
We felt the house shake I saw that he disliked the cat
Peter heard a strange noise
7) _______________________
He warned us that the roads were icy He told the news to everybody
8) _______________________
He forgot to post the letter Pass the salt, please

________________________
1) They think it funny that he should wear those clothes.
2) I consider it important for you to come to class every day
3) She sometimes found it stressful to be responsible for the children
4) I think it rather unlikely your getting the job
1) ____________________
He fired his gun He took the gun and fired
She accepted our offer She thought for some minutes and then accepted
The students finished the exercise quickly Have you finished?
Paula cooked a delicious meal She arrived home and started to cook.
That man married a dying woman The clever woman never married
2) What’s different between these two sentences?
The child is learning to dress himself but I still don’t let him wash himself.
I got up, washed, dressed, and went down to breakfast
3) Let’s consider these pairs of sentences: _________________________________
The war had changed her life Her life had changed
They threw stones and broke the windows of buses He slammed the door and the window broke
Tom killed the rat The rat died
Peter gave his son your letter Peter’s son has your letter
The butcher raised the price of beef The price of beef has risen
The woman opened her eyes wide Her eyes were wide open Her eyes opened wide
Jill was unable to soften her voice Her voice was not soft
4) Other cases ___________________________________

The sergeant marched the squad down the hill The squad marched down the hill
I auditioned her on Tuesday She auditioned on Tuesday
She drowned him in the river He drowned in the river
Tom made her cry Peter got him to work

Sam had his car painted by Peter Susan caused Rob to have an accident.
5) Are these sentences ergative?
This dress washes easily  I wash this dress easily
The garden table folds flat  I fold the garden table flat
The sign reads ‘Keep left”  I read “keep left” in the sign
Homework: Finish the analysis of the following sentences

1) He warned us that the roads were icy
2) She thought for some minutes and then accepted
3) He intended that his son should inherit the business
4) I consider it wrong to cheat in examinations
The Indirect Object

SURFACE STRUCTURE:
________________________:
INDIRECT OBJECT is ________________________________________________________________________________
DEEP STRUCTURE:
________________________:
INDIRECT OBJECT is ________________________________________________________________________________
The club’s representative sold him a ticket for the match
I’ll give that old car she bought two weeks before it breaks down
Order of DO and IO
1) __________________________________________________________________________________________________
a) ____________________________________________________________________________________
What would be the difference between these two pairs of sentences?
I sent Paul a postcard I sent a postcard to Paul
They offered Susan a wonderful job They offered a wonderful job to Susan
b) ___________________________________________________________________________________
How do these sentences sound?
Susan lent them to John Susan lent John them
He finished the second page and passed it to the editor He finished the second page and passed the editor it
c) ___________________________________________________________________________________
What about these?
She taught a lesson to the boy who had behaved so badly
She taught the boy who had behaved so badly a lesson
Brown passed the ball to the player who was nearest the goal
Brown passed the player who was nearest the goal the ball
2) __________________________________________________________________________________________________
Have a look at these sentences:
Could you explain your views to us? Could you explain to us your views?
Describe how you survived to him Describe to him how you survived
She dictated to us several sentences to do for homework
The journalist exposed to the public the most serious political scandal of the century
3) __________________________________________________________________________________________________
What did you say to him? “Goodbye”, she said to him I swear to you, I don’t know anything.
4) _________________________________________________________________________________________________
He has paid to him We always give to the poor Can you write to me while you are on holiday?
Let’s analyse the categories that may function as IO in the previous examples and the
following ones
Tell whoever is waiting for him that he won’t come out
Give coming to the board a try
Preposition ‘for’ or ‘to’:
He built a house for his daughter He had saved an apple for the beggar Karen wrote a letter for her boyfriend
She sang a song to me/for me He read a story to her/ for her

Bring those flowers to me He brought those flowers for me
She took the gun to the police She took a bunch of roses for her mother
Say hello to them for me
Homework: Analyse and then turn into the passive

