ALuminium MIG Welding of All Series With Filler Metals
ALuminium MIG Welding of All Series With Filler Metals
ALuminium MIG Welding of All Series With Filler Metals
weld issues and resolutions| MIG aluminum alloys and weld information| MAG aluminum information| Aluminum equipment and consumable issues and data at weldreality
All Weld Programs
Ed's Process Control
Training Resources
The Weld QA section
Who is Ed Craig? At www.tiptigusa.com, you will find a weld process that always
produces superior weld quality than TIG, and is 100 to 500%
faster.
Welcome to the world's largest web site on MIG , Flux Cored and TIG. Weld Process Controls & Best Weld Practices. To get to the root cause of GMAW (MIG) & Flux Cored (FCAW)
weld issues, requires Weld Process Control Best Practice Expertise, & lots of Weld Reality. The site provides the MIG Flux Cored and TIG weld information and data required to
attain the highest possible manual and robot weld quality, always at the lowest possible weld costs.
This web site was first established in 1997 by Ed Craig. Contact Ed. ecraig@weldreality.com. Please refresh as changes are frequent
Aluminum Section 2.
ED'S MIG EQUIPMENT RECOMMENDATIONS FOR COST
EFFECTIVE PULSED ALUMINUM WELDS.
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OTC Daihen and Fronius make the best pulsed MIG power sources available for both stainless and aluminum welds on "thin
gage" or "high volume" applications. The OTC equipment is much lower cost and the most cost effective pulsed MIG
equipment. At the time this was written, OTC provides superior pulsed MIG output characteristics than comparative North
American pulsed MIG equipment.
Note: For more weld equipment data see weld equipment section. Click here.
ALUMINUM WELD TIPS AND DATA:
Warning: To avoid cracks. Mixing alloys as typically occurs in welding dissimilar aluminum alloys can increase the crack sensitivity.
When selecting the aluminum filler metal, examine the base alloy and filler alloy combination and avoid a final mix of alloys high in both
Mg and Cu content.
Poor wire feed is the prime cause of wire burn back to the contact tip.
In contrast to the 5xxx series, the 4xxx filler metals typically have lower ductility and less shear strength in fillet welds, these wires will
also have more wire feed issues than the same size 5xxx wires.
The 5xxx filler metals provide the highest weld strength for none heat treatable alloys. Magnesium 0.5 to 3% provides a weld which is
crack sensitive. The Al Mg alloys with less than 3% Mg can be welded with the Al Si 4xxx alloys as the magnesium silicides increase
ductility and increase the crack sensitivity.
For optimum wire feed, use minimum amount of brake on wire spool.
To feed the soft alum wire, use rigid, hard plastic instead of softer nylon.
For inlet outlet guides ensure nylon or teflon is used.
To minimize the wire tension effects on the soft alum wire, use U groove drive rolls, with
chamfered edges. Use minimum wire feed tension.
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Manual welding aluminum with a traditional MIG torch and an 0.046 wire, use a conventional
10 foot torch with a plastic liner.
If a robot is used and the wire feed control is mounted on the robot, a push pull system is
not necessary if an Alcotech or similar MIG wire controlled tension, deereeler is utilized.
ALUMINUM WELD TIPS AND DATA:
Use higher flow rates for MIG welding Aluminum 40 60 cfhr for argon. For helium argon mixes, 50
100 cuft/hr. If you use an argon flowmeter and a helium mix and set at 40 cuft an hr you may get 50%
more gas than you need. For helium argon mixes use a flow meter designed for helium.
Avoid rigid clamps on fixtures, use minimum restraint to avoid cracking.
With aluminum weld heat buildup in the part is rapid consider your weld sequence carefully, do the
thin parts or gaps first. Consider the use of heat quench components on your fixtures in close
proximity to the welds.
Excess restraint on aluminum fixtured parts can result in longitudinal cracking.
Increasing the weld size will decrease the opportunity for longitudinal cracks.
To reduce aluminum transverse cracks reduce weld heat input. Lower parameters and increase weld travel rates.
To reduce crater cracks use a back step technique, and with a robot use lower weld data for the crater fill data.
To minimize center line cracking ensure sufficient convex fillet throat and use low voltage.
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To increase weld penetration, increase wire feed rate, use the lowest possible voltage, lower weld speed.
Weld technique and craters: With aluminum welding, crater cracking is the cause of many crack influenced weld / part failures. Crater
cracks results from the concave thin weld ends and the high thermal expansion and contraction of the aluminum as the weld end cools
and tears apart.
Welders should buildup craters to form a convex or mound shape. As the weld cools, the increased weld mass from the convex shape of
the crater weld will compensate for contraction forces. Use the crater fill data equipment options, a back step technique or start and stop
the weld at the weld completion.
ALUMINUM WELD TIPS AND DATA:
Pulsed MIG is especially suited to aluminum weld applications 0.040 to 0.100. For alum parts Over >4 mm, traditional MIG spray transfer
should provide superior fusion and less porosity.
In contrast to MIG welding steels, the pulsed MIG process provides real welding benefits. The lower, attainable pulsed spray current
reduces weld burnthrough and the lower pulsed current with high conductivity lower melting temperatures means you can use larger
wires. Also with pulse less weld smoke and less ozone is generated
Pulsed MIG ideal for vert up welds, however with aluminum spray transfer can also be used dor all position welds.
With aluminum avoid weld weaves use stringer beads for multipass welds.
With aluminum use the largest wire sizes to avoid feed problems. Consider 0.046 the smallest practical alum weld wire.
Wire sizes smaller than 0.046, < 1.2 mm can cause wire feed problems.
Use an helium argon mix for alum applications thicker than 6 mm and for applications which require more weld penetration. Best helium
mix, 60 helium 40 argon, Note it's important to keep sufficient argon for it's cleaning action on the surface alum oxides.
Use the largest size nozzle to ensure complete gas coverage of the weld.
If wire burn back contact tip issues occur, consider using the next size contact tip or drill your tips 0.01 larger than the origional tip
bore.
To avoid robot start issues, run the wire in at a faster wire feed rate than the weld wire feed rate.
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As aluminum weld starts and weld ends can have lack of weld fusion, its beneficial to add to the length of the welds and with a robot. At
the weld starts, use seperate wire feed voltage data and techniques to deal with these concerns.
