I.

Roof analysis and Design

Wind Analysis
Assumptions and Considerations:

Location of building –Addis Ababa

Type or function of the building- G+2 Residential building
Method of Analysis

As stipulated EBCS-1, 1995 section 3.9.3; a building which satisfies the criterion: (For cd <1.2 and
building height less than 200m), static analysis can be adopted.
Code Provisions

According to EBCS 1: ART 3.52 the external wind pressure

We=qref *ce(ze)*cpe

And the internal wind pressure, Wi

Wi=qref*ci(ze)*cpe

Where qref=1/2**vref2

For Ethiopia, Vref=22m/s

For Addis Ababa =0.94kg/m3 (According to EBCS 1,1995 table 3.1)

Qreq=0.94*222/2=227.48N/m2
The exposure coefficient ,ce(ze)

Ce(ze)=cr2*(zo)*ct2(z)*(1+7kT/(cr(zo)*ct(z)))

According to EBCS 1,1995 table 3.2 terrain categories and related parameters
 Terrain category IV
KT=0.24 , Zo(m)= 1m , Zmin=16m

 The roughness coefficient at height z defined by

Cr(z)=kT*ln(z/zo) , for zmin≤ 200

Cr (z)=cr(zmin) ,for z <zmin

Z=9.6 , Zmin=16m , Zo=1m

Cr(z)=0.67………………………. table 3.2

  Topographic coefficient

In our case it is assumed that the topography is unaffected

Ct=1 for Φ<0.05

 The exposure coefficient becomes

From Table 3.5 of EBCS 1-1995 Exposure Coefficient Ceo at CATEGORY IV

Ce (ze)= 1.57

hp= height of parapet

h= height of roof above ground
Ze= reference height
e=b or 2h which ever is smaller
b:- crossing dimensions
e=b or 2h
e=8.75
e/10 = 0.875
e/2 = 4.375
e/4 = 2.187
 Area AF=1.1*2.9=3.364

AG=5.8*1.16=6.728

AH=11.6*4.64=53.824

AI=2.95*11.6=34.22

From table A-2 external pressure for flat roofs

Hp/h=0.58/9.60=0.060

  Zone
  F   G   H   I  
  Cpe10 Cpe1 Cpe10 Cpe1 Cpe10 Cpe1 Cpe10 Cpe1
Hp/h=0.060 -1.3 -1.9 -0.85 -1.5 -0.7 -1.2 0.2 0.2
2
Area(m ) 3.364  6.728  53.824  34.22 
Cpe -1.58 -1.1 -1.2 (+/-) 0.2
Procedure from EBCS -1 Appendix A
Cpe=cpe,1-------A≤1m2

Cpe =cpe,1+(cpe,10-cpe,1)log A ----------- 1m2<A<10m2

Cpe =cpe,10------------A>10m2

Areas AF=2.187*0.875=1.9136

AG=4.375*0.875=3.828

AH=3.5*8.75=30.625

AI=7.225*8.75=63.22

  Zone
  F   G   H   I  
  Cpe10 Cpe1 Cpe10 Cpe1 Cpe10 Cpe1 Cpe10 Cpe1
Hp/h=0.060 -1.3 -1.9 -0.85 -1.5 -0.7 -1.2 0.2 0.2
Area(m2) 1.9136  3.828  30.62  63.22 
Cpe -1.73 -1.12 -0.7 (+/-)0.2
For Region F, cpe =cpe,1+(cpe,10-cpe,1)*log A

Cpe= -1.9+(-1.3+1.9)*log1.9136=-1.73

Region G Cpe=cpe,1+(cpe,10-cpe,1)*log A

Cpe=-1.5+(-0.85+1.5)*log3.828=-1.12

 Maximum positive Cpe=+0.2

 Maximum negative Cpe=-1.73

External pressure
We=qref*ce(ze)*cpe

We=0.228*1.57*(0.2)=0.0716kpa positive 

We=0.228*1.57*(-1.73)=0.619kpa negative

Internal pressure from EBCS 1, 1995 A-2.9

For closed buildings with internal partition & opening windows
The extreme values are
Cpi=0.8 or Cpi=-0.5

Wi=qref*ce(zi)*cpi

Wi=0.228*1.57*0.8=0.286

Wi=0.228*1.57*-0.5=-0.179

Net positive = 0.0716+0.179=0.25kpa

Net negative = 0.619+0.286=-0.90kpa

Add wind pressure =+0.3

Maximum positive Cpe=+0.2

Maximum negative Cpe =-1.73

External pressure
 We= qref*ce(ze)*cpe

We=0.228*1.57*(+0.2)=0.071 positive 

We=0.228*1.57*(-1.73)= 0.619 negative 

Wi=0.228*1.57*0.8=+0.286kpa positive 

Wi=0.228*1.57*-0.5=-0.179kpa negative 

Net positive =0.071+0.179=0.25kpa

Net negative =0.619+0.286=-0.905kp

Therefore the wind load act on the slab =0.25KN/m2

Since it is small and the slab is RC, wind load can be ignored.