1) He left her everything he possessed 2) She asked my mother whether I took sugar in my tea
3) He doesn’t owe me anything 4) They passed the note to the man in the corner
Passive transformations:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Let’s see some other examples:

1. I have said to him no word that was not strictly true.
2. He had spoken the first words directly to me
3. He showed the boy how to operate the machine
4. You really must allow me a moment or two to rest
5. He paid her no salary
6. Her husband brought her some flowers for their anniversary

The Adjective as Head

Adjectives as heads of different constructions:
a) ______________________:
i) ________________________
T h e o l d l a d y was knitting in the living-room
A r a t h e r s h a r p - p o i n t e d b e a k c o m i n g o u t o f t h e w a t e r told me the dolphins were here
A r e m a r k a b l y g o o d i d e a is difficult to encounter
ii) ______________________
She feels very tired
I am aware that I reached a rather larger audience through the book
I was very happy to see them again
Many of their courses are con cerned with industry
It seemed that Henry had not been careful enough
b) ___________________________
The aged are well-provided for in that country-
Don’t you think you’re wanting the impossible?
The men wore grey
Britons are the biggest consumers of chocolate after the Swiss and the Irish.
c) _________________________
Irritated, she decided to report the author for plagiarism.
Happy to have finished, she saved and printed the document
Homework: Analyse these sentences

1- It’s dangerous to overtake on a bend
2- The school overcame the problem of funding by getting local firms to sponsor them
3- People are utterly dissatisfied with the economic situation
4- The scheme rebounded on her in a way she had not expected
5- The Director leaves tomorrow on a tour of overseas branches
The Adverb
An ADVERB is ________________________________________________________________________________
Yesterday almost everybody was sitting quite comfortably in rather expensive sofas
right in the middle of the hotel lounge.
Probably, as they were having quite a party, almost half their paintings were stolen
just as they were entertaining their guests
The meeting yesterday wasn’t good enough
Since then, I have looked at what happens in the neighbourhood from indoors.
Semantic Classification
: We went to the cinema early We sometimes went to the cinema
We briefly stayed at the cinema
: We remained outside We couldn’t move forwards
: He works hard She sings beautifully

:
Amplifiers:
: The job is completely ruined She was entirely happy
I’m deeply sorry He much regretted what he had done.
Downtoners:
: She sort of accepted to come That’s rather dangerous.
I partly disagree I somewhat understand,
I barely understand I hardly agree.
I almost forgot to pay the bill She nearly fell over the board
Particularizers
I had a particularly hard decision to make
For prohibition, the use of ‘may not’ instead of ‘cannot’ is chiefly limited to quick responses to: 'May I... ?'
Exclusives
I was only asking you a simple question
Every normal child learns at least one natural language merely through exposure.
Additives
Even the doorman was smiling when they left
John also phoned Mary today

1) When I turned back to watch him close the door, he seemed utterly alone
2) The recession went on and I slowly wound down the business
3) The United States has recently shifted towards neutrality
Position of adverbs
FRONT POSITION:
Yesterday, I saw a very interesting film
Sometimes we go to the cinema, but we generally prefer to watch videos at home
Here are the sentences you asked for
Hardly had I got into the motorway when I saw two police cars following me
Only by chance had Nelson discovered where the birds were nesting
MID POSITION:
We normally analyse sentences on Wednesdays, but sometimes we do it on Tuesdays
They are usually in bed by 11.30
She has quite enjoyed the film
She could obviously have done the job
The letter had been carefully read
END POSITION:
We worked hard here yesterday.
I intend to enjoy myself very much tomorrow
I slept very well yesterday He lives here now

We will go there very quickly now
I would stay here gladly tomorrow, but I have something to do
Are these sentences right or wrong? Correct the wrong ones