When the aluminum is anodized, silicon in the 4xxx alum wires can make the weld appear darker. A change to a 5xxx wire will improve
the appearance.
MORE ALUMINUM WELD TIPS AND DATA:
Use Austenitic (300 series) stainless for back up bars or clamp materials close to the aluminum welds.
>
2XXX 7XXX aluminum, watch out for start / stop weld cracks, consider run on run off tabs.
For base alloys with sensitivity to hot cracking such as 2xxx, consider 4xxx filler such as 4145 or 4047. These alloys have a very low weld
solidification temperature. A filler with a very low weld solidification temperature ensures the weld solidifies last after the base metal has
solidified and reached its max strength.
5XXX aluminum, max preheat / interpass temp 150F 65C to avoid cracks.
With aluminum alloys with 3.5 5.5 Mg to avoid cracking don't preheat over 250F (120C).
With aluminum alloys with 3.5 5.5 Mg to avoid cracking ensure max interpass temp is 300F 150C.
The common 6xxx heat treatable alloys lose approx. half their strength after welding. Post weld heat treat can improve the strength, if post
heat considered ensure the filler is designed for the heat treatment.
Filler 4643 is for welding 6xxx alloys that require post heat treatment to attain improved strength.
Filler 5180 is used for the 7xxx series. It responds to heat treatment.
To lower HAZ cracks, use filler with the same or lower melt temp as base metal.
To prevent weld cracks, filler should have higher alloy content than the base metal.
4XXX 5XXX is more crack sensitive when weld contains 0.5 to 2 % Si Mg.
On thin alum sheet ER4047 is an alternative to ER4043.
5XXX or 6XXX pipe may also use ER5656
5183 or 5556 may be used instead of ER5356.
Don't use 5356 5183 5556 5654 for high temperature applications >150 F as stress corrosion cracking can occur. Consider alloy 5554 as
it contains less than 3% Mg.
Be aware of trying to repair the none weldable alum grades. Those high cost alum components found on aircraft, hang gliders, boats or
sports equipment etc may contain exotic alloys that can lead intergranular micro cracks and failure if heat is applied.
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MORE ALUMINUM WELD TIPS AND DATA:
As thermal conductivity is very high for alum, the first 1/4 (6 mm) of the weld should provide a
lack of weld fusion concern. That concern is increased when the aluminum components are >3
mm. The thicker the part, the greater the heat sink. The lack of weld fusion is typical in the first 6
mm of the weld. If your aluminum welds are >3mm and subject to stress or fatigue, the following
points will help in improving weld start fusion and weld crater issues. Some alum weld equipment
provides a hot start feature which will enable you to set more weld current for the start.
With robots you can increase your arc start times and set a separate, higher weld parameter weld schedule
for the first 6 mm of the weld.
If you need a weld three inches long on a part subject to stress, the designer would be wise to make the
weld three and a half to four inches long to compensate for weld start / stop issues.
To minimize the effects in the aluminum weld crater from the high thermal expansion and weld shrinkage (5
7%), try the following.
If purchasing new MIG weld equipment ensure it has a a good crater fill feature which lowers the current in a controlled manner over a
minuscule time period at the end of the weld. Those TIG welders who have used the weld current foot controls to ramp down the weld
current at the crater will be aware of the crater benefits when applied to a MIG weld.
If your robot weld equipment does not provide the current ramp down feature, then set a separate weld schedule to commence for the last
6 mm of the weld. This weld schedule would either provide a lower wire feed and voltage than the weld , or the schedule would have the
same wire feed setting as the weld with 2 to 6 lower volts than the weld voltage.
If your parameter control at the crater does not leave a convex weld, use the back step technique in which you get to the end of the weld
and then come back 6mm with a lower parameter setting.
Due aluminum's higher thermal conductivity, lower melting temperature and lower electrical resistivity than a steel, the alum MIG wire
wire stick out is is extremely sensitive to current and voltage changes. This is one reason instability issues are a concern with the pulsed
MIG process.
Warning: To avoid cracks. Mixing alloys as typically occurs in welding dissimilar aluminum alloys can increase the crack sensitivity.
When selecting the aluminum filler metal, examine the base alloy and filler alloy combination and avoid a final mix of alloys high in both
Mg and Cu content.
IF YOU USE ROBOTS FOR ALUM WELDS, ARE YOU AWARE OF THE FOLLOWING?
IF YOU HAVE A FULL UNDERSTANDING OF ALUMINUM AND ROBOT WELD PROCESS
CONTROLS, YOU COULD USE SEPARATE WELD PARAMETER SCHEDULES IN A SINGLE
WELD TO OVERCOME MANY OF THE UNIQUE ALUMINUM HEAT RELATED WELD AND
WELD START ISSUES?
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IF THE WELD HEAT IS BUILDING UP DURING THE WELD, WHEN YOU
GET TO THAT POINT USE A SEPARATE, LOWER DATA WELD
SCHEDULE.
IF YOU HAVE WELD START ISSUES, USE A HIGHER WIRE FEED RUN IN
WELD SCHEDULE AT THE START.
Question from Deborah. Mr. Craig, I am in the process of preparing WPS's for welding Aluminum Bus ASTM B 236 gr 1350 . As
AWS does not list this material in D1.2, nor does the ASME BPV Section II B I have purchased the Material Spec from ASTM…
My question is in regards to the PQR Test requirements. D1.2 Table 3.4 calls for Tensiles and Side bends. Would the tensile
property limits as set forth in B 236 for the material be the criteria for the weld tests ( PQR Record)? We will be welding 2"
thick members using 1100 filler. Thanks Deborah Robinson
Ed's Answer: The 1100 filler is a good match for electrical conductivity, however you will get far better weldability and weld
properties from a 4043 wire for your 1350 aluminum applications. Irrespective of the weld wire used, as the part is 2 inches
thick I would use MIG and use a 60 helium 40 argon mix As for the best weld process of course you can TIG weld with argon
but to speed the job up consider high energy MIG spray transfer, with 045 wire. As for the procedure set the wire in the spray
mode, (data available in this section) Remember with this applications it's all about attaining consistent weld penetration.
