Physical Science 12

Rate of Reaction & Catalyst

3rd Quarter
Week 5

Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides
released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational
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 Competency:
o Use simple collision theory to explain the effects of concentration, temperature,
and particle size on the rate of reaction
S11/12PS-IIIf-23
o Define catalyst and describe how it affects reaction rate
S11/12PS-IIIf-24

Objectives: At the end of the week, you shall have:

o Define catalyst, collision theory and the rate of reaction.
o Explain the factors affecting reaction rates in terms of the collision theory.
o Explain how catalyst affect the rate of reaction
o Demonstrate the effects of changing factors in the rate of chemical reactions.
o Recognize the value of these different factors by citing their applications in
given situations.

Learner’s Tasks

Lesson Overview

WHY FAST OR SLOW?

Some reactions take hundreds, maybe even thousands, of years while others can happen in
less than a second. The different reactions occur, but not always at the same speed. The rate of a
reaction is the speed at which a chemical reaction happens. If a reaction has a low rate, that means
the molecules combine at a slower speed and faster for a high rate. Think about how slowly molecules
move in honey when compared to soda although they are both liquids. There is a lower number of
collisions in the honey because of stronger intermolecular forces (forces between molecules).
Atoms, molecules, or ions must collide before they can react
with each other. Atoms must be close together to form chemical bonds.
This simple premise is the basis for a very powerful theory that explains
many observations regarding the factors affecting reaction rates.
Collision theory is based on the following postulates:
1. Particles of reactants must collide with one another.
Particles must come in contact so that they may be able to break bonds, exchange
atoms and form new bonds.
2. Colliding particles must have sufficient energy.
Not all colliding particles react and form products. A piece of paper does not burn
spontaneously even in the presence of oxygen. The paper must be ignited with a match
for combustion to take place
There are a few things that affect the overall speed of the reaction and the number of
collisions that can occur.

1. Temperature PLEASE ADD PROPER CITATION AND CAPTION TO FIGURES 

Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides
released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational
use and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved.
  When the temperature of a system is raised, the molecules
bounce around a lot more. They have more kinetic energy. When
they bounce around more, they are more likely to collide and
eventually combine. When you lower the temperature, the
molecules are slower and collide less. That temperature drop
lowers the rate of the reaction.
The mixing of ice into solutions put the temperature of the
system in lower temprature to slow down the rate of reaction. Food
items are kept in the refrigerator to slow down the process of
spoilage. Whereas, fire facilitates cooking.
2. Concentration
If there are more amounts of a substance in a system, there is a greater chance that molecules
will collide and speed up the rate of the reaction. If there is less of amount/ concentration, there will
be fewer collisions and the reaction will probably happen at a slower speed. When burning wood,
people often blow more air in order to increase oxygen as it facilitates combustion.
Statues made from carbonate compounds such as limestone
and marble typically weather slowly over time due to the actions of
water, and thermal expansion and contraction. However, pollutants
like sulfur dioxide can accelerate weathering. In a polluted
atmosphere where the concentration of sulfur dioxide is high,
calcium carbonate deteriorates more rapidly than in less polluted
air. 

3. Particle Size
By decreasing the particle size of a
reactant, we are increasing its surface area.
The greater the surface area, the higher the
chance of frequency of collisions, due to the
increased surfaced available for the reaction
to occur thus the faster the rate of reaction.
The smaller the particle size, therefore, the
faster the reaction. Smaller sugar particles
can easily be dissolved in coffee compared to bigger ones.
The study of reaction rates has many practical applications that give a desired product at a
reasonable speed in order to be economically feasible. It also provides ideas that is useful in carrying
out similar reactions to develop new products.

CATALYTIC ACTIVITIES
For chemicals to react, their bonds must be
rearranged, because the bonds in the products are
different from those in the reactants. The slowest step in
the bond rearrangement produces what is termed
a transition state - a chemical species that is neither a
reactant nor a product, but is an intermediate between
the two.
Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides
released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational
use and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved.
 Energy is required to form the transition state. This energy is called the activation energy,
or Ea. Reading the diagram from left to right shows the progress of a reaction as reactants pass
through the transition state to become products.
The energy of the reaction with a catalyst has a lower activation energy which means that a
lower amount of energy is needed to surpass the energy barrier. As a result, a shorter time is needed to
make the reaction occur.
The activation energy can be thought of as
a barrier to a chemical reaction, a hurdle that must
be crossed. If the barrier is high, few molecules
have sufficient kinetic energy to collide, form a
transition state, and cross the barrier. Reactants
with energy lower than Ea cannot pass through the
transition state to react and become products.
Reactions need a certain amount of energy
in order to happen. A catalyst works by providing a
different route, with lower Ea, for the reaction.
Catalysts lower the energy barrier. The different
route allows the bond rearrangements needed to
convert reactants to products to take place more
easily, with a lower energy input. In any given
time, the presence of a catalyst allows a greater
proportion of the reactant species to pick up
sufficient energy to pass through the transition state and become products.
The catalyst improves the rate of reaction without them being consumed in the process . It can
also be used in a reaction again and again as it is not used up. An example is when manganese
oxide (MnO2) is added to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and the hydrogen peroxide starts to break up
into water and oxygen. Catalysts are either of natural or synthetic origin.
The Haber process, which is used to make ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen, is catalyzed
by iron, which provides atomic sites on which the reactant bonds can rearrange more easily to form
the transition state.

N2 (gas) + 3H2 (gas) ⇌ 2NH3 (gas)

The human body uses many catalysts called enzymes which
are protein molecules in cells that have specific nature of work. They bind to molecules and alter them
in specific ways. They are essential for respiration, digesting food, muscle and nerve function, among
thousands of other roles.