2. Slab Analysis and Design

2.1 General introduction

A static calculation of structural analysis and design of Residential building

located in Addis Ababa. The structure has 2 stories and one ground with a solid

slab floor system.

Loads for analysis include dead (self & transferred) loads, live loads, wind load,

and earth quack (lateral) loads.

Analysis of frames in 2D/3D involves:

 Modeling based on architectural drawing.

 Stiffness computation
 Mass calculation
 Center of mass & center of gravity determination.
 Story shear distribution
 Lateral load distribution according to stiffness of frame elements (columns)
 Modeling on ETABS 2018-V18/ SAFE –V12:
o Definition of material, frame section, load cases, analysis cases, &
combination.
o Drawing the model
 o Assigning joint constraints (joint restraints, diaphragm) lateral & gravity
loads.
o Set analysis options
 Run analysis options & export relevant analysis report.
Using result of analysis of each of the cases, design of structural elements

(slabs, beams, columns, stair, &footing) for flexure, lateral & axial load and

shear followed. In addition design for development length is carried out. Finally,

representative structural detail drawing is produced.

2.2 Overview of building

a. Ground Floor Plan

b. First Floor Plan
Second floor plane
Roof layout
 Quality of Construction and Method of Analysis

o Class –I work is assumed

o Ultimate limit state (ULS) method for loading and serviceability limit state (SLS) for
analysis
For concrete (gc), persistent and transit gc=1.5
Accidental gc=1.3
For steel (gs), persistent and transit gs=1.15

Accidental gs=1.00
 Construction materials
Considering availability of quality construction materials and skilled

workmanship; C25 and steel of grade S300 are used:

Concrete C-25:

25
f ck = =20 MPa
1.25

0.85 fck 0.85(20)

f cd = = =11.33 MPa and
γc 1.5

Fck=0.7fctm,fctm=0.3*fck2/3

=0.21* fck2/3=1.5473/1.5=1.0315Mpa

f ctd=fctk/g=1.5473/1.5=1.0315Mpa

Ec =9.5*(fck+8)1/3=9.5*(20+8)1/3=28.85Gpa≈29 Gpa

γ=25KN/m3

Steel S300:

fyk=300Mpa

f yk 300
f yd = = =260.87 MPa∧¿
γs 1.15

0.5 0.5
ρmin= = =0.00125
fy 400

γ=77KN/m3

E s=200Gpa

Flooring
 Marble tile=27KN/m3

PVC flooring= 16KN m3

Wall

HCB γ HCB=14KN/ m3

Glazing

Loading
Since the site is located in Addis Ababa, seismic zone 2 area, according to

EBCS-8/95, in addition to vertical loads, earthquake analysis was considered.

The major loadings considered are:

Vertical Loading: Dead Load (DL) - (Self Weight, Wall Load and Finishing Load,

Roof loading)

Live load (LL)

Lateral Loading: Earthquake load in X and Y direction (EQX & EQy)

Wind Load

The above loadings make up a total of nine different combinations.

no. combination name factored loading combination

1 Comb1 1.3DL+1.6LL

2 Comb2,3 0.75(1.3DL+1.6LL)±EQx

3 Comb4,5 0.75(1.3DL+1.6LL)±EQy

4 Comb6,7 0.75(1.3DL+1.6LL)±EQx±5%Eccentricity in y dir

5 Comb8,9 0.75(1.3DL+1.6LL)±EQy±5%Eccentricity in x dir

 Out of the five combinations the critical case was taken for the analysis and

design of beams, slabs and columns. The footing was analyzed and designed for

Combo1 (Vertical Loading).

Codes and References

EBCS 1-1995 EBCS 2-1995 and associated tables & charts

EBCS 5-1995 EBCS 6-1995

EBCS 7-1995 EBCS 8-1995 and

Euro Code 2-1992 (as used by the software), almost similar to EBCS-2/95

Design aids

 ETABS 2018 –V18 for modeling and analysis of solid slab G+2 building as 3D frame.
 Safe-V12 for modeling and detailing of solid slab.
 Ms-Word, Ms-Excel are also used to facilitate computation and edition of this booklet
 AutoCAD 2018 for detailing of reinforcement of all structural members.

Floor Analysis and Design

Ground Floor Slab
The design of ground floor slab is similar to that of the other floor slab. In the

ground floor slab design we have two alternatives:

1. To lay the slab on the ground when the stability & strength of the ground soil is good.
2. To suspend the ground floor slab on the tie-beams like the other floor.
In our case we made the 100mm slab lay on 250mm hard core
 Typical floor slab

Depth determination

The minimum effective depth from serviceability

f yk Le

d ¿
[ 0. 4 +0 . 6 ( )
400 β a ] [EBCS-2,1995. Art5.2.3]

fyk=300Mpa

Where,

Le = Effective span length, for two way slabs the shorter span
 β a = Constant, a function of restraint, [EBCS-2, 1995, Table 5.1]

d
[
¿ 0 . 4+ 0 .6 (300 Le
400 βa ]
)
Le
¿0 .85
βa

2-1 Minimum Depth for deflection