What ever process you use first prequalify the weld. You should weld a small section and cut it and check the weld fusion
profile attained. Regards Ed
Question: Ed when we liquid penetrant the "TIG" aluminum welds, in the heat affected zone (HAZ), we sometimes see
evidence of micro cracks. What can we we too prevent this?
Ed's Answer. The micro cracks in the HAZ are frequently caused by excess weld heat (CURRENT) or by the High Frequency (HF) intensity.
A reduction in either the GTAW weld current, an increase in weld speed, or a reduction in the TIG, HF intensity should eliminate the micro
crack problems in the alum HAZ.
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ALUMINUM WELD TIPS DATA:
For optimum aluminum welds, focus on the above "optimum wire feed /amp" data.
For welding > 1/4 consider the 062 wire with traditional spray transfer. With regular spray transfer travel speeds much greater than pulsed
can be attained, >50 ipm are attainable. Also from a weld penetration and arc stability perspective spray can be superior to pulsed.
To improve weld fusion at arc starts consider these techniques. With manual MIG welding use a shorter wire stick out and a back hand
technique for the weld starts. With a robot use hot start data, combined with back hand and a shorter WSO at the arc start.
If welding less than 3 mm, first choice would be the pulsed process, however short circuit can also be
used.
If you use a spool gun or regular MIG gun and you don't know the wire feed setting you are using,
remember, it's important to always be aware of the wire feed rate. Check the wire feed rate by how much
wire comes from the gun in 10 seconds, then to make weld parameter, wire feed adjustments, adjust the
wire feed in increments of 10%.
Use the optimum amps for the wire diameter selected. If you are setting pulsed current, the typical opt pulsed range will be the optimum amps
minus approx. 30 60 amps.
If welding aluminum vertical up with 0.046 wires and a traditional CV power source set the vert up welds with a wire feed of 280 ipm (11 o'clock
traditional feeder) 140 amps 23 volts.
If welding short circuit set the weld volts between 14 and 17 volts. Listen to arc sound, if soft plop sound lower volts till crisp consistent crackle
sound, if harsh crackle with spatter increase weld volts till crisp consistent crackle sound.
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Adjust the spray arc length with a voltage adjustment so the arc length is at its lowest and the weld transfers without disrupting the weld causing
weld spatter. To lower the arc length lower the voltage.
ALUMINUM SPRAY TRANSFER MIG WELD DATA:
Spray
Wire
Weld Spray Spray Spray
Feed
Wire Size Amps Volts Parameters.
Range
ipm
Amps 110
130
0.030 500750 95150 2224
Opt Wire feed
500 675 ipm
22 volts
Amps 150
0.035 120
2324
(1mm) 400700 200 Opt Wire feed
500 ipm
23 volts
Amps 170
230
0.046 140
285600 2325
(1.2mm) 270
Opt Wire feed
370 450 ipm
24 volts
Amps 275
0.062 190
220410 2628 Opt Wire
(1.6mm) 350
Feed
300 ipm
26/27 Volts.
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To set an optimum pulsed MIG weld start out with the very low end of the
spray recommendations.
Note: Spray data provided will work as a start point for most alum wire
grades. For those one pound spool guns with vague wire feed settings,
measure the wire feed rate as it exits the gun. For alum welding
application, if you don't know the spray or pulsed weld volts, start at 23
weld volts.
.Aluminum Weld Information Part One
METRIC CONVERSION
WIRE FEED inch/min to mm/sec = x 0.42.
ALUMINUM HOW MANY POUNDS OF MIG
WIRE REQUIRED PER WELD SIZE?
Aluminum 1/8 3.2 mm fillet = 0.092 lb/ft 0.03 kg/m
Aluminum 3/16 4.8 mm fillet = 0.026 lb/ft 0.04 kg/m
Aluminum 1/4 6.4 mm fillet = 0.05 lb/ft 0.07 kg/m
Aluminum 3/8 9.5 mm fillet = 0.06 lb/ft 0.09 kg/m
Aluminum butt weld 13 mm plate 60 degree single V = 0.3 lb/ft 0.43kg/m
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Aluminum butt weld 18 mm plate 60 degree single V = 0.4 lb/ft 0.66kg/m
Aluminum butt weld 25 mm plate 60 degree single V = 0.82 LB/FT 1.2kg/m
Aluminum butt weld 38 mm plate 60 degree single V 1.7 lb/ft 2.6 kg/m
Aluminum butt weld 50 mm plate 60 degre single V 2.8 lb/ft 4.2 kg/m
ALUMINUM "ipm" FEED RATE TO WELD DEPOSITION RATE:
030 0.8 mmwire, ipm x 0.004 = lb/hr
035 0.9 mmwire, ipm x 0.0056 l/hr
046 1.2mm wire, ipm x 0.0099 = lb/hr
052 1.4mm wire, ipm x 0.012 = lb/hr
062 1.6mm wire, ipm x 0.017 = lb/hr
093 2.4mm wire, ipm x 0.0415 = lb/hr.
ALUMINUM "m/min"FEED RATE TO WELD DEPOSITION RATE:
0.8mm wire, m/min x 0.07 = kg/hr
1 mm wire, m/min x 0.09 = kg/hr
1.2 mm wire, m/min x 0.16 = kg/hr
1.4 mm wire, m/min x 0.23 = kg/hr
1.6 mm wire, m/min x 0.306 = kg/hr
2.4 mm wire, m/min x 0.74 = kg/hr
1990: A MESSAGE FROM ED TO THE MANUFACTURERS OF ALUM MIG WIRES
1990. For decades Aluminum wire manufacturers have provided 0.035 0.046 0.062
alum wires. If the major aluminum weld wire manufacturers employed good weld
process control individuals and employed weld wire marketing managers that actully
understood the weld issues that occur with aluminum MIG welds, when the pulsed
MIG process was introduced, they would have developed an 0.052 (1.4mm) aluminum
filler wire.
An 0.052 1.4 mm aluminum MIG wires would be ideal for many, robot, pulsed
automotive applications which to day use the smaller 0.046 wires and have wire feed
and burnback issues. As with many of the MIG issues that face this industry, this is
just another case of process and application apathy / ignorance by the companies who
make weld consusmables. I wonder if there is an aluminum wire marketing person out that can finally offer the
alum welding industry something that will actually provide practical welding benefits.
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.