1- He buys usually size M shirts
2- He tried on at the store several shirts on Monday
3- He slowly examined each shirt
4- He inspected then the workmanship
5- He had chosen quickly the shirts that he wanted to buy
6- Often I get up at six o’clock, but sometimes I have to be up by 5
7- We run immediately inside
8- The safe had been laboriously taken outside
9- I sort of am tired now of copying sentences
10- Successfully, the exercise was obviously completed.
The Subjective Complement and The Adverbial

Complement
1) Mike was a loyal party member The next point is more serious
2) The last person to leave was Jane Max was the suspect they arrested
Linking verbs.
1)
He seems (to be) a reasonable man The illness seemed to be similar to flu
The research appears (to be) promising He appears to be an educated man
2)
The man lay dead in his bed The Parkinson’s patient kept moving his hands uncontrollably
The fact remained that two men were dead. The weather continues fine all through the year.
3)
This dinner smells good Silk feels soft and smooth
This medicine tastes horrible She looked older
You sound foreign
VERBS OF PERCEPTION can appear in three different patterns
TVCP ( + DO) LOOK AT LISTEN TO TASTE FEEL SMELL
 They may be used in the
progressive aspect She was They were She was tasting The doctor The dog
 They indicate voluntary looking at listening to the sauce to find was feeling was
perception herself in the the radio all out if it was salt the boy’s arm smelling
 The subject is the doer of mirror night or sugar she had to see if there the lamp-
the action put in it was a bone post
These are dynamic verbs broken
TVCP ( + DO) SEE HEAR
 They may be used only in Can you taste I felt the I (can)
simple tenses with this I saw a man They heard chocolate in this house tremble smell gas
meaning go past, but the teacher sauce?
 Perception is involuntary did not pay saying
so the subject is not really attention to something
the doer him while they
 They are used with “can”, were leaving
sometimes to indicate
capacity
 These are stative verbs
IVIP (+SC) LOOK SOUND

 Only “look” can be used The milk tastes The walls feel Fish
in the progressive aspect She looks Your parents sour cold smells
 They indicate voluntary pretty sounded terrible
perception, but the subject or She’s worried
does not perceive. The one looking
that perceives is the pretty
speaker
 The subject is not the
doer of the action (non-
agentive). In fact, it is the
object of perception
These are stative verbs
4)
The old man is getting weaker. The leaves are turning brown.
Mr Green has become the richest man in the town. He soon fell asleep.
It is growing dark. Our supplies are running low.
Will her dream come true? The carpet is wearing thin.
Everything has gone wrong.
Let’s analyse the categories that may function as subjective complement in the previous
examples and the following ones
My aim was to help you They got to be friends
She is in her thirties When it freezes water turns to ice
Indicate whether the verb is a linking verb or a lexical verb :
John lives in Paris Peter is in London The prisoner didn’t get very far He drove to the station
A garden-seat stood on one side of the door. He did well in the race The new car is selling badly
The performance lasted for two hours The film was too much for me She’s fine
The Subjective Complement The Adverbial Complement

verb used
the complement modifies
can it be omitted?

1) The Government seems unable to take control of the situation
2) The arrangements appeared to be satisfactory
3) He tasted the medicine before drinking it
4) Her eyes rested on a small wooden box at the back of the shop
12.3 a) Which of the adverbials in the centre column of the table below will fit the meaning of the
12 sentences? In several cases, more than one will fit
b) Some of the sentences from a) fit these situations. Which are they?
13 Teacher talking to a pupil who has missed a lot of lessons (2 possibilities)
14 Man on a train talking to the other passengers
15 Boss talking to her secretary
16 Wife to her husband as he is about to leave on a business trip (2 possibilities)
17 Describing a social custom in a primitive society
18 Something which happened at the scene of an accident (2 possibilities)
Cunningham, S. and Moor, P., (2007), Cutting Edge, Harlow, Pearson-Longman

