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    Atomic Absorption Spectr

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    Nana Biotayuda
    Atomic absorption spectroscopy is a quantitative analytical technique used to determine the concentration of chemical elements in a sample. It works by vaporizing the sample into atoms and measuring the absorption of light from a lamp at a specific wavelength unique to each element. The instrument consists of a radiation source, atomizer, monochromator, detector and data display. Common atomization techniques include flame, electrothermal and hydride generation. Elements are determined by their absorption of radiation from hollow cathode lamps at characteristic wavelengths. AAS is used in various applications such as pharmaceuticals, environmental science and clinical analysis.

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    Atomic Absorption Spectr

    Uploaded by

    Nana Biotayuda
    13 views29 pages
    Atomic absorption spectroscopy is a quantitative analytical technique used to determine the concentration of chemical elements in a sample. It works by vaporizing the sample into atoms and measuring the absorption of light from a lamp at a specific wavelength unique to each element. The instrument consists of a radiation source, atomizer, monochromator, detector and data display. Common atomization techniques include flame, electrothermal and hydride generation. Elements are determined by their absorption of radiation from hollow cathode lamps at characteristic wavelengths. AAS is used in various applications such as pharmaceuticals, environmental science and clinical analysis.

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    Atomic absorption spectroscopy is a quantitative analytical technique used to determine the concentration of chemical elements in a sample. It works by vaporizing the sample into atoms and measuring the absorption of light from a lamp at a specific wavelength unique to each element. The instrument consists of a radiation source, atomizer, monochromator, detector and data display. Common atomization techniques include flame, electrothermal and hydride generation. Elements are determined by their absorption of radiation from hollow cathode lamps at characteristic wavelengths. AAS is used in various applications such as pharmaceuticals, environmental science and clinical analysis.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    13 views29 pages

    Atomic Absorption Spectr

    Uploaded by

    Nana Biotayuda
    Atomic absorption spectroscopy is a quantitative analytical technique used to determine the concentration of chemical elements in a sample. It works by vaporizing the sample into atoms and measuring the absorption of light from a lamp at a specific wavelength unique to each element. The instrument consists of a radiation source, atomizer, monochromator, detector and data display. Common atomization techniques include flame, electrothermal and hydride generation. Elements are determined by their absorption of radiation from hollow cathode lamps at characteristic wavelengths. AAS is used in various applications such as pharmaceuticals, environmental science and clinical analysis.

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    of 29

    ATOMIC

    ABSORPTION
    SPECTROSCOPY
    TARANPREET SINGH
    MS12044
    Chem. Major
    INTRODUCTION
    ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY
    IT IS A QUANTITATIVE METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE
    CHEMICAL ELEMENTS IN SAMPLE AND ITS
    CONCENTRATION .IT IS APPLICABLE TO MANY METALS
    AND SOME NON METALS
    The technique was
    introduced by Alan
    walsh in 1955 At
    (CSIRO) Australia .

    The first commercial


    spectrometer was
    introduced in 1959
    Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
    • Atomic absorption spectrophotometer consist of Radiation source ,
    Atomizers Monochromator , Detector, Datadisplay or Computer
    Schematic diagram of Atomic absorption spectrometer

    LINE SOURCE ATOMIZATION MONOCHROMATOR DETECTOR

    NEBULIZER READ OUT


    Principle of Atomic Absorption
    Spectrophotometer
    Atomic absorption
    spectrophotometer works on the
    principle of absorption during
    atomization most of gaseous
    elements remains in ground state
    each elements absorb radiant
    energy of their own specific
    wavelength . Atoms after absorbing
    light make transition to higher
    energy states then eventually get
    back to its ground state by emitting
    light .during absorption the light
    that get transmitted from atoms will Light absorption
    process of atoms
    reach detector . It has linear
    relationship that more the
    concentration of ground state atoms
    more will be the absorption.
    Elements that are highlighted in green are
    detectable by AAS
    RADIATION SOURCE
    (HCL - Hollow Cathode Lamp)
    (EDL – Electrodeless Discharge Lamp)
    Hollow Cathode Lamp (HCL)

    • CATHODE – Made of metal that is being studied In the flame


    • ANODE - Tungsten
    DISADVANTAGE
    • FOR EVERY ELEMENT SEPARATE LAMP MUST BE USED
    • WORKS ONLY FOR VISIBLE AND U.V REGION
    EDL – ELECTRODE LESS DISCHARGE LAMP