Aluminum Filler Metal Selection
FILLER METAL SELECTION
ALUMINUM ALLOY AWS A510. Use first choice.
Confirm choice with wire
manufacturer
Aluminum 2011 / 7075/ 7178 Welding not
Wrought Alloys recommended
Aluminum Casts 242 / 520 /
Welding not
535 / 705 / 707 / 710 / 711 / 713 /
recommended
771
Aluminum 1060 to 319 333
354 355 380 Use 4145 or 4043
Aluminum 1060 to 413 443
Use 4043 or 4047
444 356 357 359
Aluminum 1060 to 514 / 5454 /
Use 4043 5183 5356
5154 / 5254 /
Aluminum 1060 to
7005/7939/712/6070/ Use 4043 4047
5052/5652
Aluminum 1060 to
6061 / 6063 / 6101 /6151 Use 4043 4047
6201/ 6951/
Aluminum 1060 to 5456
Use 5356 4043
5086 / 5083
Aluminum 1060 to 5005
Use 1100 4043
5050 / 1100 / 3003
Aluminum 1060 to 3004 Use 4043
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Aluminum 1060 to 1060 Use 1260 1060
Aluminum 1060 to 2014 / 2024 Use 4145
Aluminum 1100 and 3003 to
Use 4145 4043
319 333 354 355 380
Aluminum 1100 and 3003 to
413 443 44 356 357 359 Use 4043 4047
6067
Aluminum 1100 and 3003 to
514 5545 5154 5254 5052 Use 4043 5183
5652
Aluminum 1100 and 3003 to
Use 4043 4047
6951
Aluminum 1100 and 3003 to
Use 1260 4043
1060
Aluminum 1100 and 3003 to
Use 5356 4043
5456 5086 5083
Aluminum 1100 and 3003 to
Use 4145
2014 2024 2219
Aluminum 1100 and 3003 to
Use 4043 5183
5005 5050 3004
Aluminum 1100 and 3003 to
1100 Use 1100 4043
3003
Aluminum 2014 and 2024 to
Use 4145 2319
319 33 354 355 380
Aluminum 2014 and 2024 to
Use 4145
413 443 444 356 357 359
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Aluminum 2014 and 2024 to
6067 6061 6063 6101 6151 Use 4145
6201 6951
Aluminum 2014 and 2024 to
Use 4145 2319
2219 2014 2024
Use 2319 4047 4145 Note
Aluminum 2090
limited crack sensitivity
Aluminum 2219 to 319 333
Use 4145 2319
354 355 380
Aluminum 2219 to 413 443
Use 4145 4043
444 356 357 359
Aluminum 2219 to 514 7005
Use 4043 4047
7939 712
Aluminum 2219 to 6070 6063
Use 4043 4145
6101 6151 6201 6951
Aluminum 2219 to 5456 5086
5083 Use 4043
5005 5050 3004
Aluminum 2219 to 5154 5254
5052 Use 4043 4047
5652
Aluminum 2219 to 2219 Use 2319
Aluminum 2519 T87 to 2519
Use 2319
T87
Aluminum 2519 T87 to 5083
Use 4043
H131
Aluminum 5005 5050 3004 to
319 Use 4043 4047
333 354 355 380
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Aluminum 5005 5050 3004 to Use 4043 4047
413 443 444 356 357 359
Aluminum 5005 5050 3004 to
Use 5654 5183
514 5154 5254
Aluminum 5005 5050 3004 to
Use 5356 5183
7005 7939 712 5083
Aluminum 5005 5050 3004 to
6070 5052 5652 5005 3004 Use 4043 5183
Aluminum 5005 5050 3004 to 6061 6101 6063 Use 4043
6151 6201 6951 5183
Aluminum 5005 5050 3004 to 5456 5086 5083 Use 5356
5183
Aluminum 5005 5050 3004 to 5454 5154 5254 Use 5654
5183
Use 4043
Aluminum 5005 5050 3004 to 3004
5183
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Aluminum 5052 5652 to 319 333 354 355 Use 4043
380 4047
Aluminum 5052 5652 to 413 443 444 456 357 Use 4043
359 5183
Use 5654
Aluminum 5052 5652 to 514 5454 5154 5254
5183
Aluminum 5052 5652 to 7005 7039 712 5086 Use 5356
5083 5183
Use 5366
Aluminum 5052 5652 to 6070 5456
5188
Aluminum 5052 5652 to 6061 6063 6101 6151 Use 5356
6201 6951 5183
Alum 5083 Use 5556 5183
Aluminum 5083 to 413 443 440 356 357 359 Use 5356
514 6070 5454 5183
Use 5183
Aluminum 5083 to 7005 7939 712 5456 5083
5356
Aluminum 5083 to 6061 6063 6101 6151 6201 Use 5356
6951 5183
Use 5356
Aluminum 5083 to 5154 5254 5086
5183
Use 5183
Aluminum 5083 to 5083
5356
Use 5356
Aluminum 5083 to 6070
5183
Alum 5086 Use 5556 5183
Use 5356
Aluminum 5086 to 413 443 440 356 357 359
4043
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Aluminum 5086 to 514 7005 7939 712 6070 Use 5356
6061 6063 6101 5183
Use 5356
Aluminum 5086 to 6151 6201 6951 5456 5086
5183
Use 5356
Aluminum 5086 to 5454 5154 5254
5183
Aluminum 5154 5254 5454 to 413 443 444 356 Use 4043
357 359 5183
Use 5654
Aluminum 5154 5254 to 514 5454
5183
Aluminum 5154 5254 5454 to 700 7939 712 Use 5356
6070 6061 6063 5183
Aluminum 5154 5254 5454 to 6101 6151 6201 Use 5356
6951 5456 5183
Alum 5456 and 5383 Use 5556 5183
Use 5554
Aluminum 5454 to 5454
4043
Aluminum 6061 6063 6101 6201 6151 6951 Use 4145
to 319 333 354 355 380 4043
Aluminum 6061 6063 6101 6201 6151 6951 Use 5356
to 514 7005 7939 712 5183
Use 4043
Aluminum 6061 to 60XX
5183
Aluminum 7004 to 1060 1100 1350 3003 5052
Use 5356
5083 5086
Aluminum 7004 to 5454 6061 6063 6351 7004 Use 5356
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Aluminum 7005 7039 712 to 319 333 3544 Use 4043
355 380 413 443 444 35679
Aluminum 7005 7039 712 to 514 Use 5356
Aluminum 7005 7039 712 to 7005 7939 712 Use 5039
Use 4043
Aluminum 514 to 413 443 444 356 357 359
5183
Use 5654
Aluminum 514 to 514
5183
Aluminum 413 443 444 356 to 319 333 354 Use 4145
355 380 4043
Use 4043
Aluminum 413 443 444 356 to 413 443 4444
or same as
356 357 359
base
Use 4145
Aluminum 356 357 359 to 319 333 354 355
or same as
380
base
6061T6 Aluminum Weld Questions:
Question: We weld 6061T6, with 4043 wire. While trying to establish the weld procedure qualification for a
groove weld, we have been unable to attain the minimum tensile strength as required by the 97 AWS structural
weld code DI.297. The weld integrity appears fine, however the transverse tension tests are failing in the HAZ, at
unacceptable, AWS specified strength loads.
Ed's reply: This is a common problem with the heat treatable 6xxx alloys. The lack of acceptable strength in this
heat treated aluminum alloy is usually caused by "weld overheating" of the base metal. 6061T6 gets its strength
through solution heat treatment and is also artificially aged. This aluminum alloy is heated to 990F, which
dissolves the alloy elements magnesium and silicon into magnesium sillicide into a super saturated solution.
Quenching in water follows to trap the resulting elements in a supersaturated solution. The material is then
reheated in the 300F range and held for a predetermined time, (this is aging). The aging is carried out to
precipitate some of the compounds / elements out of the supersaturated state to improve the mechanical
properties. The 6061T6 alloy in the unwelded condition will have an approx. tensile strength of approximately
45 ksi.Welding disturbs the carefully controlled heat treatment and the 6061T6 minimum tensile is reduced to
approx. 24 ksi. When welding, multipass welds or high weld heat can dramatically lower the aluminum tensile
strength. When welding the 6061 T6 alloys with either 4xxx or 5xxx filler metals, to meet the code, minimum
tensile strength requirements, ensure you comply with the "minimum" base metal thickness requirements, its
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beneficial to use a thicker plate as this provides a greater heat sink for the weld qualification test. Ensure
compliance with the heat treatment and holding time. For info go to the AWS Structural Weld Code.
WELDING 6061T6, THINK HEAT REDUCTION:
* The MAX preheat and "interpass temp" is 250F, do not weld on this part till the
temp is below 200F. * If possible if using fixtures, give consideration to copper components that can be attached
near the weld to act as a "heat sink".
* When MIG welding use the highest possible weld travel rates with the lowest possible weld voltage.
* Use stringer beads rather than weaves, the weld speed will be quicker with stringers.
* Do not use helium in the gas mix, unless it's essential. .
6061T6 WELDS AND HEAT.
If welding with 6061T6, and the parts are subject to heat consider 5554 / 4047 / 4043 filler. If 5356 / 5556 or 5183
is used sensitization of magnesium in the metals can result in stress corrosion or part failure.
6061T6 WELDS AND COLOR.
If welding with 6061T6 and this wire is used on parts that require good color match after anodizing. Consider
5356. MIG wires 4XXX would after anodizing produce grayish looking welds.
6061T6 WELDS / STRENGTH and POST WELD HEAT TREATMENT.
If using this 6061T6 filler metals to weld critical applications and applications that have multipass or extensive
welds in a localized zone, its likely you will require a post weld solution heat treatment and artificial aging in
order to restore the application strength in the weld proximity and return the application to the T6 temper
properties. With applications such as this its logical to be concerned about the weld wire selection and
mechanical strength of the "weld" after post weld heat treatment. Remember that the 5183 5356 5556 filler
alloys are nonheat treatable alloys which can undergo negative changes when subjected to heat treatment. The
4043 filler alloy, is also nonheat treatable, however when this weld has dilution with the base metal the resulting
weld properties can respond to the heat treatment. Consider for post heat treat applications using the 4643 MIG
or TIG wires, as these weld consumables are heat treatable and can provide a weld of comparable strength to
that of the base material.
6061 WELDS AND CRATER CRACKING.
To reduce crater cracking with 6061 alloys try welding with 4047 which in contrast to 4043, the 4047 weld wire
freezes more quickly reducing the potential for hot cracking. Also consider weld equipment that provides a
good crater fill program.
6063T6 TIG Weld Question.
Ed, we pulsed TIG weld 6063T6 electronic cabinets. We weld the boxes in the inside and outside edges and are
experience weld cracking. If required we weld with 4043 filler, however when welding the outside welds we use
no filler. How can we reduce the weld cracks.
Ed's reply. The aluminum magnesium silicon 6xxx alloys are crack sensitive due to the magnesium silicide. The
best way to reduce the TIG weld cracking sensitivity with 6xxx alloys is to use filler metal. The filler metal will
dilute the weld with the magnesium if 5xxx filler is used , or with silicon if 4xxx filler metals are utilized. If MIG
welding use vee preps or large throat fillet welds to ensure that sufficient weld filler metal is used.
T6 / 6063 T52 MIG Weld Question.
Ed, When welding 6063T6 to 6063T52 which alloy will give the best strength. I believe that 4043 has the least
crack sensitivity but the lowest strength, however I don't know the difference between 5356 and 5556. I need to
have the best aswelded strength for minimum fillet sizes.
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Ed's reply. For butt welds the 4043 and 5556 provide similar results. When using these wires and welding butt
weld on the alloys discussed you would expect the parts to fail in the HAZ rather than in the welds. For fillet
welds on these aluminum alloys go with the 5356 wire, it will provide the strongest fillet welds.
2008: Question: Ed we are TIG welding a 6061 fabrication,the parts are 1/8 to 3/8. Most of the welds are are made
with a 5356 wire with the TIG process. The distortions on the fixtured, clamped parts can be from from 1/16 to
1/4. We are considering changing to pulsed MIG PROCESS DO YOU SEE THIS AS A SOLUTION. Thanks. Frank
Givens.
Welding 6061 with MIG or four times slower with TIG and
BELIEVE IT OR NOT, THE WELD DISTORTION WILL BE SIMILAR, see next photo.
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Ed's Answer to the 6061weld distortion question. There are a number of issues going on on with your
application.
Think about what that high strength 5053 fillet weld does to that much lower strength, 6 mm, 6061, 6 mm metal
during the 5356 weld shrinkage and solidification stage.
I firmly believed that if I used the pulsed MIG process that welds four times faster than the TIG process, that
irrespective of the metal or filler metal utilized, the end result had to be less weld distortion. Then I put the weld
helmet on and welded the above parts and my theory was shot to pieces. I tacked some parts on one side and
other parts both sides. Before welding the vertical parts was set with a square. I then made 4, two inch stitch
welds with the pulsed MIG process on one part and the TIG process was used on the other part for comparison.
The results led to the conclusion that the amount of weld heat or the weld heat time really did not matter?
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Also on these parts to minimize hot cracking and reduce weld distortion, I would use the pulsed MIG process
and 4043 filler metal with straight argon. As to minimizing distortion you will need to use more braces and
offset and possibly prebend part to compensate and lets face it, with the time saved from the MIG process, you
can use that time to get the big hammer out and do what many welders do best.
After welding with TIG and MIG, (part photo above), the weld distortion was the same
on both the tacked and none tacked parts
6061 AFTER WELDED WITH TIG and MIG 5053.
Data on Aluminum Alloys
Welding is not recommended on alum casts 242 520 535 705 707 710
711 713 771, Check filler recommendations at the bottom of this site
with alum wire manufacturer to ensure color match, crack resistance,
strength, ductility, or corrosion resistance. Also clarify if heat treatment
required.
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None Heat Treatable are used in the strain hardened (WORK HARDENED) condition
to improve the alloys mechanical properties. While welding, the weld heat will
return the HAZ to its annealed condition. This condition typically reduces the
strength in the HAZ area.
Heat Treatable alum alloys are often in the T4 or T6 condition, solution heat
treated and naturally aged, or solution heat treated and artificially aged. These
metals after heat treat provide optimum mechanical properties. Weld heat (time and
temperature) will change these properties. Typically the result of a weld is a partial
anneal and an overaging affect.
The bottom line, the reduction in mechanical properties of the heat treated alum
alloys is greatly affected by the "time and temp" of the weld. Minimum preheat, low
weld parameters, welds made at high speeds, stringer rather than weaves, along
with low weld interpass temperatures can minimize the heat effects, however you
will experience a considerable loss in the tensile properties in the HAZ adjacent the
weld.
1XXX Series Aluminum Alloys Min 99% Aluminum. None Heat Treatable. Ultimate
tensile 10 27 ksi. Selected for superior corrosion resistance. Typically welded with
matching alloy or 4xxx filler.
1XXX UNS A91050
99% min ASTM B 491
alum. None UNI 4507
Heat Treat. 99.5% Alum
Italy PALP99.5
1050 USA/UK/Japan/ISO/
Germany = Al 99.5
Tensile 19 ksi 130 MPa
1050H16
Yield 18ksi 125 MPa
UNS A91060
ASTM B209 99.6% Alum
1060
SAE J454 Melts 1195F
AMS 4000
Tensile 14 ksi
1060H14
Yield 13 ksi
UNS A91100 99% Alum + 0.12 Cu
AMS 4001 Melts 1190F
1100 ASTM B209 This series used for
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SAE J454 cooking containers food
ISO/Germany AL99.0 and chemical handling
Tensile 21 ksi
1100H16
Yield 20 ksi
Tensile 13 ksi
1100O
Yield 5 ksi
1XXX AND 3XXX WELDED WITH ER1XXX POTENTIAL FOR EXCESS
POROSITY ON COMPONENTS > 6 mm CONSIDER 60 HELIUM 40
ARGON
2XXX Aluminum Alloys Aluminum Copper, Heat Treatable. Ultimate Tensile
Strength 27 to 62 ksi. High strength high performance alloys often used in aero
space. Some are none weldable as susceptibility to hot cracking or stress
corrosion cracking. For the weldable grades these are typically welded with high
strength 2xxx filler metals, or 4xxx
welding not
2011
recommended
93.5% Alum
Germany AlCuSiMn
Si 0.8
2014 Italy PAlCu4.4 Si/Mn/Mg
Cu 4.4 Mn 0.8 Mg 0.5
UNI 3581
Melts 950F 510C
Tensile 27ksi
2014 O
Yield 14 ksi
T4 or T6 = solution
heat treated and
naturally aged or
solution heat treated
and artifically aged.
Weldiing the
T46 parts effects the
mechanical properties. Tensile 62 ksi
2014 T4
Typically an anneal and Yield 42 ksi
overage effect reducing
tensile strength
especially in HAZ.
To minimize erffects
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low preheats and low
interpass temp
93.5 Aluminum Cu4.4
Mg 1.5 Mn 0.6
Melts 935F 500C
Higher strength than
UNS A92024 1XXX
AMS 4007 Used for Aircraft
SAE J454 component, hardware,
2024 Germany AlCuMg2 rivets, wheels etc.
Ittaly PAlCu4.5Mn NOTE NOT WELDABLE
UNI 3583 if weld susceptable to
stress corrosion
cracking after welding
that can cause delayed
failures.
2024T4 Tensile 68 ksi
T351 Yield 47 ksi
Tensile 27 ksi
Yield 11 ksi As this alloy
contains a small amount
of Mg the hot cracking
2024 O potential in the grain
boundary area is
increased. Use lowest
heat input avoid mult
pass welds.
96.7 Aluminum
Cu 2.6 Mg 0.45 Mn
2036 UNS A92036
0.25
Melts 1030F
Tensile 49 ksi
2036 T4
Yield 28 ksi
94.8 Alum Cu 3.3 Mn
0.4
2048 Mg 1.5
Tensile 66 ksi 455 MPa
Yield 60 ksi
Li 1.9 2.6 Cu 2.4 30
2090
Zr 0.08 0.15
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93 Aluminum
Cu 6.3 Mn 0.3 TiVZr
Melt range 1010 1190F
2219 543 620C. With the Cu
above 4.5% hot cracking
snsitivity decreased
Tensile 66 ksi
2219T81
Yield 51 ksi
Tensile 25 ksi
2219O
Yield 11 ksi
221931 Tensile 52 ksi
351 Yield 36 ksi
3XXX Aluminum Series Aluminum Manganese.