9
Exercise 4.26 The adjective phrase

Complete the sentences below by adding a post-modifier to the adjectives at the ends of the sentences.
1. No doubt you are aware ________________________________________________________________________
2. My children are always happy __________________________________________________________________
3. It is sometimes possible ________________________________________________________________________
4. They are sure __________________________________________________________________________________
5. I am sorry ______________________________________________________________________________________
6. We are conscious _______________________________________________________________________________
7. She is fond _____________________________________________________________________________________
8. He was not averse ______________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 4.27 Functions of adjective phrases
Identify the function of each underlined adjective or adjective phrase by writing the appropriate
abbreviation in the brackets after it:
Pre-mod (pre-modifier in noun phrase) SC (subjective complement)
Post mod (post-modifier in noun phrase) PAC (predicative adverbial complement)
1. The former ( ) champion is now very ill ( ).
2. He has a rare ( ) viral ( ) infection.
3. The drugs he takes make him sick ( ).
4. His body looks no different than it looked before ( ).
5. His doctor has arranged preliminary ( ) tests for heart surgery
6. His general ( ) health is good ( ), but surgery is always somewhat risky. ( )
Exercise 4.28 The adverb phrase
Underline each adverb phrase.
1. Disposing of nuclear waste is a problem that has recently gained much attention.
2. Authorities are having difficulties finding locations where nuclear waste can be disposed of safely.
3. There is always the danger of the waste leaking very gradually from the containers in which it is stored.
4. Because of this danger, many people have protested quite vehemently against the dumping of any
waste in their communities.
5. In the past, authorities have not responded quickly enough to problems at nuclear waste sites.
6. As a result, people react somewhat suspiciously to claims that nuclear waste sites are safe.
7. The problem of nuclear waste has caused many nuclear power plants to remain closed indefinitely.
8. Authorities fear that this situation will very soon result in a power shortage.
Exercise 4.29 Functions of adverb phrases
Identify the function of each underlined adverb phrase by writing the appropriate abbreviation in
the brackets after it:
AA (adverbial adjunct) post mod (Adj) (post-modifier of adjective)
pre mod (Adj) (pre-modifier of adjective) pre mod (Adv) (pre modifier of adverb)
1. Small forks first ( ) appeared in eleventh-century Tuscany.
2. They were widely ( ) condemned at the time.
3. It was in late eighteenth-century France that forks suddenly ( ) became fashionable.
4. Spoons are thousands of years older than forks and began as thin, slightly ( ) concave pieces of wood.
5. Knives were used far ( ) earlier than spoons.
6. They have changed little ( ) over the years.
7. When meals were generally ( ) eaten with the fingers, towel-size napkins were essential.
8. When forks were adopted to handle food, napkins were retained in a much ( ) smaller size to wipe the mouth.
9. A saucer was originally ( ) a small dish for holding sauces.
10. Mass production made the saucer inexpensive enough ( ) to be merely ( ) an adjunct to a cup.
In the following sentences the underlined adverbs are modifiers, but they are not modifiers of adjectives
or adverbs. Circle the expression they are modifying and identify the class of that expression.
1. His hand went right through the glass door. 5. Nearly everybody agreed with me.
2. We stayed there almost three weeks. 6. She finished well before the deadline.
3. I was dead against his promotion. 7. They left quite a mess.
4. Virtually all my friends were at the party. 8. Who else told you about my accident?
What is the function of the underlined adverb in the following phrases?
1. for ever 3. until recently 5. (He is) rather a fool
2. that man there 4. the then president 6. the above photograph
The Predicative Adverbial Complement (PAC)

PAC is ______________________________________________________________________________________________
1) The government set the prisoners free
2) She called her baby George
1)
I wanted the house elegant My husband hates me being a businesswoman
I fear them getting more power
2)
They consider that cheating I know that to be true
3)
I must get the car serviced Rose had all her shops decorated in pink
4)
I felt the house tremble I saw a man going past
Let’s analyse the categories that may function as PAC in the previous examples and the
following ones
I like my tea without sugar You’ve made me who I am
Adjuncts
An ADJUNCT is ________________________________________________________________________________
The Adverbial Adjunct (AA)