Enzyme Action
Amylase breaks down starch to sugar in the saliva
Cellulase breaks down cellulose to sugar
Lipase breaks down fats to smaller molecules in the gut
Lactase also found in the small intestine, breaks lactose, the sugar in milk,
into glucose and galactose
Maltase also found in saliva; breaks the sugar maltose into glucose.
Maltose is found in foods such as potatoes, pasta, and beer
Trypsin found in the small intestine, breaks proteins down into amino
acids
Acetylcholinesterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in nerves and
Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides
released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational
use and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved.
 muscles
DNA polymerase synthesize DNA from deoxyribonucleotides

There is also an inhibitor that works in exactly the opposite way as catalysts. Inhibitors slow
the rate of reaction. Sometimes they even stop the reaction completely. An inhibitor makes the
reaction slower and more controllable. Without inhibitors, some reactions could keep going. If they
did, all of the molecules would be used up. That would be bad, especially in the body. When you are
watching television, you have no reason to keep breaking down sugars at the same rates you would if
you were working out.

Activity 1.
Direction. Determine which condition (A or B) will make the reaction go faster.

Activity 2.1 Label the parts.

Direction: Complete the following sentences.

1. Increasing the s______ a___ of a solid reactant speed up the reaction.

2. The substance obtained at the end of a chemical reaction is known as the p___.
3. Increase the t_______ and increase the reaction rate.
4. Increase the c_______ and increase the reaction rate.
5. A c______ is a substance that changes the reaction rate without being altered.
6. A p_____ must collide with another for a reaction to take place.
7. Particles must collide with enough energy to react – this is the a____ e____.
8. The beginning substance of a chemical reaction is called the r_____.
9. The speed at which a chemical reaction happens is called the r______ r____.
10. The c______ t_____ says that particles have to collide with enough energy to react.

Activity 3
Direction: Provide a solution to the situation below by defining the best catalyst to be used and how it
affects the reaction rate.
Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides
released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational
use and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved.
  Stains in clothes

Formative Test

Answer the following questions in the answer sheet. Write the letter of the correct answer.

1. What is the effect of the increase in temperature of the reactants?

a) Slow collision frequency
b) Cause particles to lose speed
c) Allow less effective collision between the particles
d) Increase collision between the particles thus increasing the rate
2. Which of the following is the reason why decreasing the particle size increases the reaction
rate?
a) It makes particles move faster
b) It increases the surface area available to react
c) It increases the number of collisions
d) It increases the likelihood of collisions with the correct geometry
3. Pasteurization kills bacteria and some microorganisms present in milk, enabling the milk to
last longer. What is the role of the microorganisms in the life span of unpasteurized milk?
a) catalyst
b) inhibitor
c) reactant
d) product
4. What is activation energy?
a) The energy needed for a reaction to occur
b) The energy added by a catalyst
c) The energy possessed by the products
d) The minimum amount of energy needed for a reaction to potentially occur
5. Which of the following is NOT a reason that increasing temperature increases reaction rate?
a) Particles move faster
b) Particles collide more often
c) Particles are more likely to have the correct geometry
d) Particles have more effective collisions
6. Fresh fish and meat stored in a refrigerator show signs of spoilage in less than a day. What
causes this spoilage?
a) Temperature changes
b) Oxygen in air
c) Presence of microorganisms
d) Location
Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides
released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational
use and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved.
 7. This helps to speed up a reaction but does not take part in the chemical reaction. 
a) Coefficients
b) Reactants
c) Catalysts
d) Combustion

8. In grinding a seltzer tablet into powder increases the rate of reaction. Which factor is
responsible for this?
a) Catalysts
b) Temperature
c) Size of particles
d) Concentration
9. A student is studying the effect of temperature on the speed of a reaction between
hydrochloric acid and magnesium ribbon. What is the independent variable in her
experiment?
a) Hydrochloric acid
b) Temperature
c) Speed
d) How fine is the magnesium ribbon
10. According to Collision Theory, which of the following is NOT necessary for a reaction to
occur about the particles?
a) Collide
b) Hit with the correct geometry
c) Hit with enough energy to react
d) Move fast enough to react

References

Hsu, David D. 2017. "What is a Catalyst?" Chemicool Dictionary. Accessed April 26, 2020.
https://www.chemicool.com/definition/catalyst.html.

Le, E Hanh. 2020. "Enzymes: How they work and what they do." Medical News Today. Accessed April 26, 2020.
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319704#In-a-nutshell.

OpenStax. 2016. "Collision Theory." Chemistry. June 20. Accessed April 26, 2020.
https://opentextbc.ca/chemistry/chapter/12-5-collision-theory/.

OpenStax. 2016. "Factors Affecting Reaction Rates." Chemistry. June 20. Accessed April 26, 2020.
https://opentextbc.ca/chemistry/chapter/12-2-factors-affecting-reaction-rates/.

2018. "Catalysts Speed It Up." Chem4Kids.com. Accessed April 26, 2020.

http://www.chem4kids.com/files/react_catalyst.html.

2018. "Rates of Reaction." Chem4Kids.com. Accessed April 26, 2020. http://www.chem4kids.com/files/react_rates.html.

2020. "Catalysis facts for kids." Kiddle Encylopedia. April 18. Accessed April 26, 2020.
https://kids.kiddle.co/Catalysis.2020. "Rates of Reaction." BBC. Accessed April 26, 2020.
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zct4fcw/revision/4.

Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides
released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational
use and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved.