Eee Chapter-2

208 - GPT, AMADALAVALASA J Tirumala Rao, L/ECE
EEE Chapter-2
1. Distinguish between active and passive elements

Ans:
Active Elements:
 Active elements are the sources of energy.
 Definition: An active element is one which supplies electrical energy to the circuit.
 It may be a current source or voltage source, which supplies energy to the circuit.
 Example: Ideal voltage and current sources.
Passive Elements:
 An element which is not an energy source is a passive element.
 These elements either absorb or store energy (Ex. R, L or C).
 Definition: A passive element is one which receives electrical energy and then either converts it into heat
(resistance) or stores in an electric field (capacitance) or magnetic field (inductance).
 Examples: Resistors, capacitors and inductors.
2. Explain the terms Ideal voltage source and Ideal current source
Ans:
Ideal Voltage source
 Definition: Ideal voltage source is defined as the energy source which gives constant voltage across its
terminals irrespective of the current drawn through its terminals.
 The internal resistance of an ideal voltage source is zero.
 The symbol, circuit and V-I characteristics for ideal voltage source is shown in fig.
Ideal Current source

 Definition: Ideal current source is the source which gives constant current as its terminals irrespective
of the voltage appearing across its terminals.
 The internal resistance of an ideal current source is infinity.
 The symbol, circuit and V-I characteristics for ideal current source is shown in fig.
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

3. State Ohm’s Law and it’s limitations

Ans:
Ohm’s Law:
Ohm's Law gives the relationship between resistance, current and voltage in an electrical circuit.
Statement: Ohms law states that the electric current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the
potential difference applied across its ends, when the temperature and other physical parameters of conductor
kept constant.
Limitations of Ohm’s Law:
 Ohm’s law cannot be applied to the vacuum tubes; gas filled devices and thermoionic devices because
they are non linear devices.
 It cannot be applied to semiconductors because these are non linear devices.
 It cannot be applied to arc lamps.
 It cannot be applied to those electrolytes in which gases are liberated on the electrodes.
 It cannot be applied to non-metallic conductors (Ex: Silicon carbide).
 It cannot be applied to metallic conductors which get heated up due to flow of current through them.
4. State Kirchhoff’s current law and Kirchhoff’s voltage law

Ans:
Kirchhoff’s current law:
“In an electric network, the algebraic sum of currents meeting at a point (or node) is always zero”.
The law is based on the principle of conservation of charge.
Sign convention
Currents flowing towards a junction point are assumed to positive while currents flowing away from a junction
point assumed to be negative.
Kirchhoff’s voltage law:

“The algebraic sum of all the branch voltages around any closed path is always zero”.
This law can be expressed mathematically as:
Around a closed path, ∑IR drops =∑ e.m.f’s
Sign convention We assign a + ve sign to a voltage rise and a – ve sign to a voltage drop.

Example:
5. State expression for equivalent resistance of resistors connected in series

Ans:
Definition: A combination of two or more resistors which has one and only one path for the flow of current is
called a series circuit.
Equivalent resistance of resistors R1, R2 and R3 connected in series
6. State expression for equivalent resistance of resistors connected in parallel

Ans:
Definition: A combination of two or more resistors in which all the resistors are getting the same voltage (i.e. they
are connected to same source of e.m.f) is called a parallel circuit.
Equivalent resistance of resistors R1, R2 and R3 connected in parallel is

7. Explain current division rule for a two branch parallel resistive network
Ans:
Let resistances . R1 and R2 are connected in parallel as shown in fig. (a) and voltage across the combination be V volt.
Step1: Let the currents in the circuit of resistances R1 and R2 be I1 and I2 respectively. Since the potential across
each resistor is same

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208 - GPT, AMADALAVALASA J Tirumala Rao, L/ECE

1. Distinguish between active and passive elements

Ideal Current source

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

3. State Ohm’s Law and it’s limitations

Limitations of Ohm’s Law:

4. State Kirchhoff’s current law and Kirchhoff’s voltage law

Kirchhoff’s voltage law:

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

5. State expression for equivalent resistance of resistors connected in series

Equivalent resistance of resistors R1, R2 and R3 connected in series

6. State expression for equivalent resistance of resistors connected in parallel

Equivalent resistance of resistors R1, R2 and R3 connected in parallel is

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

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