An ADVERBIAL ADJUNCT is ___________________________________________________________________________
(1) ______________________: We’ll stay there He takes his job very seriously indeed
(2) ______________________: Peter was playing last week I’m going to handle this my way
(3) ______________________: Peter was playing with great skill
(4) _____________________: Peter was playing although he was very tired
(5) ______________________:
(a) ______________________: Peter was playing to win
(b). ______________________: Wishing to encourage him, they praised Tom
(c) ______________________: If urged by our friends, we’ll stay
(6) ______________________: Peter was playing, unaware of the danger
The Predicative Adjunct (PA)

PA is ___________________________________________________________________________________________
1)
The BBC appointed him Deputy Editor If you elect me president, you will be better off
2)
The boxer knocked him unconscious She painted the frame brown
She persuaded him to leave They had to force the door open
Let’s analyse the categories that may function as PA in the previous examples
The Predicative Adverbial Complement The Predicative Adjunct

verb used
the complement modifies
can it be omitted?

1) We make our shoes to last 3) Did you notice anyone standing at the gate?
2) Experts are known to make this mistake 4) I showed them how to do it

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Written Discursive Practices I / Language and Grammar I – G R A M M A R P R A C T I C E - Alicia de Paz 1

Lecturer: Lic. Alicia de Paz

Teacher Training Course: Written Discursive Practices I

COURSE NAMES & NAMES

Which is the plural form of these words?

Which are the inflection rules?

There are other cases that have to do with questions of spelling

b) Irregular Plural Forms:

The PLURAL MORPHEME: ____________________________________________________________________________

2) The police are investigating the crime

3) Yesterday I had two cups of coffee

4) Those people are waiting for a bus

5) His sisters-in-law are cooking dinner

6) Did you see any cattle when you visited Texas?

7) When he counted three sheep, he fell asleep

8) We’re wearing our new jeans

9) There are two Peters in my class

10) She only had two baths this week

Grammar Texts (pp. 5-6)

________________ (sugar, water) ____________________ (beauty; dignity)

Finding infornation in the dictionary:

Choose the correct word in these sentences.

3- OTHER INVARIABLE NOUNS

3- a) INVARIABLE SINGULAR NOUNS

DISEASES “Mumps is a serious disease”,

Reading French is easier than speaking it

3 b) INVARIABLE PLURAL NOUNS

A new pair of socks was lying on the bed

Remember to turn off the gas at the mains

Please clean the light switches

There was a book and two pencils on the desk

1- Fill in with a singular or plural form of the verb in brackets

2- Let’s analyse the nouns in the first two sentences

There is a lot of coffee in the jug

5 tomorrow 10 grammar 15 tolstoy’s war and peace

1 office offices 16 penny

1 the girl__ dresses 6 children__ education 11 Mr Davies__ office

A1 Analyze the underlined nouns

B ____________________________________, “woman, girl, mother”,

C ____________________________________ “teacher, cousin”,

Scotland lost many of her bravest men in two great rebellions

bachelor/maid; witch/wizard; hen/rooster

chairperson; police officer; firefighter; flight attendant

First names that end in “s”

Charles wife came to visit yesterday Denis new job is fantastic

Classical names ending in “s”

2. On July 12th the Protestant Irish celebrate Orangemen Day

3. April Fools Day is similar to our December 28th

4. It is very easy to mistake Hercules story with Samson

5. Nicholas brother is marrying Grace sister

6. Dickens David Copperfield will be made into a film (1812-70)

7. Tiger Woods last game was terrible

Genitive with Plural Nouns

‘S VS. THE OF-CONSTRUCTION: Grammar Texts (pp. 11-12)

3) That isn’t my sister. It is Peter’s

4) That is a review of Tolkien

2nd Classification: A) ______________________

Grammar Texts (pp 12-19)

h) Just call me any time you need me.

(sugar, water) ____ (beauty; dignity)

1 the girl dresses 6 children education 11 Mr Davies__ office