None Heat Treatable Ultimate Tensile 16 to 41 ksi. Moderate strength, good
corrosion resistance, good for high temp use. Typically welded with 1xxx 4xxx
5xxx
98.6 Alum Cu 0.12 Mn
1.2
Germany AlMnCu Good Forming
3003 UNI 7788 Good Weldability
Italy PAlMn1.2Cu Used For Food Handling
Air conditioning or heat
exchangers.
Melt 1190F
Tensile 16 ksi
3003O
Yield 6 ksi
Tensile 22 ksi
3003H14
Yield 21 ksi
Tensile 29 ksi
3003H18
Yield 27 ksi
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97.8 Aluminum
Germany AlMn1Mg1 Mn 1.2 Mg 1
3004
Italy PAlMn1.2Mg Melt Range 1165 1205F
630 650C
Tensile 26 ksi
3004O
Yield 10 ksi
Tensile 35 ksi
3004 H34
Yield 29 ksi
Weld Note: POTENTIAL FOR EXCESS POROSITY ON COMPONENTS > 6 mm CONSIDER 60
HELIUM 40 ARGON
4XXX Aluminum Series Aluminum Silicon,
Heat Treatable and None Heat Treatable. Ultimate tensile strength 25 55 ksi. Silicon
reduces lower melting temp, improves fluidity, often used for weld electrodes. If
the 4xxx contains magnesium or copper instead of silicon these alloy are usually
heat treatable and used when the welds will be subject to post weld heat treat.
85% Aluminum
4032
Si 12.2 Cu 0.9
Mg 1.0 Ni 0.9
Tensile 55 ksi 380 MPa
4032T6 UNS A994032
Yield 46 ksi 315 MPa
5XXX Aluminum Aluminum Magnesium range 0.2 to 6.2%.
None Heat Treatable. Ultimate tensile strength 1851 ksi. These readily weldable alloys
have the highest strength of the none heat treatable alum alloys.
Italy PAlMg0.8 99.2 Aluminum Mg 0.8
5005
UNI 5764 66 Melt 1170F
Similar to 3003
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Tensile 26 ksi
5005H16
Yield 25 ksi
Tensile 18 ksi
5005O
Yield 6 ksi
98.6 Aluminum Mg 1.4
Used for Appliance Trim,
5050
Auto oil and gas lines
Melt Temp 1155 1205F
620 650C
Tensile 28 ksi
5050H34
Yield 24 ksi
Tensile 21 ksi
5050O
Yield 8 ksi
97.2 Aluminum Mg 2.5
Cr 0.25
Germany AlMg2.5 Melt Range 1125 1200F
Italy P AlMg2.5 605 650C
5052
Air Conditioners, Heat
A low strength alum alloy Exchangers, Aircraft
Fuel Lines, Fuel Tanks
Street Lights, Appliances
Tensile 28 ksi
5052O
Yield 13 ksi
Tensile 38 ksi
5052 H34
Yield 31 ksi
UNS A95056
95.5 Aluminum Mg 5
Germany AlMg5
5056 Mn 0.12 Cr 0.12
Italy PAlMg5
Wire products, Screens
UNI 3576
Tensile 28 ksi
5056 H18
Yield 13 ksi
Tensile 42 ksi
5056 O
Yield 22 ksi
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5083 5 Mg is the highest strength nonheattreatable alloy in commercial use.
5083 provides good formability and weldability. 5083 has excellent tensile strength
in the weld zone as a result of its asrolled properties. 5083 is used for ships hulls
and the construction of tactical military vehicles. 5083 is also used in highly
stressed welded assemblies, cryogenic vessels, dump truck boxes and storage
tanks.5083 has excellent resistance to corrosion.
95.4 Aluminum Mg 4.0
Mn 0.4 Cr 0.15
Melt 1085F. Used for
medium strength
applications, marine
tanks, trucks. This alloy
UNS A95086
has good weldability and
Germany AlMg4Mn
5086 is more formable than
Italy P AlMg4.4
alloy 5083. As this alloy
UNI 545264
is resistant to stress
corrosion cracking and
exfoliation, it also has
wide application in the
marine industry.
Corrosion resistance is
excellent.
Tensile 38 ksi
5086O
Yield 17 ksi
5086 H32 Tensile 42 ksi
116 0 117 Yield 30 ksi
96.2 Aluminum Mg 3.5Cr
0.25
5154 Germany AlMg3.5
Melt 1100
Tanks, trailers, trucks,
pressure vessels
Tensile 35 ksi
5154O
Yield 17 ksi
Tensile 45 ksi
5154H36
Yield 36 ksi
Germany AlMg2.7Mn
96.3 Aluminum Mg 2.7
Italy PAlMg2.7Mn
Mn 0.8 Cr 0.12
5454 Car wheels
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High strength alum alloy Suitable for temperature
with elevated temp applications due to limit
applications on Mg
Tensile 36 ksi
5454O
Yield 17 ksi
Tensile 49 ksi
Yield 40 ksi
5454H36 Melt Range 1115F
1195F
600 650C
93.9 Aluminum Mn 0.8
Cr 0.12 Mg 5.1
Medium strength truck,
5456 UNS A95456
structural and marine.
Melt 1055F
Tensile 45 ksi
5456 O
Yield 23 ksi
5456H321 Tensile 51 ksi
116 Yield 27 ksi
98.7 Aluminum Mg 0.3
5457 Mn 0.3
Melt range 1165 1210F
630 655 C
Tensile 19 ksi
5457O
Yield 6 ksi
Tensile 19 ksi
5457 H25
Yield 7 ksi
Tensile 30 ksi
5457H28
Yield 27 ksi
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Metric Conversion of Filler Strength. ksi x 6.894 = MPa
97.2 Mg 2.5 Cr 0.25
5652
Melt range 1125 1200F
605 650C
Tensile 28 ksi
5652 O
Yield 13 ksi
Tensile 33 ksi
5652H32
Yield 28 ksi
Tensile 38 ksi
5652 H34
Yield 31 ksi
5657 99.2 Aluminum Mg 0.8
Melt 1175F
Tensile 28 ksi
5657 H2838
Yield 24 ksi
Tensile 23 ksi
5657 H25
Yield 20 ksi
6XXX Aluminum Series Aluminum Magnesium Silicon,
(magnesium silicides for heat treatment).