    • Edl are commercially Available for Sb, As, Bi, Cd, Cs, Pb, Hg, K, Rb, Sn,
    Te, etc.
    ATOMIZATION TECHNIQUES
    • FLAME ATOMIZATION
    • ELECTROTHERMAL ATOMIZATION
    • HYDRIDE ATOMIZATION
    • COLD-VAPOUR ATOMIZATION
    LAMINAR FLOW BURNER
    Nebulizer
    • To convert the analyte solution to gaseous atoms
    • Nebulizer – To produce a mist or aerosol of the analyte solution
    In vaporizing chamber
    Fine mist is mixed with fuel gas and oxidant
    Larger droplets of sample falls out from gas stream and discharge into
    waste
    • Flame path – The path of flame is about 10-12 cm
    Common fuel and oxidant
    DISADVANTAGE OF FLAME ATOMIZATION
    • Low efficiency and low sensitivity
    • REASONS OF LOW SAMPLING EFFICIENCY
    Large portion of the sample flows down in the waste
    The relative time of individual atoms in the optical path in the flame
    is brief (≈10-4 s ）
    • 5-15% of the nebulized sample reaches the flame
    • A minimum sample volume of (0.5-1 mL) required for reliable reading
    Graphite Furnace techniques
    Graphite furnace techniques
    • Step involved in it(Process)
    Drying Ashing Atomization
    HYDRIDE GENERATION METHOD
    • FOR METALS LIKE ARSENIC(AS) , ANTIMONY (Te),SELENIUM(Se),BISMUTH(Sb)
    Volatile hydride usually be generated by adding acidified aqeous solution of sample to a small
    volume of 1% sodium borohydride in a glass vessel. Rxn given below , the volatile hydride then
    swept into atomization chamber usually quartz absorption tube that heated to several hundred
    degree in a flame or tube where decomposition of the hydride takes place leading to the
    formation of atoms of the analyte. The concentration of analyte is then measured by
    absorption or emission .

    NaBH4 Heat
    As (V) AsH3 As0(gas) + H2

    [H+] In Flame
    Hydride Generation methods
    COLD VAPOR TECHNIQUE
    • Cold vapor technique is an atomization method for determination of mercury
    because it is the only metallic element that has appericiable vapor pressure at room
    temperature the determination of mercury In various sample is important because
    of toxicity of organic mercury compound . Determination of the mercury is done by
    cold vapourisation followed by atomic absorption spectroscopy.so first mercury is
    converted to its +2 oxidation state by treatment of sample with an oxidizing
    mixture of nitric and sulfuric acid followed by reduction of hg2+ to the metal with
    sncl2. the elemental mercury is swept into a long –passs absorption tube by bubling
    a stream of inert gas through the reaction mixture.
    • The determination is completed by measuring the absorbance at 253.7mm
    Cold-vapour technique
    MONOCHROMATOR
    • Monochromator used to disperse the radiation according to their
    wavelength.
    • Two types of monochromator
    1. Prism
    2. Diffraction grating
    • Monochromator consist of entrance slit , collimator lens , prism or
    diffraction grating ,focusing lens , exit slit
    Bunsen Prism Monochromator
    Diffraction Grating
    MO NO CHR OMATOR S
    Detector
    • The role of detector is to convert light signal to electrical signal that
    can be displayed on computer.
    Generally in most of the instruments PMT is used

    The detector contains a photoemissive cathode and a series of dynodes. The number
    of electrons emitted from the cathode is directly proportional to the intensity of the
    light beam. Electrons emitted from the cathode are accelerated to the first dynode
    by a 90 volt potential where the electron impact dislodges several additional
    electrons which are accelerated to the next dynode by an additional 90V potential.
    After nine dynodes (each one at +90V with respect to the one before it), the number
    of electrons finally reaching the anode is in the order of ten million for each incident
    photon. The current measured at the anode collector is still proportional to the
    intensity of the light but it has been amplified over a million times.
    Detector(photomultiplier tube)
    Applications
    • PHARMACEUTICALS
    • PETRO-CHEMICAL
    • ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
    • NANOMATERIALS
    • GEOCHEMICAL
    • FORENSIC SCIENCE
    • CLINICAL ANALYSIS
    • FOOD INDUSTRY
    Thank

    you

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