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Ultimate tensile 18 58 ksi. Fabtication, Extrusions. These alloys are solidification
crack sensitive, dont weld without filler metal. Typically welded with 4xxx and 5xxx
Germany
6005 98.7 Aluminum Si 0.8 Mg 0.5
AlMgSi0.7
Tensile 25 ksi
6005 T1
Yield 15 ksi
Tensile 38 ksi
6005 T5
Yield 35 ksi
6351 97.8 Aluminum Si 1.0
Mn 0.6 Mg 0.6
Tensile 36 ksi
6351 T4
Yield 22 ksi
Tensile 45 ksi
6351 T6
Yield 41 ksi
98.5 Aluminum Si 0.7
Mg 0.8
6061 is a heattreatable grade
widely used in light to medium
strength structural applications.
such as aircraft, marine, furniture,
Germany
air conditioning and heat
AlMgSiCu
exchanger components.These
6061 UNI 617068
alloys have good corrosion
Italy P
resistance and weldability and
AlMg1SiCu
possesses good formability in the
0 to T4 tempers.
6061 loses appreciable strength
when welded and it is replaced by
the 5000 series alloys where
afterweld strength is a prime
consideration.
6XXX IS OFTEN MANUFACTURED AS EXTRUDED COMPONENTS
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Tensile 18 ksi
6061O Yield 8 ksi
Tensile 45 ksi
6061T6651
Yield 40 ksi
Tensile 35 ksi
6061T4451 UNS A96061
Yield 21 ksi
98.9 Aluminum Si 0.4 Mg 0.7
6063
Tube, pipe, hardware
Tensile 13 ksi
6063O
Yield 7 ksi
Tensile 35 ksi
6063T6
Yield 31 ksi
95.7 Aluminum Si1.4
6066
Cu 1 Mn0.8 Mg 1.1
Tensile 22 ksi
6066O
Yield 12 ksi
Tensile 52 ksi
6066T4451
Yield 30 ksi
96.8 Aluminum Si 1.4
6070
Cu 0.28 Mn 0.7 Mg 0.8
Tensile 21 ksi
6070O
Yield 10 ksi
Tensile 46 ksi
6070T4
Yield 20 ksi
98.2 Aluminum Si 0.9
6151
Mg0.6 Cr 0.25
Forgings auto parts
Tensile 32 ksi
6151T6
Yield 28 ksi
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98.4 Aluminum Si 0.8
Mn 0.1Mg 0.5 Cr 0.1
6205 Zr 0.1
Tensile 38 ksi
6205T1
Yield 20 ksi
Tensile 45 ksi
6205T5
Yield 42 ksi
6262 96.8 Aluminum Si 0.6 Cu 0.28. Mg
1 Cr 0.09 Bi 0.6 Pb 0.6
Tensile 58 ksi
6262 T9
Yield 55 ksi
97.8 Aluminum Si 1.0
6351
Mn Mg 0.6
Tensile 36 ksi
6351T4
Yield 22 ksi
98.9 Aluminum Si 0.4
6463 Mg 0.7
Tensile 22 ksi
6463T1
Yield 13 ksi
7XXX Aluminum Aluminum Zinc. Heat Treatable.
Ultimate tensile strength 32 88 ksi.
Provide the highest strength aluminum alloys aircraft, auto, sports equipment. Some
weldable some unweldable. Often welded with 5xxx alloys.
93.5 Aluminum Mn 0.45 Mg1.4 Cr
0.13 Zn 4.5 Ti 0.04 Zr0.14.
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Resists hot cracking better than
7005 Al Zn Mg Al Zn Mg Cu alloys such as
alloys 7075. Usually welded with 5356
enough magnesium to prevent
cracking. Avoid 4043 as the Si
can make the welds brittle.
Tensile 28 ksi
7005O
Yield 12 ksi
Tensile 57 ksi
7005T53
Yield 50 ksi
90 Aluminum Cu 1.6 Mg 2.5 Cr
Germany 0.23 Zn 5.6
AlZnMgCu1.5 High sttrength Aircraft and
7075 Italy P structural
AlZn5.8MgCu Melt 890 1175F
UNI 3735 Unweldable, if welded stress
corrosion cracks can occur,
(delayed cracking potential)
Tensile 38 ksi
7075O
Yield 15 ksi
Tensile 83 ksi
7075T6 T651
Yield 73 ksi
welding not recommended on this
7178
wrought alloy
90.3 Aluminum Si 1.5 Mg 2.3 Cr
7475
0.22 Zn 5.7
Tensile 76 ksi
7475T61
Yield 67 ksi
Warning: To avoid cracks. Mixing alloys as typically occurs in welding dissimilar aluminum alloys can increase
the crack sensitivity. When selecting the aluminum filler metal, examine the base alloy and filler alloy combination
and avoid a final mix of alloys high in both Mg and Cu content.
ALUMINUM 5xxx SERIES AND STRESS CORROSION (SS) CRACKING:
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Question: Ed what is stress corrosion cracking and how does it effect the 5xxx series aluminum grades?
Answer: Stress corrosion cracking and part failure can occur from an accelerated form of corrosion material in an
application subject to tensile stresses. The alum alloys subject to this form of corrosion are
2xxx series.
5xxxx series that contain more than 3% magnesium.
7xxx series.
The 5xxx series of alum has a magnesium content of 1 to 5%. The common 5 xxx series alloys with > 3%
magnesium which have been work hardened, can be sensitive to grain boundary precipitation in select locations.
The precipitation typically can occur if the application is held at prolonged periods at moderate temperatures
typically between 150 and 350F. In this temp range precipitate can form that are anodic to the alum magnesium
matrix leading to the corrosion issues. At temperatures above the 350F, the grain boundary changes shape and
reduces the potential for the formation of SCC. The bottom line, the 5xxx alloys with > 3% magnesium should not
be used for elevated temperature applications.
It's important to note that there are specific 5xxxx alloys designed specifically for elevated temp applications.
Alloys such as 5454 welded with 5554 have 2 to 3% magnesium making the suited to elevated temp applications.
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